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Victoria Land Basin
CLIMATE, SEA LEVEL, AND RESERVOIR QUALITY IN DEPOSITS OF POLAR GLACIMARINE SETTINGS: INSIGHTS FROM THE NEOGENE SUCCESSION OF THE VICTORIA LAND BASIN, ANTARCTICA Available to Purchase
Abstract: This study investigates the Neogene strata of the AND-2A core recovered by the ANDRILL–Southern McMurdo Sound Project in the Victoria Land Basin, Antarctica, as an analog for assessing controls on reservoir quality in glacimarine deposits. The succession comprises a series of depositional sequences formed in marine environments within a failed rift under the influence of repeated advances and retreats of glacial ice, with attendant changes in sea level and sediment supply. Stratal cycles (sequences) typically follow a vertical succession from a basal diamictite deposited in ice-proximal settings fining upward into shoreface sandstone, muddy sandstone, and mudrock. The fining-upward sequence then coarsens upward into coastal and nearshore muddy sandstones and sandstones. Changes in paleoclimate mode through the Neogene caused variations in sequence development, including changes in sequence thickness, variety and range of facies, changes in the completeness of sequences, and changes in the proportion and character of diamictites. Results show that reservoir quality in glacimarine sandstone is dramatically affected by the presence of diagenetic carbonate precipitated during burial from connate cryogenic brine. Strong correlations exist between carbonate cement abundance, paleoclimate, and sequence stratigraphic systems tract. Sandstones that formed during the coldest (polar and subpolar) climate regimes have relatively low porosities (<15%) due to occlusion of pore space by carbonate cement. Decreased production and deposition of mud-sized material during the coldest climate conditions produced sequences characterized by higher overall permeability that were prone to infiltration by brine upon burial, leading to cementation. By contrast, the sandstones formed during relatively temperate climate regimes preserve higher porosities (25–45%) and lack significant cementation. Sequence stratigraphic relationships indicate that these porous sandstones are best developed in highstand delta systems that formed during ice minima. Individual sandstone bodies, which extend laterally over several kilometers, are enclosed by muddy lithologies. Porosity in these sandstones was retained as a result of discharge of dilute meltwater during deposition and subsequent isolation of sands between impermeable barriers. Trends identified in this study may prove useful in predicting and locating target reservoirs in other glaciogenic and glacimarine settings worldwide.