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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Gabon
-
Oklo (1)
-
-
-
North Africa
-
Tunisia (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Namibia (1)
-
South Africa (2)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Saudi Arabia (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Gansu China (1)
-
Inner Mongolia China
-
Erlian Basin (1)
-
-
Ordos Basin (1)
-
Qaidam Basin (1)
-
-
Japan
-
Honshu
-
Gifu Japan (4)
-
Tono Japan (3)
-
-
-
Korea
-
South Korea (1)
-
-
-
Gobi Desert (1)
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India
-
Hyderabad India (1)
-
-
Delhi India (1)
-
Ghats
-
Western Ghats (1)
-
-
Tamil Nadu India (1)
-
-
-
Kemerovo Russian Federation
-
Salair Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Middle East
-
Jordan (1)
-
Turkey
-
Ankara Turkey (2)
-
-
-
Novosibirsk Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
New South Wales Australia (1)
-
Queensland Australia
-
Brisbane Australia (1)
-
-
South Australia
-
Adelaide Australia (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Canterbury New Zealand (1)
-
-
-
Black Sea region (1)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Ontario
-
Bruce County Ontario (2)
-
Hamilton Ontario (1)
-
-
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia
-
Vancouver British Columbia (1)
-
-
Saskatchewan
-
Saskatoon Saskatchewan (1)
-
-
-
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Russian Federation
-
Kemerovo Russian Federation
-
Salair Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Novosibirsk Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Urals
-
Southern Urals (1)
-
-
-
Espanola Basin (1)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Central Alps (1)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Czech Republic
-
Moravia
-
Ostrava-Karvina (1)
-
-
-
Germany
-
Harz Mountains (1)
-
Lower Saxony Germany
-
Asse Mine (2)
-
Gorleben (1)
-
-
Saxony Germany
-
Leipzig Germany (2)
-
-
Saxony-Anhalt Germany
-
Halle Germany (1)
-
-
Thuringia Germany (1)
-
-
Hungary (1)
-
Slovakia (1)
-
Switzerland
-
Bern Switzerland
-
Grimsel Test Site (3)
-
-
Jura Switzerland (1)
-
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Crete (1)
-
Sterea Ellas
-
Attica Greece
-
Athens Greece (1)
-
-
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain
-
Asturias Spain (1)
-
Castilla-La Mancha Spain
-
Toledo Spain
-
El Berrocal (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines
-
Northern Apennines (1)
-
-
-
Malta (1)
-
Romania
-
Constanta Romania (1)
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
Belgium
-
Wallonia Belgium (1)
-
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France
-
Haute-Marne France (3)
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Meuse France (3)
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Paris Basin (1)
-
-
Netherlands (1)
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Scandinavia
-
Sweden
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Kalmar Sweden
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Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory (2)
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Uppsala Sweden
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Forsmark Sweden (2)
-
-
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
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England
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Cumbria England
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Sellafield England (2)
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-
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Scotland (1)
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Wales
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South Wales (1)
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-
-
-
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Midland Valley (1)
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North America
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Basin and Range Province
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Great Basin (1)
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Michigan Basin (1)
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Strait of Georgia (1)
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Owens Valley (1)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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Northeast Pacific (1)
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North Pacific
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Northeast Pacific (1)
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-
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Pasco Basin (1)
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Permian Basin (1)
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South America
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Brazil (1)
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South Island (1)
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United States
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Amargosa Desert (2)
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Anadarko Basin (1)
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Arizona
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Pima County Arizona
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Tucson Arizona (1)
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-
-
Arkansas
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Union County Arkansas (1)
