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Primary terms
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water management
Hydrogeology of southeastern coastal parts of Great Nicobar Island, India: development of an integrated conceptual model for a hitherto unexplored island in the Indian Ocean
Coupling of WetSpass-M and MODFLOW models for groundwater flow assessment
Development of a drought-resilient water supply from dolomitized limestones of the Irish Midlands
Geophysical research on the interplays between soil–rock variability and hydrogeological structures: a case study
Evaluation of Plant-Based Natural Extracts as Coagulants for Surface Water Treatment
Spatial distribution, ecological risk and origin of soil heavy metals in Laoguanhe watershed of China's South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project
Well performance in relation to design, construction and wellfield operation: a case study from the fossil Ram Sandstone aquifer in southern Jordan
Watershed Management, Green Environment and Rural Resurgence
Recommended Planning and Response for Hazardous Material Releases in Karst Terrains
Hydrochemical Delineation of Spring Recharge in an Urbanized Karst Basin, Central Kentucky
Abstract We briefly outline the progressive development of approaches to both the characterization and simulation of the hydrogeology of northern European chalk aquifers, which were some of the first in the world to be studied. The volume's scope includes work on water resources and quality, chalk streams and wetland ecosystems, chalks as heat reservoirs for building temperature regulation, sources of groundwater flood risk and impacts of engineering on the subsurface, and diffuse and point-source pollution affecting these aquifers. It excludes hydrocarbon-related studies and those focused on offshore chalk sequences. We briefly outline the current state of knowledge of hydrogeological processes, characterization, assessment and modelling, and the increasingly recognized importance of karst features. The latter were little discussed 20 years ago and are still often neglected. There follows a brief quantitative analysis of publication topics relating to chalk hydrogeology in the scientific literature over the past three decades, which highlights key trends including both the purposes of studies and the methods employed. We present a summary of the topics and contributions within this volume, and conclude by identifying the key issues that need to be addressed in order to ensure the sustainability of our chalk aquifers for the future.
Abstract The conceptualizations of matrix, fracture and fissure porosity are important for understanding relative controls on storage and flow of groundwater, and the transport of solutes (and non-aqueous phase liquids) within chalk aquifers. However, these different types of porosity, rather than being entirely distinct, represent elements in a continuum of void sizes contributing to the total porosity of the aquifer. Here we define such a continuum and critically examine the selection of appropriate values of effective porosity, a widely used parameter for mass transport modelling in aquifers. Effective porosity is a transient phenomenon, related to the porosity continuum by the timescales under which mass transport occurs. An analysis of 55 tracer tests and 20 well inflow tests in English Chalk aquifers identifies spatial scaling in groundwater velocity and groundwater flow respectively, which are interpreted within the context of the wider literature on carbonate aquifers globally. We advance transport modelling in the Chalk by developing a fissure aperture velocity mapping method using transmissivity data from existing regional groundwater models, together with the identified transient and spatial scaling phenomena. The results show that chalk aquifers exhibit widespread rapid groundwater flow which may transport contaminants rapidly in almost any setting.
Characteristics of the chalk groundwater along the Picardy coast and its relationship with wetlands
Abstract Water resource management is a major concern in Marquenterre, a maritime plain located in the western part of the Somme department. Water management is particularly indispensable for protecting wetlands in Marquenterre, regulating water usage and avoiding saline intrusion into aquifers. Various approaches including geological modelling and hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical studies were used to prepare a conceptual model of the Marquenterre hydrosystem and to provide better water management in this sector. The conceptual model shows that the chalk aquifer and the various Quaternary deposit aquifers are in hydrogeological continuity. No seawater intrusion has been discovered in groundwater. Salinization discovered at depth is a result of the most recent marine transgressions. Finally, wetlands are primarily supplied by the chalk groundwater or by rainfall. The study results are used to direct policies for surface and subsurface water resource management. The proposed conceptual model may be useful for other coastal aquifers along the English Channel in order to address challenges of managing the chalk groundwater and backshore swamps.
Managing public water supply abstraction from a Chalk aquifer to minimize risk of deterioration of ecological status
Abstract The Cam and Ely Ouse Chalk aquifer has been an important source of public water supply for over 100 years. In response to growing demand for water in the area in the 1970s and 1980 s, the National Rivers Authority developed the Lodes–Granta scheme to provide augmentation water to key rivers, subject to low flows. However, during the droughts in the late 1990s, the River Granta, which derives baseflow from the Chalk aquifer, was dry in some locations for several months. In response, the Environment Agency and Cambridge Water carried out investigations into the impacts of abstraction on the flow and ecology of the Granta and agreed to restrict abstraction from two operational groundwater sources during low flow periods. However, these abstraction restrictions could potentially result in a shortfall within the relevant public water supply zone under some climatic conditions and so Cambridge Water was considering increasing abstraction from an alternative source of groundwater within the catchment to retain the level of resilience of its supply. The Environment Agency was concerned that use of this abstraction could pose a risk of deterioration of the ecological status of the water body under the EU Water Framework Directive. This paper describes the investigations undertaken to assess the risk of deterioration and shows how these are being used to manage this risk going forward.
Abstract Nitrate concentrations in groundwater abstracted from the Hampshire Chalk have increased over the last 20 years. Concentrations at a public water supply are now close to or above the drinking water standard and additional treatment will be required. Investigations of land use and nitrate source apportionment indicate that the largest contributor of nitrate entering the chalk aquifer comes from arable agriculture. Modelling has shown that, under present land use conditions, nitrate concentrations will continue to rise until the latter half of the twenty-first century. South East Water have successfully engaged with land managers and have trialled the use of cover crops at two sites close to the public water supply. Cover crops retain nutrients in the soil and improve soil condition as an integral part of crop rotation. Trials included different crop mixtures such as a variety of Raphanus sativus (oil radish), Vicia sativa (common vetch) and Trifolium alexandrinum/Trifolium incarnatum (clover). Trials were calibrated using porous pot installations and water extracted from the pots was analysed throughout the cover crop growing season. Results indicate cover crops can reduce nitrate concentration losses to the subsurface by up to 80%. Widespread use of cover crops could reduce nutrient leaching to the aquifer and provide a sustainable solution to current groundwater quality issues.