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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Angola (1)
-
-
Chad Basin (2)
-
Congo Basin (1)
-
East Africa
-
Sudan (1)
-
-
North Africa
-
Algeria
-
Berkine Basin (1)
-
-
Egypt (2)
-
Ghadames Basin (2)
-
Illizi Basin (2)
-
Libya (1)
-
Maghreb (1)
-
Morocco (1)
-
-
Sahara (4)
-
Southern Africa
-
Karoo Basin (2)
-
South Africa
-
Cape fold belt (1)
-
Witwatersrand (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Benue Valley (3)
-
Nigeria
-
Niger Delta (3)
-
Sokoto Basin (1)
-
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
James Ross Island (1)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Barents Sea (2)
-
Norwegian Sea
-
Haltenbanken (2)
-
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
East Greenland (1)
-
-
Russian Arctic (1)
-
Svalbard
-
Spitsbergen (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Far East
-
Borneo
-
Kalimantan Indonesia
-
Mahakam Delta (2)
-
-
-
China
-
Henan China (1)
-
Hunan China (1)
-
Jiangsu China (1)
-
Jilin China (1)
-
Ordos Basin (2)
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Qaidam Basin (1)
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Qilian Mountains (1)
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Qinghai China (1)
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Shaanxi China (1)
-
Shanxi China (3)
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Sichuan Basin (3)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar Basin (1)
-
Tarim Basin (1)
-
Turpan Basin (1)
-
-
Yangtze River (1)
-
-
Indonesia
-
Kalimantan Indonesia
-
Mahakam Delta (2)
-
-
Sumatra (1)
-
-
Japan
-
Hokkaido (2)
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Honshu (2)
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Kyushu (2)
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Shikoku (5)
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Shimanto Belt (5)
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Korea (1)
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Himalayas (2)
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Indian Peninsula
-
Bhutan (1)
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India
-
Bihar India (3)
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Gujarat India (2)
-
Jharkhand India
-
Hazaribagh India
-
Ramgarh coal field (1)
-
-
Jharia coal field (1)
-
-
Northeastern India
-
Assam India (2)
-
Meghalaya India (2)
-
-
Orissa India
-
Talchir coal field (1)
-
-
Shillong Plateau (1)
-
West Bengal India
-
Darjeeling India (2)
-
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Jammu (1)
-
-
Pakistan (1)
-
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk region (1)
-
-
-
Middle East
-
Iran
-
Elburz (1)
-
-
Turkey (2)
-
-
Tibetan Plateau (3)
-
Tyumen Russian Federation
-
Yamal-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Urengoy Field (1)
-
-
-
West Siberia
-
Siberian Lowland (2)
-
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Indigirka River (1)
-
Zyryanka Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Gulf of Mexico
-
Eugene Island Block 330 Field (1)
-
Orca Basin (1)
-
-
Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1)
-
Irish Sea (1)
-
Jeanne d'Arc Basin (1)
-
North Sea
-
Viking Graben (2)
-
-
Northwest Atlantic
-
Hibernia Field (1)
-
-
Scotian Shelf (5)
-
-
South Atlantic
-
Santos Basin (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1)
-
-
Atlantic region (1)
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Australasia
-
Australia
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Eromanga Basin (1)
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New South Wales Australia (1)
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Northern Territory Australia (2)
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Queensland Australia (7)
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South Australia (3)
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Victoria Australia
-
Gippsland Basin (2)
-
-
Western Australia
-
Canning Basin (2)
-
Carnarvon Basin (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Hawke's Bay New Zealand (1)
-
-
Papua New Guinea (1)
-
-
Bear Island (1)
-
Bell Creek Field (1)
-
Blue Mountains (1)
-
Bowen Basin (1)
-
Cambay Basin (2)
-
Canada
-
Arctic Archipelago (3)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick
-
Moncton Basin (1)
-
-
Nova Scotia
-
Antigonish County Nova Scotia
-
Antigonish Nova Scotia (1)
-
-
Cape Breton Island (3)
-
Gays River Deposit (2)
-
Sable Island (1)
-
-
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland
-
Great Northern Peninsula (1)
-
Port au Port Peninsula (1)
-
-
-
Quebec
-
Anticosti Island (1)
-
Gaspe Peninsula (1)
-
-
-
Nunavut
-
Ellesmere Island (2)
-
Sverdrup Basin (3)
-
-
Queen Elizabeth Islands
-
Ellesmere Island (2)
-
Sverdrup Basin (3)
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Alberta Basin (3)
-
-
British Columbia
-
Queen Charlotte Islands (3)
-
Tofino Basin (1)
-
Tulameen coal area (3)
-
Vancouver Island (1)
-
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (3)
-
Northwest Territories
-
Pine Point mining district (1)
-
-
Saskatchewan (4)
-
Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Greater Antilles
-
Jamaica (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cascade Range (1)
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Central Graben (2)
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Cerro Prieto (2)
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Coast Ranges (1)
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Russian Federation
-
Komi Russian Federation
-
Pechora Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk region (1)
-
-
-
Russian Arctic (1)
-
Timan-Pechora region (1)
-
Tyumen Russian Federation
-
Yamal-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Urengoy Field (1)
-
-
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Indigirka River (1)
-
Zyryanka Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
West Siberia
-
Siberian Lowland (2)
-
-
-
Cook Inlet (2)
-
Cooper Basin (3)
-
Diablo Range (1)
-
East Coast Basin (1)
-
Europe
-
Alfold (1)
-
Alps
-
Central Alps (1)
-
Central Austrian Alps (1)
-
Eastern Alps (1)
-
Swiss Alps (1)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Austria
-
Central Austrian Alps (1)
-
Enns Valley (1)
-
-
Germany
-
Bavaria Germany
-
Upper Bavaria Germany (1)
-
-
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Germany
-
Rugen Island (1)
-
-
North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
-
Ruhr (1)
-
-
-
Hungary (2)
-
Inn Valley (1)
-
Molasse Basin
-
Swiss Molasse Basin (1)
-
-
Poland
-
Kujawy (1)
-
Polish Sudeten Mountains (1)
-
Warsaw Poland (1)
-
-
Slovakian Pannonian Basin (1)
-
Sudeten Mountains
-
Polish Sudeten Mountains (1)
-
-
Switzerland
-
Geneva Switzerland (1)
-
Swiss Alps (1)
-
Swiss Molasse Basin (1)
-
-
-
Komi Russian Federation
-
Pechora Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Pannonian Basin
-
Slovakian Pannonian Basin (1)
-
-
Rhenish Schiefergebirge (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Iberian Massif (1)
-
Portugal (1)
-
Spain
-
Castilla y Leon Spain
-
Zamora Spain (1)
-
-
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines
-
Southern Apennines (1)
-
-
Basilicata Italy (1)
-
Campania Italy (1)
-
Lucania (1)
-
Sicily Italy (1)
-
-
Moesian Platform (1)
-
Romania (1)
-
-
Timan-Pechora region (1)
-
Western Europe
-
Belgium
-
Brabant Massif (1)
-
-
France
-
