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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Canada
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Western Canada
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Saskatchewan (1)
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North America
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Great Plains (2)
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United States
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Idaho (1)
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Nebraska
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Brown County Nebraska (3)
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Cherry County Nebraska (4)
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Keya Paha County Nebraska (1)
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South Dakota
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Primary terms
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Canada
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Western Canada
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Saskatchewan (1)
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene (1)
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Tertiary
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Arikareean (1)
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Neogene
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Hemphillian (1)
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Miocene
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Ash Hollow Formation (4)
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Barstovian (7)
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Clarendonian (3)
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lower Miocene
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Hemingfordian (2)
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middle Miocene (1)
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upper Miocene (2)
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Valentine Formation (11)
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Wood Mountain Formation (1)
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Ogallala Formation (2)
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Pliocene (10)
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Paleogene
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Oligocene (2)
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White River Group (1)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Tetrapoda
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Amphibia
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Lissamphibia (1)
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Aves (1)
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Mammalia
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Artiodactyla
-
Ruminantia
-
Tylopoda
-
Camelidae (1)
-
-
-
-
Carnivora
-
Fissipeda
-
Canidae (1)
-
-
-
Chiroptera (1)
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Lagomorpha (1)
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Perissodactyla
-
Ceratomorpha
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Rhinocerotidae
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Rhinoceros (1)
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Hippomorpha
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Equidae
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Equus (1)
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Rodentia
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Castoridae (2)
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Reptilia
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Diapsida
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Lepidosauria (1)
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coprolites (1)
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diagenesis (1)
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geochemistry (1)
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igneous rocks
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volcanic rocks
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pyroclastics (1)
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isotopes
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stable isotopes
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O-18/O-16 (1)
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North America
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Great Plains (2)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (1)
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Plantae
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Cyperaceae (1)
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sedimentary petrology (1)
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sedimentation (1)
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United States
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Idaho (1)
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Nebraska
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Antelope County Nebraska (3)
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Brown County Nebraska (3)
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Cherry County Nebraska (4)
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Keya Paha County Nebraska (1)
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Knox County Nebraska (3)
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Sioux County Nebraska (1)
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South Dakota
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Brule County South Dakota (1)
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Gregory County South Dakota (1)
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Shannon County South Dakota (1)
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Todd County South Dakota (1)
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Wyoming
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Fremont County Wyoming (1)
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Goshen County Wyoming (1)
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sedimentary structures
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burrows (1)
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coprolites (1)
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Valentine Formation
Abstract The Lagerstätte at Ashfall Fossil Beds—the result of supervolcanic eruption—preserves a mass-death assemblage of articulated skeletons of reptiles, birds, and mammals in a 3-m-thick pure volcanic ash near the base of the Cap Rock Member of the Ash Hollow Formation in Antelope County, Nebraska. The ash originated from the Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera in southwest Idaho, some 1600 km away, and it is geochemically matched with the Ibex Hollow tuff (11.93 Ma). Ashfall is a critical Clarendonian North American Land Mammal Age locality. More than 20 taxa—predominantly medium- and large-sized ungulates preserved in three dimensions—are buried in a late Miocene paleodepression (waterhole) filled with tephra reworked from the landscape by wind and water. Smaller taxa, such as birds, turtles, and moschids, died shortly after the pyroclastic airfall event and their remains are preserved in the basal ash. Remains from the medium-sized ungulates (equids and camelids) are separated from the underlying smaller skeletons by several centimeters of ash, indicating that these animals died at a slightly later time. In turn, more than 100 mostly intact skeletons of the barrel-bodied rhinoceros, Teleoceras major , overlie the remains of the medium-sized taxa. Pathologic bone on the limbs and skulls of the horses, camels, and rhinos suggests short-term survival and slow death several weeks or months after the pyroclastic airfall event. Exquisite preservation in an information-rich context allows aspects of the behavior, social structure, intraspecific variability, and pathology of extinct species to be reconstructed.