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-
Atlantic Coastal Plain
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Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain (5)
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-
California
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Central California (1)
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Inyo County California (1)
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Los Angeles County California
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Los Angeles California (1)
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Colorado
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Rocky Flats Plant (1)
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Columbia Plateau (1)
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Connecticut (1)
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Great Basin (1)
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Idaho
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Ada County Idaho
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Boise Idaho (1)
-
-
Butte County Idaho (3)
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Snake River plain (2)
-
Snake River Plain Aquifer (1)
-
-
Indiana
-
Warrick County Indiana (1)
-
-
Massachusetts (1)
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Mojave Desert (1)
-
Nevada
-
Lincoln County Nevada (1)
-
Nevada Test Site (5)
-
Nye County Nevada
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Beatty Nevada (1)
-
Yucca Mountain (22)
-
-
-
New Mexico
-
Los Alamos County New Mexico
-
Los Alamos National Laboratory (6)
-
-
Pajarito Plateau (2)
-
-
New York (1)
-
North Carolina (1)
-
Ohio
-
Ashtabula County Ohio (1)
-
-
Oklahoma
-
Arbuckle Anticline (1)
-
Cleveland County Oklahoma
-
Norman Oklahoma (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvania
-
Lancaster County Pennsylvania (1)
-
-
Savannah River (1)
-
South Carolina
-
Aiken County South Carolina
-
Aiken South Carolina (1)
-
-
Allendale County South Carolina (1)
-
Barnwell County South Carolina (1)
-
Savannah River Site (7)
-
-
Southwestern U.S. (2)
-
Tennessee
-
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (2)
-
-
Texas
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Andrews County Texas (1)
-
Harris County Texas (1)
-
-
Utah
-
Salt Lake County Utah (1)
-
-
Washington
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Benton County Washington (3)
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Hanford Site (8)
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commodities
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brines (3)
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coal deposits (3)
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construction materials
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cement materials (3)
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energy sources (2)
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geothermal energy (1)
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glass materials (1)
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metal ores
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mercury ores (1)
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polymetallic ores (1)
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rare earth deposits (1)
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uranium ores (5)
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-
mineral deposits, genesis (3)
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mineral exploration (2)
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mineral resources (1)
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nonmetal deposits (1)
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oil and gas fields (1)
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water resources (1)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (1)
-
C-14 (5)
-
-
halogens
-
chlorine
-
chloride ion (4)
-
-
fluorine
-
fluoride ion (1)
-
-
iodine
-
I-129 (1)
-
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (2)
-
tritium (4)
-
-
isotope ratios (3)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (5)
-
Cs-137 (1)
-
I-129 (1)
-
Tc-99 (1)
-
tritium (4)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Al-27 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (1)
-
D/H (2)
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
Si-29 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
neptunium (2)
-
plutonium (2)
-
thorium (1)
-
uranium (9)
-
-
alkali metals
-
cesium
-
Cs-137 (1)
-
-
sodium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium (1)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-27 (1)
-
-
arsenic (2)
-
cadmium (1)
-
copper (1)
-
lead (1)
-
rare earths
-
europium (3)
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lanthanum (1)
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lutetium (1)
-
-
technetium
-
Tc-99 (1)
-
-
zinc (1)
-
-
nitrogen (1)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
-
silicon
-
Si-29 (1)
-
-
-
fossils
-
bacteria (1)
-
Invertebrata
-
Mollusca (1)
-
-
microfossils (1)
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
diatoms (1)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
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Rosidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
geochronology methods
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exposure age (1)