Paris Basin (2)
-
-
Ireland (1)
-
Scandinavia
-
Denmark (1)
-
Norway (5)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
Bristol Channel (1)
-
England
-
Alston Block (1)
-
Cumbria England (1)
-
East Midlands (1)
-
Pennines (3)
-
Shropshire England (1)
-
Yorkshire England (1)
-
-
Scotland
-
Highland region Scotland
-
Caithness Scotland (2)
-
Sutherland Scotland (1)
-
-
Midlothian Scotland (1)
-
Moray Firth (2)
-
-
Wales
-
Caernarvonshire Wales
-
Lleyn Peninsula (1)
-
-
Gwynedd Wales
-
Lleyn Peninsula (1)
-
-
South Wales coal field (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Front Range (3)
-
Graham Island (4)
-
Green River basin (6)
-
Gulf of Mexico Basin (1)
-
Hartford Basin (1)
-
Hikurangi Margin (1)
-
Indian Ocean
-
Red Sea
-
Gulf of Suez (1)
-
-
Timor Sea
-
Bonaparte Gulf basin (2)
-
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Seychelles
-
Mahe Island (1)
-
-
-
Llanos (1)
-
Madison Range (1)
-
Malay Archipelago
-
Borneo
-
Kalimantan Indonesia
-
Mahakam Delta (2)
-
-
-
-
Maritimes Basin (3)
-
Maverick Basin (1)
-
McArthur Basin (1)
-
Mediterranean region
-
Calabrian Arc (1)
-
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
East Mediterranean
-
Black Sea (1)
-
-
-
Mexico
-
Baja California (1)
-
Baja California Mexico (2)
-
Coahuila Mexico (1)
-
Sabinas Basin (1)
-
-
Midland Valley (5)
-
NanTroSEIZE
-
Expedition 316
-
IODP Site C0007 (1)
-
-
Expedition 319
-
IODP Site C0009 (1)
-
-
IODP Site C0004 (1)
-
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (6)
-
Appalachians
-
Central Appalachians (2)
-
Northern Appalachians (3)
-
Piedmont (1)
-
-
Disturbed Belt (1)
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (4)
-
Humber Zone (1)
-
Keweenawan Rift (1)
-
Michigan Basin (2)
-
North American Cordillera (1)
-
Purcell Mountains (1)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (3)
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
San Juan Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Rocky Mountains foreland (4)
-
Saint Lawrence Lowlands (1)
-
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1)
-
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (1)
-
Western Interior
-
Western Interior Seaway (1)
-
-
Western Overthrust Belt (5)
-
Williston Basin (1)
-
-
North Island (2)
-
North Slope (1)
-
Norton Basin (2)
-
Orcadian Basin (1)
-
Pacific Coast (2)
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Mendocino fracture zone (1)
-
Norton Sound (1)
-
Queen Charlotte Basin (1)
-
-
-
North Pacific
-
Bering Sea
-
Norton Sound (1)
-
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Mendocino fracture zone (1)
-
Norton Sound (1)
-
Queen Charlotte Basin (1)
-
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Japan Sea
-
Ulleung Basin (1)
-
-
Kumano Basin (1)
-
Nankai Trough (1)
-
South China Sea
-
Qiongdongnan Basin (2)
-
Yinggehai Basin (3)
-
-
Yellow Sea (1)
-
-
-
South Pacific
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Arafura Sea (1)
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Japan Sea
-
Ulleung Basin (1)
-
-
Kumano Basin (1)
-
Nankai Trough (1)
-
South China Sea
-
Qiongdongnan Basin (2)
-
Yinggehai Basin (3)
-
-
Yellow Sea (1)
-
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Arafura Sea (1)
-
-
-
-
Papuan Basin (1)
-
Peace River (1)
-
Pioneer Mountains (1)
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Queen Charlotte Sound (1)
-
Red River Fault (1)
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Richmond Basin (1)
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Rome Trough (1)
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Russian Platform (1)
-
San Juan Basin (5)
-
Sand Wash Basin (1)
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Sierra Nevada (1)
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Sinai (1)
-
South America
-
Andes
-
Eastern Cordillera (1)
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Subandean Belt (1)
-
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Argentina (1)
-
Brazil
-
Sergipe-Alagoas Basin (2)
-
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Colombia
-
Cusiana Field (1)
-
-
Guiana Shield (1)
-
Peru (1)
-
Venezuela
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Maracaibo Basin (1)
-
-
-
South Island (1)
-
Sydney Basin (5)
-
Sydney coal field (1)
-
Taranaki Basin (3)
-
United States
-
Absaroka Fault (2)
-
Alabama
-
Mobile Bay (1)
-
Mobile County Alabama (1)
-
-
Alaska
-
Alaska Peninsula (1)
-
Aleutian Islands (1)
-
Brooks Range (1)
-
Yukon-Koyukuk Basin (1)
-
-
Allegheny Plateau (1)
-
Anadarko Basin (8)
-
Arkansas
-
Yell County Arkansas (1)
-
-
Arkoma Basin (2)
-
Atlantic Coastal Plain (1)
-
Black Warrior Basin (1)
-
Book Cliffs (1)
-
California
-
Central California (3)
-
Fresno County California
-
Coalinga California (1)
-
-
Hosgri Fault (1)
-
Humboldt County California (1)
-
Los Angeles Basin (2)
-
Los Angeles County California (1)
-
Merced County California (1)
-
Monterey County California (1)
-
Northern California (1)
-
Salton Sea (1)
-
Salton Trough (1)
-
San Benito County California (2)
-
San Gregorio Fault (1)
-
San Joaquin Valley (1)
-
San Luis Obispo County California (1)
-
Santa Barbara County California (1)
-
Santa Clara County California (1)
-
Southern California (3)
-
Stanislaus County California (1)
-
Sur fault zone (1)
-
Ventura Basin (1)
-
Ventura County California (1)
-
-
Cherokee Basin (1)
-
Colorado
-
Adams County Colorado (1)
-
Archuleta County Colorado (1)
-
Delta County Colorado (1)
-
Garfield County Colorado
-
Rifle Colorado (1)
-
-
La Plata County Colorado (1)
-
Mahogany Zone (1)
-
San Juan volcanic field (1)
-
Wattenberg Field (2)
-
White River Plateau (1)
-
-
Colorado Plateau (2)
-
Crawford Thrust (1)
-
Culpeper Basin (1)
-
Dan River basin (1)
-
Denver Basin (3)
-
Dunkard Basin (1)
-
Gettysburg Basin (1)
-
Hardeman Basin (1)
-
Idaho
-
Bonner County Idaho (1)
-
-
Illinois (3)
-
Illinois Basin (4)
-
Indiana
-
Owen County Indiana (1)
-
Pike County Indiana (1)
-
-
Kansas (1)
-
Kentucky
-
Henderson County Kentucky (1)
-
Hopkins County Kentucky (1)
-
Muhlenberg County Kentucky (1)
-
Ohio County Kentucky (1)
-
Union County Kentucky (2)
-
Webster County Kentucky (1)
-
-
Louisiana (2)
-
Maryland (1)
-
Michigan
-
Michigan Upper Peninsula
-
Ontonagon County Michigan
-
White Pine Michigan (1)
-
-
-
-
Midcontinent (1)
-
Mississippi
-
Neshoba County Mississippi (1)
-
-
Mississippi Valley
-
Upper Mississippi Valley (1)
-
-
Montana
-
Beaverhead County Montana (1)
-
Gallatin County Montana (1)
-
Madison County Montana (1)
-
-
Nevada
-
Eureka County Nevada
-
Eureka Nevada (1)
-
-
White Pine County Nevada
-
Alligator Ridge Mine (1)
-
-
-
New Mexico
-
McKinley County New Mexico (1)
-
Rio Arriba County New Mexico (1)
-
San Juan County New Mexico (1)
-
Sandoval County New Mexico (1)
-
-
New York
-
Clinton County New York (1)
-
Essex County New York (1)
-
Niagara County New York (1)
-
Saratoga County New York (1)
-
Schoharie County New York (1)
-
Warren County New York (1)
-
Washington County New York (1)
-
-
Newark Basin (1)
-
North Carolina (1)
-
Ohio (4)
-
Oklahoma
-
Beckham County Oklahoma (1)
-
Kiowa County Oklahoma (1)
-
Latimer County Oklahoma (1)
-
Le Flore County Oklahoma (1)
-
Pittsburg County Oklahoma (1)
-
Wichita Mountains (1)
-
Wichita Uplift (2)
-
-
Oregon (2)
-
Ouachita Mountains (5)
-
Palo Duro Basin (1)
-
Paradox Basin (1)
-
Pennsylvania
-
Schuylkill County Pennsylvania (1)
-
-
Powder River basin (5)
-
Sevier orogenic belt (1)
-
Texas
-
Cottle County Texas (1)
-
