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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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East Africa
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Kenya
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Lake Magadi (1)
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Lake Malawi (1)
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East African Lakes
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Lake Magadi (1)
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Lake Malawi (1)
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North Africa
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Asia
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Insecta (1)
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Tertiary
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Pliocene
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Paleogene
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Green River Formation (4)
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upper Cenozoic (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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sulfates
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Primary terms
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absolute age (27)
-
Africa
-
East Africa
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Kenya
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Lake Magadi (1)
-
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Lake Malawi (1)
-
-
East African Lakes
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Lake Magadi (1)
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Lake Malawi (1)
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North Africa
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Egypt
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Sinai Egypt (1)
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Arctic region
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Greenland
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Northern Greenland (1)
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Summit Greenland (1)
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-
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Asia
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Arabian Peninsula
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Oman (1)
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Himalayas (1)
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Bhutan (1)
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India (1)
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Middle East
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Dead Sea Rift (1)
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Turkey (1)
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-
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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atmosphere (3)
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Australasia
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bibliography (2)
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brines (1)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Ontario
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Quebec
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Lotbiniere County Quebec (1)
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Hudson Bay (1)
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Ellesmere Island (1)
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Selwyn Mountains (1)
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Western Canada
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Alberta
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Banff National Park (1)
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British Columbia
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Saanich Inlet (2)
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Victoria British Columbia (1)
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Canadian Rocky Mountains (1)
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (5)
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C-14 (25)
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organic carbon (2)
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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lower Holocene (5)
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Medieval Warm Period (1)
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middle Holocene (1)
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Neoglacial
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Little Ice Age (1)
-
-
upper Holocene
-
Little Ice Age (1)
-
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Champlain Sea (1)
-
Lake Agassiz (3)
-
Lake Algonquin (2)
-
Lake Missoula (3)
-
lower Pleistocene (1)
-
Matuyama Chron (1)
-
middle Pleistocene
-
Elsterian (1)
-
-
Saalian (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Devensian
-
upper Devensian (1)
-
-
Lake Iroquois (1)
-
Lake Lisan (1)
-
Lisan Formation (1)
-
Sangamonian (2)
-
Vistulian (1)
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Allerod (1)
-
Younger Dryas (4)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
lower Wisconsinan (1)
-
upper Wisconsinan (3)
-
-
Wurm (1)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Bull Lake Glaciation (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
-
lower Miocene
-
Burdigalian (1)
-
-
upper Miocene
-
Puente Formation (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
lower Pliocene (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Green River Formation (4)
-
Lake Gosiute (1)
-
middle Eocene
-
Laney Shale Member (2)
-
-
Wilkins Peak Member (1)
-
-
Oligocene (2)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (1)
-
-
ceramic materials (1)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces
-
Osteichthyes
-
Actinopterygii
-
Teleostei
-
Cypriniformes (2)
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Perciformes (1)
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-
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
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Mammalia (2)
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clay mineralogy (2)
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Central Europe
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Salzkammergut (1)
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Upper Austria (1)
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Germany
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Eifel (2)
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Hesse Germany
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Messel Germany (1)
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Rhineland-Palatinate Germany (1)
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Saxony-Anhalt Germany (1)
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Poland (1)
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Fennoscandian Shield (1)
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Karelia Russian Federation (1)
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Lake Ladoga region (1)
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Eifel (2)
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Southern Europe
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Iberian Peninsula
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Spain
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Balearic Islands
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Majorca (1)
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Italy (1)
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Western Europe
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Jura France (1)
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plutonic rocks
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granites (1)
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porphyry (1)
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pyroclastics (2)
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Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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varves
The influence of fluvial and glacial watershed dynamics on Holocene sediment accumulation in Cariboo Lake, Columbia Mountains, British Columbia, Canada
Age, Genesis, and Seismogenic Deformations of the Vuoksa River Terraces on the Karelian Isthmus (Northwestern Russia)
Identification of seasonal varves in the lower Pliocene Bouse Formation, lower Colorado River Valley, and implications for Colorado Plateau uplift
ABSTRACT New findings about old puzzles occasion rethinking of the Grand Coulee, greatest of the scabland channels. Those puzzles begin with antecedents of current upper Grand Coulee. By a recent interpretation, the upper coulee exploited the former high-level valley of a preflood trunk stream that had drained to the southwest beside and across Coulee anticline or monocline. In any case, a constriction and sharp bend in nearby Columbia valley steered Missoula floods this direction. Completion of upper Grand Coulee by megaflood erosion captured flood drainage that would otherwise have continued to enlarge Moses Coulee. Upstream in the Sanpoil valley, deposits and shorelines of last-glacial Lake Columbia varied with the lake’s Grand Coulee outlet while also recording scores of Missoula floods. The Sanpoil evidence implies that upper Grand Coulee had approached its present intake depth early the last glaciation at latest, or more simply during a prior glaciation. An upper part of the Sanpoil section provides varve counts between the last tens of Missoula floods in a stratigraphic sequence that may now be linked to flood rhythmites of southern Washington by a set-S tephra from Mount St. Helens. On the floor of upper Grand Coulee itself, recently found striated rock and lodgement till confirm the long-held view, which Bretz and Flint had shared, that cutting of upper Grand Coulee preceded its last-glacial occupation by the Okanogan ice lobe. A dozen or more late Missoula floods registered as sand and silt in the lee of Steamboat Rock. Some of this field evidence about upper Grand Coulee may conflict with results of recent two-dimensional simulations for a maximum Lake Missoula. In these simulations only a barrier high above the present coulee intake enables floods to approach high-water marks near Wenatchee that predate stable blockage of Columbia valley by the Okanogan lobe. Above the walls of upper Grand Coulee, scabland limits provide high-water targets for two-dimensional simulations of watery floods. The recent models sharpen focus on water sources, prior coulee incision, and coulee’s occupation by the Okanogan ice lobe. Field reappraisal continues downstream from Grand Coulee on Ephrata fan. There, some of the floods exiting lower Grand Coulee had bulked up with fine sediment from glacial Lake Columbia, upper coulee till, and a lower coulee lake that the fan itself impounded. Floods thus of debris-flow consistency carried outsize boulders previously thought transported by watery floods. Below Ephrata fan, a backflooded reach of Columbia valley received Grand Coulee outflow of small, late Missoula floods. These late floods can—by varve counts in post-S-ash deposits of Sanpoil valley—be clocked now as a decade or less apart. Still farther downstream, Columbia River gorge choked the largest Missoula floods, passing peak discharge only one-third to one-half that released by the breached Lake Missoula ice dam.