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K/Ar (1)
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racemization (1)
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radiation damage (2)
-
Rb/Sr (1)
-
U/Pb (2)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene (1)
-
Pleistocene
-
Bandelier Tuff (1)
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
-
upper Pleistocene (3)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Crater Flat Tuff (1)
-
Mizunami Group (1)
-
Paintbrush Tuff (4)
-
Tiva Canyon Member (4)
-
Topopah Spring Member (6)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene (1)
-
Oligocene
-
Boom Clay (6)
-
-
-
-
Tokai Group (1)
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous (5)
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Toarcian (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (1)
-
Callovian (1)
-
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Oxfordian (1)
-
-
-
Triassic (1)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Arbuckle Group (1)
-
Carboniferous
-
Upper Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Ordovician
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Queenston Shale (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Rustler Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Salado Formation (1)
-
Zechstein (1)
-
-
-
Silurian (1)
-
-
Precambrian
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic (1)
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase (1)
-
granites (9)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts (2)
-
pyroclastics
-
ignimbrite (1)
-
rhyolite tuff (1)
-
tuff (8)
-
welded tuff (3)
-
-
rhyolites (1)
-
-
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
marbles (1)
-
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
-
calcite (4)
-
cancrinite (1)
-
dolomite (2)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (1)
-
-
fluorides (1)
-
-
hydrates (1)
-
native elements
-
graphite (1)
-
-
oxides
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ferrihydrite (1)
-
hydroxides
-
iron hydroxides (1)
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-
magnetite (1)
-
-
silicates
-
framework silicates
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cancrinite (1)
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feldspar group
-
plagioclase (1)
-
-
silica minerals
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quartz (1)
-
-
sodalite group
-
sodalite (1)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (2)
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clinoptilolite (1)
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phillipsite (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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uranophane (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (2)
-
-
clay minerals
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dickite (1)
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hectorite (2)
-
kaolinite (7)
-
montmorillonite (1)
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smectite (10)
-
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illite (4)
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palygorskite (1)
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-
-
sulfates (2)
-
sulfides
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cinnabar (1)
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
pyrite (2)
-
-
uranium minerals (2)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (5)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Gabon
-
Oklo (1)
-
-
-
North Africa
-
Tunisia (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Namibia (1)
-
South Africa (2)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Saudi Arabia (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Gansu China (1)
-
Inner Mongolia China
-
Erlian Basin (1)
-
-
Ordos Basin (1)
-
Qaidam Basin (1)
-
-
Japan
-
Honshu
-
Gifu Japan (4)
-
Tono Japan (3)
-
-
-
Korea
-
South Korea (1)
-
-
-
Gobi Desert (1)
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India
-
Hyderabad India (1)
-
-
Delhi India (1)
-
Ghats
-
Western Ghats (1)
-
-
Tamil Nadu India (1)
-
-
-
Kemerovo Russian Federation
-
Salair Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Middle East
-
Jordan (1)
-
Turkey
-
Ankara Turkey (2)
-
-
-
Novosibirsk Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
New South Wales Australia (1)
-
Queensland Australia
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Brisbane Australia (1)
-
-
South Australia
-
Adelaide Australia (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Canterbury New Zealand (1)
-
-
-
bacteria (1)
-
brines (3)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Ontario
-
Bruce County Ontario (2)
-
Hamilton Ontario (1)
-
-
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia
-
Vancouver British Columbia (1)
-
-
Saskatchewan
-
Saskatoon Saskatchewan (1)
-
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (1)
-
C-14 (5)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (1)
-
Pleistocene
-
Bandelier Tuff (1)
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
-
upper Pleistocene (3)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Crater Flat Tuff (1)
-
Mizunami Group (1)
-
Paintbrush Tuff (4)
-
Tiva Canyon Member (4)
-
Topopah Spring Member (6)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene (1)
-
Oligocene
-
Boom Clay (6)
-
-
-
-
Tokai Group (1)
-
-
clay mineralogy (16)
-
climate change (5)
-
coal deposits (3)
-
construction materials
-
cement materials (3)
-
-
continental shelf (1)