East Texas Basin (1)
-
East Texas Field (1)
-
Foard County Texas (1)
-
King County Texas (1)
-
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
San Juan Mountains (1)
-
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Uinta Basin (1)
-
Uncompahgre Uplift (1)
-
Utah
-
Carbon County Utah (1)
-
-
Virginia (4)
-
Washington
-
Jefferson County Washington (1)
-
Olympic Peninsula (1)
-
-
West Virginia
-
Raleigh County West Virginia (1)
-
-
Western U.S. (6)
-
Wiggins Arch (1)
-
Wyoming
-
Converse County Wyoming (1)
-
Hanna Basin (2)
-
Johnson County Wyoming (1)
-
Sublette County Wyoming
-
Pinedale Anticline (1)
-
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Weston County Wyoming (1)
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White Bay (1)
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commodities
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barite deposits (2)
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bitumens
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asphalt (3)
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brines (5)
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coal deposits
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coke coal (1)
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energy sources (31)
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geothermal energy (2)
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metal ores
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base metals (1)
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copper ores (2)
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gold ores (4)
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lead-zinc deposits (5)
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silver ores (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (6)
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mineral exploration (4)
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oil and gas fields (25)
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petroleum
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natural gas
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coalbed methane (20)
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shale gas (6)
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sulfur deposits (1)
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tight sands (2)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (24)
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organic carbon (37)
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chemical elements (1)
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halogens
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chlorine (2)
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hydrogen
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D/H (3)
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deuterium (1)
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isotope ratios (24)
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isotopes
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stable isotopes
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Ar-40 (1)
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C-12 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (24)
-
D/H (3)
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deuterium (1)
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (12)
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S-34/S-32 (2)
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metals
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alkali metals
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sodium (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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calcium (1)
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antimony (1)
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arsenic (2)
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cadmium (1)
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chromium (1)
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copper (2)
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gallium (1)
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germanium (1)
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iron (2)
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lead (2)
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molybdenum (2)
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nickel (2)
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rare earths (1)
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titanium (1)
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tungsten (1)
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vanadium (1)
-
zinc (1)
-
-
nitrogen
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
-
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40 (1)
-
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (12)
-
-
phosphorus (1)
-
selenium (1)
-
sulfur
-
organic sulfur (3)
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
-
-
fossils
-
bacteria
-
Pseudomonas (1)
-
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata (1)
-
-
Graptolithina (2)
-
Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Ostracoda (1)
-
-
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera (3)
-
-
Vermes
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scolecodonts (1)
-
-
-
microfossils
-
Chitinozoa (1)
-
Conodonta (2)
-
scolecodonts (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (3)
-
Chitinozoa (1)
-
Dinoflagellata (2)
-
miospores
-
pollen (2)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Chlorophyta
-
Tasmanites (2)
-
-
-
Pteridophyta (1)
-
-
thallophytes (4)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (1)
-
Ar/Ar (3)
-
fission-track dating (15)
-
K/Ar (10)
-
paleomagnetism (3)
-
Th/U (1)
-
thermochronology (6)
-
U/Pb (1)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
upper Holocene (1)
-
-
Pleistocene (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
John Day Formation (1)
-
lower Tertiary (3)
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
lower Miocene (4)
-
middle Miocene (2)
-
Sarmatian (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Mount Messenger Formation (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene (6)
-
upper Neogene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Green River Formation (6)
-
lower Eocene
-
Thebes Formation (1)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Sparta Sand (1)
-
-
upper Eocene
-
Uinta Formation (1)
-
-
-
Hanna Formation (1)
-
Kapuni Group (1)
-
Kenai Group (1)
-
Oligocene
-
lower Oligocene (1)
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (1)
-
K-T boundary (3)
-
-
Midway Group (1)
-
Ravenscrag Formation (1)
-
-
Tyonek Formation (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
Wilcox Group (2)
-
-
-
-
Coal Measures (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Asu River Group (1)
-
Colorado Group (2)
-
Comanchean
-
Paluxy Formation (1)
-
Rodessa Formation (1)
-
-
Graneros Shale (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
upper Albian (1)
-
-
Bear River Formation (1)
-
Blackleaf Formation (1)
-
Bluesky Formation (2)
-
Cadomin Formation (1)
-
Gething Formation (2)
-
Hauterivian (1)
-
Mannville Group (4)
-
Moosebar Formation (1)
-
Mowry Shale (4)
-
Muddy Sandstone (2)
-
Paluxy Formation (1)
-
Rodessa Formation (1)
-
Skull Creek Shale (1)
-
Spirit River Formation (2)
-
Valanginian (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (3)
-
Middle Cretaceous (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Almond Formation (1)
-
Belle Fourche Shale (1)
-
Belly River Formation (1)
-
Blackhawk Formation (1)
-
Campanian (1)
-
Cardium Formation (1)
-
Carlile Shale (1)
-
Cenomanian (1)
-
Cody Shale (2)
-
Coniacian (1)
-
Eutaw Formation (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (1)
-
Frontier Formation (2)
-
Fruitland Formation (3)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (1)
-
Woodbine Formation (1)
-
-
Honna Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (3)
-
La Luna Formation (1)
-
Lance Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian (2)
-
Mesaverde Group (2)
-
Niobrara Formation (2)
-
Pakawau Group (1)
-
Pierre Shale (1)
-
Rock Springs Formation (1)
-
Santonian (2)
-
Senonian (3)
-
Shannon Sandstone Member (1)
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (1)
-
Williams Fork Formation (2)
-
-
Viking Formation (1)
-
Whitemud Formation (1)
-
Yezo Group (1)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (4)
-
Great Valley Sequence (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Bazhenov Formation (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Toarcian (1)
-
upper Liassic (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bajocian
-
Yakoun Group (1)
-
-
Bathonian (1)
-
Callovian (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Kimmeridge Clay (2)
-
Kimmeridgian (2)
-
Oxfordian (1)
-
Smackover Formation (1)
-
Volgian (1)
-
-
-
Kunga Group (2)
-
Newark Supergroup (2)
-
Nugget Sandstone (1)
-
Sandilands Formation (2)
-
Shimanto Group (1)
-
Triassic
-
Middle Triassic (1)
-
Sherwood Sandstone (1)
-
Shublik Formation (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Mercia Mudstone (1)
-
Rhaetian (1)
-
Stormberg Series (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (1)
-
-
-
Yanshanian (2)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian (2)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (3)
-
Jackfork Group (3)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (7)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Chainman Shale (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (3)
-
-
Stanley Group (2)
-
Sunbury Shale (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian
-
Imo Formation (1)
-
-
Heath Formation (1)
-
-
Windsor Group (2)
-
-
Namurian (3)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Herrin Coal Member (1)
-
Kittanning Formation (2)
-
Mary Lee Coal (1)
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Allegheny Group (2)
-
Atokan
-
Atoka Formation (3)
-
-
Desmoinesian
-
Spiro Sandstone (1)
-
-
Kanawha Formation (1)
-
-
Morien Group (1)
-
Pottsville Group (1)
-
Springfield Coal Member (1)
-
Strawn Series (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Cisco Group (1)
-
Sturgis Formation (2)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Stephanian (2)
-
Westphalian (8)
-
-
-
Chattanooga Shale (1)
-
Cow Head Group (1)
-
Devonian
-
Keg River Formation (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Dittonian (1)
-
Emsian (1)
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
Pragian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Marcellus Shale (1)
-
Nahanni Formation (1)
-
Sulphur Point Formation (1)
-
Winnipegosis Formation (1)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (3)
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Cleveland Member (1)
-
Domanik Formation (1)
-
Frasnian (2)
-
Huron Member (2)
-
Ohio Shale (2)
-
West Falls Formation (1)
-
-
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Horton Group (1)
-
Hunton Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (1)
-
-
New Albany Shale (4)
-
Ordovician
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Table Head Group (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Maquoketa Formation (1)
-
Trentonian (1)
-
Wufeng Formation (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Ecca Group (2)
-
Longtan Formation (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Barakar Stage (2)
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
-
-
Phosphoria Formation (2)
-
Rotliegendes (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Zechstein (1)
-
-
Whitehill Formation (1)
-
-
Pilot Shale (2)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery (1)
-
Wenlock (1)
-
-
-
Taiyuan Formation (2)
-
Talchir Formation (1)
-
Tensleep Sandstone (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Bakken Formation (1)
-
Dwyka Formation (1)
-
Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
-
Shanxi Formation (3)
-
Tirrawarra Sandstone (1)
-
-
Woodford Shale (7)
-
-
Phanerozoic (3)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean (1)
-
Hecla Hoek Formation (1)
-
Nonesuch Shale (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Roper Group (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
granites (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
-
-
-
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metaigneous rocks
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metagraywacke (1)
-
metapelite (1)
-
metasandstone (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
turbidite (2)
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
-
calcite (4)
-
dolomite (2)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (1)
-
-
-
minerals (3)
-
oxides
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uraninite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (16)
-
-
silicates
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
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celsian (1)
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hyalophane (1)
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
-
barium feldspar
-
celsian (1)
-
hyalophane (1)
-
-
plagioclase (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
quartz (4)
-
-
zeolite group
-
laumontite (2)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
zircon group
-
zircon (2)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (10)
-
-
clay minerals
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dickite (1)
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kaolinite (8)
-
smectite (21)
-
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corrensite (2)
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cymrite (1)
-
illite (35)
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mica group (3)
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pyrophyllite (1)
-
rectorite (1)
-
-
-
sulfides
-
pyrite (3)
-
sphalerite (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (12)
-
Africa
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Central Africa
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Angola (1)
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Chad Basin (2)
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Congo Basin (1)
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East Africa
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Sudan (1)
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North Africa
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Algeria
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Berkine Basin (1)
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Egypt (2)
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Ghadames Basin (2)