-
crystal chemistry (3)
-
crystal structure (4)
-
dams (4)
-
data processing (18)
-
deformation (3)
-
diagenesis (1)
-
earthquakes (4)
-
ecology (1)
-
education (1)
-
energy sources (2)
-
engineering geology (2)
-
environmental geology (2)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Central Alps (1)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Czech Republic
-
Moravia
-
Ostrava-Karvina (1)
-
-
-
Germany
-
Harz Mountains (1)
-
Lower Saxony Germany
-
Asse Mine (2)
-
Gorleben (1)
-
-
Saxony Germany
-
Leipzig Germany (2)
-
-
Saxony-Anhalt Germany
-
Halle Germany (1)
-
-
Thuringia Germany (1)
-
-
Hungary (1)
-
Slovakia (1)
-
Switzerland
-
Bern Switzerland
-
Grimsel Test Site (3)
-
-
Jura Switzerland (1)
-
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Crete (1)
-
Sterea Ellas
-
Attica Greece
-
Athens Greece (1)
-
-
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain
-
Asturias Spain (1)
-
Castilla-La Mancha Spain
-
Toledo Spain
-
El Berrocal (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines
-
Northern Apennines (1)
-
-
-
Malta (1)
-
Romania
-
Constanta Romania (1)
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
Belgium
-
Wallonia Belgium (1)
-
-
France
-
Haute-Marne France (3)
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Meuse France (3)
-
Paris Basin (1)
-
-
Netherlands (1)
-
Scandinavia
-
Sweden
-
Kalmar Sweden
-
Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory (2)
-
-
Uppsala Sweden
-
Forsmark Sweden (2)
-
-
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Cumbria England
-
Sellafield England (2)
-
-
-
Scotland (1)
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Wales
-
South Wales (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
faults (13)
-
foundations (1)
-
fractures (12)
-
geochemistry (20)
-
geochronology (3)
-
geophysical methods (43)
-
geothermal energy (1)
-
government agencies
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survey organizations (1)
-
-
ground water (57)
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heat flow (2)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (2)
-
tritium (4)
-
-
hydrogeology (5)
-
hydrology (21)
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase (1)
-
granites (9)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts (2)
-
pyroclastics
-
ignimbrite (1)
-
rhyolite tuff (1)
-
tuff (8)
-
welded tuff (3)
-
-
rhyolites (1)
-
-
-
intrusions (1)
-
Invertebrata
-
Mollusca (1)
-
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (5)
-
Cs-137 (1)
-
I-129 (1)
-
Tc-99 (1)
-
tritium (4)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Al-27 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (1)
-
D/H (2)
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
Si-29 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
land subsidence (1)
-
land use (2)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous (5)
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Toarcian (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (1)
-
Callovian (1)
-
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Oxfordian (1)
-
-
-
Triassic (1)
-
-
metal ores
-
mercury ores (1)
-
polymetallic ores (1)
-
rare earth deposits (1)
-
uranium ores (5)
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
neptunium (2)
-
plutonium (2)
-
thorium (1)
-
uranium (9)
-
-
alkali metals
-
cesium
-
Cs-137 (1)
-
-
sodium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium (1)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-27 (1)
-
-
arsenic (2)
-
cadmium (1)
-
copper (1)
-
lead (1)
-
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
waste disposal sites
Reduced Injection Rates and Shallower Depths Mitigated Induced Seismicity in Oklahoma Open Access
‘THE NUCLEAR SITING CONTROVERSY’ IN 1970S ITALY: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GEOLOGY, NUCLEAR POWER AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE Available to Purchase
The geomorphology and neotectonics of the Vaalputs Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility site, Namaqualand, South Africa: Palaeoseismological and geodynamic implications Available to Purchase
Geological disposal of radioactive waste in deep clay formations: celebrating 40 years of RD&D in the Belgian URL HADES Open Access
Abstract The option of disposing of radioactive waste deep underground has been studied in Belgium by SCK CEN since the 1970s. This led in 1980 to the construction of the HADES underground research laboratory (URL) in a clay formation, the Boom Clay, at a depth of 225 m under the premises of SCK CEN in Mol. Over the last four decades, many in situ experiments have been conducted in the HADES URL. These have made a significant contribution to ONDRAF/NIRAS’ research, development and demonstration (RD&D) efforts demonstrating that disposal in Boom Clay can offer a safe solution for the long-term management of high-level and/or long-lived radioactive waste. Moreover, the construction of the HADES URL itself is a demonstration that shafts and galleries can be constructed in clay at that depth. However, the HADES URL did not only contribute to the Belgian programme. Many of the in situ experiments have been part of international research and the laboratory has provided valuable input to the research programmes of other URLs, such as the Meuse/Haute-Marne URL in France and the Mont Terri rock laboratory in Switzerland. This paper gives a brief overview of the main contributions of the HADES URL to both national and international research into geological disposal.