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Illizi Basin (2)
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Libya (1)
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Maghreb (1)
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Morocco (1)
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Sahara (4)
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Southern Africa
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Karoo Basin (2)
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South Africa
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Cape fold belt (1)
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Witwatersrand (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
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Benue Valley (3)
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Nigeria
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Niger Delta (3)
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Sokoto Basin (1)
-
-
-
-
Antarctica
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James Ross Island (1)
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-
Arctic Ocean
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Barents Sea (2)
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Norwegian Sea
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Haltenbanken (2)
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-
-
Arctic region
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Greenland
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East Greenland (1)
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Russian Arctic (1)
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Svalbard
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Spitsbergen (1)
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-
-
Asia
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Far East
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Borneo
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Kalimantan Indonesia
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Mahakam Delta (2)
-
-
-
China
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Henan China (1)
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Hunan China (1)
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Jiangsu China (1)
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Jilin China (1)
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Ordos Basin (2)
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Qaidam Basin (1)
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Qilian Mountains (1)
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Qinghai China (1)
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Shaanxi China (1)
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Shanxi China (3)
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Sichuan Basin (3)
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Xinjiang China
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Junggar Basin (1)
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Tarim Basin (1)
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Turpan Basin (1)
-
-
Yangtze River (1)
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Indonesia
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Mahakam Delta (2)
-
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Sumatra (1)
-
-
Japan
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Hokkaido (2)
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Honshu (2)
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Kyushu (2)
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Shikoku (5)
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Korea (1)
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Himalayas (2)
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Bihar India (3)
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Gujarat India (2)
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Jharkhand India
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Hazaribagh India
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Ramgarh coal field (1)
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Jharia coal field (1)
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-
Northeastern India
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Assam India (2)
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Meghalaya India (2)
-
-
Orissa India
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Talchir coal field (1)
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Shillong Plateau (1)
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West Bengal India
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Darjeeling India (2)
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-
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Jammu and Kashmir
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Jammu (1)
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Pakistan (1)
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
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Norilsk region (1)
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Middle East
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Iran
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Turkey (2)
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Tibetan Plateau (3)
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Tyumen Russian Federation
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Urengoy Field (1)
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West Siberia
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Siberian Lowland (2)
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-
Yakutia Russian Federation
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Indigirka River (1)
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Zyryanka Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Gulf of Mexico
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Eugene Island Block 330 Field (1)
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Orca Basin (1)
-
-
Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1)
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Irish Sea (1)
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North Sea
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Viking Graben (2)
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Northwest Atlantic
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Hibernia Field (1)
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Scotian Shelf (5)
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South Atlantic
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Santos Basin (1)
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Atlantic region (1)
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Australasia
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Australia
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Western Australia
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-
-
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New Zealand
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Hawke's Bay New Zealand (1)
-
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Papua New Guinea (1)
-
-
bacteria
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Pseudomonas (1)
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barite deposits (2)
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bitumens
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asphalt (3)
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brines (5)
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Canada
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Arctic Archipelago (3)
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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New Brunswick
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Cape Breton Island (3)
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Gays River Deposit (2)
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Quebec
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Nunavut
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Queen Elizabeth Islands
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Western Canada
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Alberta
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British Columbia
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Northwest Territories
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Pine Point mining district (1)
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Saskatchewan (4)
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Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
-
carbon
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C-12 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (24)
-
organic carbon (37)
-
-
Caribbean region
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West Indies
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Antilles
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Greater Antilles
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Jamaica (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cenozoic
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Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
upper Holocene (1)
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Pleistocene (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
John Day Formation (1)
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lower Tertiary (3)
-
Neogene
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Miocene
-
lower Miocene (4)
-
middle Miocene (2)
-
Sarmatian (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Mount Messenger Formation (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene (6)
-
upper Neogene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Green River Formation (6)
-
lower Eocene
-
Thebes Formation (1)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Sparta Sand (1)
-
-
upper Eocene
-
Uinta Formation (1)
-
-
-
Hanna Formation (1)
-
Kapuni Group (1)
-
Kenai Group (1)
-
Oligocene
-
lower Oligocene (1)
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (1)
-
K-T boundary (3)
-
-
Midway Group (1)
-
Ravenscrag Formation (1)
-
-
Tyonek Formation (1)
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
Wilcox Group (2)
-
-
-
-
chemical analysis (1)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata (1)
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clay mineralogy (27)
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climate change (1)
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coal deposits
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coke coal (1)
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continental shelf (2)
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crust (5)
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crystal chemistry (1)
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data processing (4)
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deformation (14)
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Europe
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Switzerland
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Komi Russian Federation
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Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
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Invertebrata
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Protista
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Mesozoic
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Lower Cretaceous
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Eutaw Formation (1)
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Gulfian
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Austin Chalk (1)
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Woodbine Formation (1)
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Honna Formation (1)
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K-T boundary (3)
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Lance Formation (1)
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Maestrichtian (2)
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Pierre Shale (1)
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Tuscaloosa Formation (1)
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Williams Fork Formation (2)
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Viking Formation (1)
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Whitemud Formation (1)
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Jurassic
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Lower Jurassic
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Norphlet Formation (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Triassic
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North America
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Paleozoic
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Heath Formation (1)
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Windsor Group (2)
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Namurian (3)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Atokan
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Desmoinesian
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Spiro Sandstone (1)
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Kanawha Formation (1)
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Morien Group (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Sturgis Formation (2)
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Upper Carboniferous
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Stephanian (2)
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Chattanooga Shale (1)
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Cow Head Group (1)
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Devonian
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Middle Devonian
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Old Red Sandstone (3)
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Upper Devonian
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Frasnian (2)
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Ohio Shale (2)
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West Falls Formation (1)
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Exshaw Formation (1)
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lower Paleozoic
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Cape Phillips Formation (1)
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New Albany Shale (4)
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Ordovician
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Utica Shale (1)
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Permian
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Longtan Formation (1)