Lessons learned from in situ corrosion experiments in the HADES URL Open Access
Abstract A wide range of metals have been studied as a candidate container material to be considered in the geological disposal concept of high-level radioactive waste and spent fuel in Belgium. More than 40 years ago, SCK CEN started studies on the corrosion of these metals. The HADES underground research laboratory (URL) played an important role in the corrosion research as it enabled in situ corrosion experiments to be carried out that simulate realistic disposal conditions as closely as possible. These experiments consisted of placing metallic coupons on a steel support tube, heated from the inside, that was installed in Boom Clay, thereby exposing the coupons to various conditions representative of the disposal concept that was considered at that time. Test durations lasted from 6 months to approximately 7.5 years. This paper summarizes the results from the various corrosion studies and discusses their implications in the choice of disposal concept. One of the main outcomes of these experiments was a change of rationale regarding the choice of the container material from carbon steel (corrosion-allowance) to stainless steel (corrosion-resistant). The main arguments for this change were the need to avoid severe pitting corrosion during the aerobic period and to minimize the generation of hydrogen gas during the subsequent anaerobic period.
Coupled flow and transport modelling of a large-scale in situ migration experiment with 14 C-labelled natural organic matter colloids in Boom Clay Open Access
Abstract Twenty-five years ago, a unique long-term and large-scale in situ experiment with 14 C-labelled natural organic matter (NOM) was set up at the HADES underground research facility in Mol (Belgium) to study its migration behaviour. Natural organic matter plays an important role in the mobility of various safety-relevant radionuclides, which is critical in the context of Safety & Performance Assessment (SA/PA) calculations for a possible nuclear waste repository. The objective of this work is to enlarge the confidence in current NOM transport models by validating them with the in situ experiment, which is still continued to this day. Stepwise adding more complexity to the model resulted in a 10-parameter model with which excellent fits to the data are obtained. The model considers two different fractions that are transported by advection and diffusion and can be subject to both irreversible and reversible immobilization processes. The associated fitted parameter values compare well with values determined on small-scale migration experiments. This builds confidence in the NOM transport model, which in turn contributes to the confidence in the outcome of the radionuclide migration calculations performed in the context of SA/PA. These results again highlight the incredible value of such long-running experiments at underground research facilities like HADES.
The construction of the HADES underground research laboratory and its role in the development of the Belgian concept of a deep geological repository Open Access
Abstract When the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN) launched a research, development and demonstration programme on geological disposal in the 1970s, it was not certain if a deep geological repository could be constructed in poorly indurated clay. This was tested by constructing the HADES underground research laboratory (URL) in Boom Clay, 225 m below SCK CEN's site in Mol. The construction history of the URL reflects how the understanding of the Boom Clay increased and how the excavation techniques and design of the gallery lining improved. It demonstrated that shafts, galleries and crossings between galleries can be constructed using industrial techniques. It also allowed characterization of the hydromechanical response of the clay and the clay disturbances induced by the excavation. This increased understanding is also reflected in the evolution of the geological disposal concept considered in Belgium. The current disposal concept foresees the installation of seals in the shafts and galleries. The HADES URL also offered the opportunity to test possible seal designs and develop a better understanding of the behaviour of bentonite, a possible seal material, owing to its swelling capacity, under in situ conditions.
Stability analysis and long-term behaviour of deep tunnels in clay formations Open Access
Abstract Demonstrating the feasibility of constructing tunnels in deep clay formations is an important goal of the Belgian RD&D programme on the geological disposal of radioactive waste. In 2002 a major achievement was reached when the HADES Underground Research Laboratory (URL) in Boom Clay was extended with the construction of the Connecting Gallery. This demonstrated that it is feasible to construct galleries in poorly indurated clays using industrial techniques. To monitor the mechanical behaviour of the gallery and assess its stability, strain gauges were embedded in the segmental gallery lining and prisms were installed on the segments. These sensors provide valuable information that will support the design of future galleries. This paper presents 20 years of monitoring data in the Connecting Gallery and a first analysis of these data in terms of Boom Clay behaviour. In addition, the key findings are compared with those of a similar analysis performed by Andra (the French Radioactive Waste Agency) at the Meuse/Haute-Marne URL. The latter URL is excavated in the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone. The comparison identifies general trends and highlights similarities between the behaviour of tunnels in poorly indurated clay (Boom Clay) and in claystone.