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Lower Permian
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Barakar Stage (2)
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Cisuralian
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Phosphoria Formation (2)
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Rotliegendes (1)
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Upper Permian
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Zechstein (1)
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Whitehill Formation (1)
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Pilot Shale (2)
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Silurian
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Lower Silurian
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Llandovery (1)
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Wenlock (1)
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Taiyuan Formation (2)
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Tensleep Sandstone (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Bakken Formation (1)
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Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
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Woodford Shale (7)
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Plantae
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Pteridophyta (1)
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plate tectonics (11)
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Precambrian
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Hecla Hoek Formation (1)
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Nonesuch Shale (1)
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Proterozoic
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Mesoproterozoic
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remote sensing (2)
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tonstein (2)
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coal
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oil shale (14)
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South America
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well-logging (7)
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rock formations
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vitrinite
Influence of internal fluid driving mechanisms on red bed bleaching in the Paradox Basin (Colorado Plateau, Utah and Colorado, USA)
Delineation of Shale Gas Play from Non-Pay Zones Using Elastic and Mechanical Properties of Organic-Rich Shales, Southern Punjab Platform, Pakistan
Basaltic sills emplaced in organic-rich sedimentary rocks: Consequences for organic matter maturation and Cretaceous paleo-climate
Petrogenesis and Evolution of Tharad Coals of Cambay Basin, Gujarat (Western India): An Insight
Tertiary Himalayan Coal-bearing Sequences of India: A Reappraisal of their Evolutionary Consequences
Applicative Coal Petrology for Industries: New Paradigms
Organic Geochemical Assessment and Characterisation of Extra-Peninsular Gondwana Coal From Kalijhora Basin, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India
Characters of Liptinites in Different Seams of Talcher Coalfield, Odisha, India
Differences in Pore-forming Efficiency among Organic Macerals and Its Restriction against Reservoir Quality: A Case Study Based on the Marine Shale Reservoir in the Longmaxi Formation, Southern Sichuan Basin, China
Source Rock Characterization for Hydrocarbon Generative Potential and Thermal Maturity of Sutunga Coals, (East Jaintia Hill) Meghalaya, India: Petrographic and Geochemical Approach
Discussion of ‘A thermal maturity map based on vitrinite reflectance of British coals’ Journal of the Geological Society, London , 176, 2019, 1136–1142, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2019-055
Abstract Stable isotope composition of gas is widely used in hydrocarbon exploration to determine the composition and thermal maturity of source rocks. Many isotope classification systems used for gas to source rock correlation and thermal maturity determination are primarily based on empirical observations made in conventional reservoirs and the kinetic isotope effects observed during pyrolysis experiments performed on source rocks. However, such relationships may not be readily applicable to onshore unconventional reservoirs due to the strong molecular and isotope fractionation that occur during extensive gas expulsion associated with basin uplift and depressurization. Degassing studies of freshly recovered core samples can provide useful insight into the behaviour of gas molecules in unconventional reservoirs during basin uplift. The analyses of Australian coal and marine shale samples demonstrate that during desorption both molecular and isotopic compositions of gas change at variable rates. Gas initially desorbed from the samples is mostly CH 4 , whereas later desorbed gas becomes increasingly enriched in C 2 H 6 and higher hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon molecules also fractionate according to their isotopic composition, where the early released gas is enriched in 12 C causing the remaining gas in the reservoir to be enriched in the heavier 13 C isotope. During the release of gas from the Bowen Basin coals the C isotope ratio of CH 4 ( δ 13 C 1 ) changes by up to 21‰ (VPDB), whereas that for C 2 H 6 ( δ 13 C 2 ) and C 3 H 8 ( δ 13 C 3 ) changes by <6‰. Similar changes in the isotope composition can be seen during the release of gas from marine source rocks of the Beetaloo Sub-basin. In a fully gas-mature middle Velkerri shale sample, δ 13 C 1 changes by up to 28‰ and δ 13 C 2 by up to 3‰ with no appreciable change occurring in δ 13 C 3 . The extent of molecular fractionation during gas flow through carbonaceous rocks is primarily related to the adsorption–desorption properties of organic matter and diffusivity through the overall rock matrix. Using the current dataset, the magnitude of the contributions exerted by the desorption and diffusion processes cannot be readily distinguished. However, both Bowen Basin coals and Beetaloo Sub-basin shale show similar fractionation effects during gas flow, where the heavier alkane molecules, including those containing more 13 C, desorb and move slowly compared with the lighter components, in particular CH 4 . Different rates of isotope fractionation between hydrocarbon molecules during gas flow cause the shape of compound-specific-isotope (CSI) curve to change with time. Early released gas is characterized by a normal CSI trend where the short-chain hydrocarbons are isotopically lighter compared with the longer-chain hydrocarbons. Because CH 4 and C 2 H 6 molecules enriched in 12 C desorb and diffuse more readily than the heavier hydrocarbons (including those enriched 13 C), the gas remaining in the coal and shale samples after extensive desorption shows a reversed CSI trend where CH 4 and C 2 H 6 are isotopically heavier compared with the longer chain hydrocarbons. Reversed isotope trends may also develop over geological time, particularly where the source rock is fully gas-mature and has expelled hydrocarbons due to prolonged degassing. As seen in the Beetaloo Sub-basin, the CSI trend in the dry-gas-mature Velkerri shale is reversed, possibly due to the loss of a large proportion of originally generated CH 4 during post-Cambrian basin uplift.
Abstract An automatic approach for analyses of Raman spectra of dispersed organic matter in diagenesis is proposed in this work. The need for a reproducible method of thermal maturity assessment by means of Raman spectroscopic analyses on the organic matter is essential for the development of this technique as a robust support in organic petrographical analyses. The new method was tested on concentrated kerogen derived from a set of 33 samples that originated from cuttings from a 5000 m-thick section drilled in offshore Angola. The proposed method can be applied separately in the D and G bands regions of the Raman spectra, and uses a fitting approach based on asymmetrical Gaussian deconvolution and on the measurement of the integrated area. Results from this work demonstrate that Raman parameters carried out by the new methods reflect the increase in aromaticity in kerogen in diagenesis. Finally, two parametric equations have been proposed to correlate Raman parameters and thermal maturity: the first is for the thermal maturity interval between 0.3 and 1.5% R o ; and the second has a higher precision of between 1.0 and 1.5% R o . The two equations are the result of a multi-linear regression based on robust correlations between Raman parameters and vitrinite reflectance (R o %).
An integrated sequence stratigraphic–geochemical investigation of the Jurassic source rocks in the North Yellow Sea Basin, eastern China
Coalbed methane content prediction using deep belief network
ABSTRACT Fluid release structures resulting from the interaction of igneous intrusions with sedimentary basins form an important part of the evolution of large igneous provinces. Hydrothermal breccia pipes formed in the Karoo Basin in South Africa during emplacement of igneous sills in the Karoo large igneous province represent one of the best-exposed expressions of such venting structures. Earlier work has shown that degassing of thermogenic CO 2 and CH 4 through the breccia pipes may have contributed to the Early Jurassic environmental changes. Here, we present the first detailed analysis of the distribution of breccia pipes in the western parts of the Karoo Basin. We mapped 431 pipes in a 650 km 2 area using outcrop data. The pipes are rooted in contact aureoles around four sills emplaced in organic-rich Ecca Group shale, and thermal modeling of sill cooling and contact metamorphism gives a maximum temperature of 675 °C near the sill contacts, sufficient to convert a significant fraction of the organic carbon to gas. Model estimates indicate that metamorphism in the 650 km 2 area generated 75–88 Gt of CO 2 , depending on actual sill thicknesses and emplacement levels. When further up-scaled, an area of 7400–8700 km 2 (i.e., less than 2% of the area in the Karoo Basin intruded by sills) would be required to generate 1000 Gt of CO 2 . In order to characterize the degassing pipes, their geographical positions and diameters were analyzed using several point-pattern methods. The results showed that the pipes (1) have diameters in the 11–177 m range (average 44 m), (2) are spaced with an average nearest-neighbor distance of 452 m, and (3) are overall randomly spaced but with weak overdispersion at very small scales (<50 m) and weak clusters at larger scales (400–3000 m). In contrast to studies of volcanic pipe spacing, this study on breccia pipes does not indicate that the pipe spacing is controlled by any large-scale geophysical parameters such as crustal or basin thicknesses. Conclusions point to the pipes being formed following sill emplacement and pressure increase in the low-permeability organic-rich shale, followed by rapid carbon degassing, emphasizing their important role in the Early Jurassic climate change and oceanic anoxic event.
ABSTRACT Organic matter (OM) in petroleum source rocks is a mixture of organic macerals that follow their own specific evolutionary pathways during thermal maturation. Understanding the transformation of each maceral into oil and gas with increasing thermal maturity is critical for both source rock evaluation and unconventional shale oil/gas reservoir characterization. In this study, organic petrology was used to document the reflectance, abundance, color, and fluorescence properties of primary organic macerals and solid bitumen (SB) in 14 Upper Devonian New Albany Shale samples (kerogen type II sequence) from early mature (vitrinite reflectance [VR o ] of 0.55%) to post-mature (VR o 1.42%). Micro-Fourier transform infrared (micro-FTIR) spectroscopy analyses were conducted on these samples to derive information on the evolution of the chemical structure of organic macerals and SB with increasing thermal maturity. Primary OM (amorphous organic matter, alginite, vitrinite, and inertinite) and secondary organic matter (SB) were identified in early mature samples. Amorphous organic matter (AOM) was the dominant organic component in early mature samples and was observed up to the maturity equivalent to VR o 0.79% but could not be identified at VR o 0.80%. An organic network composed of AOM and SB was observed from VR o 0.55 to 0.79%, which, together with the decrease in AOM content being accompanied by an increase in SB content, suggests that with the onset of petroleum generation, SB gradually replaced the original AOM. Alginite, represented by Tasmanites cysts, started to transform to pre-oil bitumen at a maturity corresponding to VR o 0.80%. It shows weak orange-yellow fluorescence at this maturity, a change from strong greenish-yellow fluorescence in early mature samples. Alginite could not be identified at VR o 0.89%, and generated bitumen remained in place or migrated over short distances. Petrographic observations and micro-FTIR study of alginite indicate that substantial hydrocarbon generation from alginite does not start until alginite is completely transformed to pre-oil bitumen. In contrast to AOM and alginite, vitrinite and inertinite derived from terrestrial woody materials occur as dispersed particles and do not change significantly during thermal maturation. A linear relationship between vitrinite and SB reflectance exists for the studied samples. The reflectance of vitrinite is higher than that of SB until VR o 0.99%, and at higher maturities, SB reflectance exceeds vitrinite reflectance. The inclusion of pre-oil SB converted from alginite in reflectance measurements could result in a lower average SB reflectance and, therefore, caution should be applied when using SB reflectance as an indicator of thermal maturity.