Forty-five years of joint research programmes on geological disposal of radioactive waste and the pioneering role of the HADES Underground Research Laboratory Open Access
Abstract Since 1975, the European Commission has supported research in the field of radioactive waste management and geological disposal through the Euratom Research and Training Programme. During the first two community programmes (1975–85), the research activities focused on basic knowledge, feasibility and safety assessments of such geological disposal repositories. It was during this first decade of collaborative research activities that the site characterization, preliminary design studies and the application for authorization to construct the first underground research laboratory, the High Activity Disposal Experimental Site facility, took place.
Contribution of HADES URL to the development of the Cigéo project, the French industrial centre for geological disposal of high-level and long-lived intermediate-level radioactive waste in a deep clay formation Open Access
Abstract In the 1980s, HADES (High-Activity Disposal Experimental Site) was the first underground research laboratory (URL) dedicated to the study of the geological disposal of radioactive waste in a deep clay formation, the Boom Clay. It was not until the early 2000s, after a siting process, that ANDRA implemented the Meuse/Haute-Marne URL, in the Callovo-Oxfordian formation at a depth of about 500 m in order to develop the Cigéo project (French industrial centre for geological disposal). ANDRA therefore relied heavily on the work carried out in HADES, through numerous co-operation projects (participation in in situ experiments) both between ANDRA and ONDRAF/NIRAS and SCK CEN (EURIDICE) and/or with Mont Terri consortium, and within European projects (CLIPEX, RESEAL, etc.). This was driven by a dual objective: (1) to prepare its own experimental programmes in the Meuse/Haute-Marne underground laboratory (methodology, experimental devices and protocols, etc.); and (2) to acquire general knowledge on the behaviour of argillaceous rocks, in particular in terms of similarity and differences between the various argillaceous rocks. This paper illustrates the contribution of HADES to the ANDRA programme. This concerns the characterization of the claystone behaviour, host rock and swelling clay-based seals (hydromechanical, thermo-hydromechanical, excavation damaged zone, etc.), and the design and the behaviour of underground structures and seals in deep clay formation (constructability, lining/support, etc.).
Underground research laboratories, an important support to the Belgian Regulatory Body's Research and Development programme and the management of uncertainties Open Access
Abstract In order to fulfil its mission, the Belgian Regulatory Body (constituted in Belgium by FANC and Bel V) has set up its own Research & Development programme, independent from the Waste Management Organisation's one. The Regulatory Body's Research & Development programme is mostly intended to investigate safety issues with the objective to be able to assess if the safety concept developed by the Waste Management Organisation fulfils the defined safety requirements. It includes the development and the follow-up of in situ experiments in underground research laboratories (e.g. in the Mont Terri project in Switzerland and at Tournemire in France). Such activities are essential to maintain and improve the scientific and technical skills, to strengthen the independence from the Waste Management Organisation and to build public confidence in the regulatory function. More generally, Research & Development in underground research laboratories is important to the Regulatory Body as it allows investigating processes, technologies and activities important to safety under in situ conditions. In particular, it is essential to accurately identify and characterize the processes upon which the safety functions of a disposal system rely, as well as processes that may affect the system performance. It is also necessary to demonstrate that construction and operational methods and technologies are technically feasible and can be implemented as assumed in the safety case. Such research and development activities are of great importance to properly manage some of the key uncertainties associated with a disposal programme and in particular to identify, characterize and reduce them where needed.
Important roles of underground research laboratories for the geological disposal of radioactive wastes: an international perspective Open Access
Abstract After decades of research, development and demonstration (RD&D), mature concepts for the geological disposal of long-lived and high-level radioactive waste exist and some are close to being implemented. Underground research laboratories (URLs) have made an essential contribution to this progress. They enable in situ characterization and testing of host rocks and the demonstration of technologies and component performances at representative scales and under realistic geological conditions. They also offer a tool for training personnel and show aspects of the geological disposal concepts to stakeholders, including the public. In this paper we will present the different types and roles of URLs and we will discuss how the RD&D role of URLs has evolved and how it is likely to evolve in the near future.