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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
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North Africa (1)
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Southern Africa
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Namibia (1)
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-
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Asia
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Altai Mountains (1)
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Arabian Peninsula (1)
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Far East
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China
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Guizhou China (3)
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Ordos Basin (3)
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Yunnan China (1)
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Lesser Sunda Islands
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Timor
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East Timor (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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Pakistan
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Punjab Pakistan
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Salt Range (1)
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-
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Kyrgyzstan (1)
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Middle East
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Iran
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Anarak Iran (1)
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Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (1)
-
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Turkey
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Amasra Basin (1)
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Zonguldak Turkey (1)
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Tien Shan (2)
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Caribbean Sea
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Cariaco Basin (1)
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Irish Sea (1)
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North Sea
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Skagerrak (1)
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Atlantic region (1)
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Australasia
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Australia
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South Australia
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Flinders Ranges (1)
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Avalon Zone (1)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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Nova Scotia
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Cape Breton Island
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Cape Breton County Nova Scotia
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Sydney Nova Scotia (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nunavut
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Ellesmere Island (1)
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Sverdrup Basin (1)
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Queen Elizabeth Islands
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Ellesmere Island (1)
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Sverdrup Basin (1)
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Western Canada
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British Columbia (1)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Donets Basin (3)
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Kyrgyzstan (1)
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Russian Federation
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Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
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Nenets Russian Federation (1)
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Moscow Basin (2)
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Urals
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Southern Urals (1)
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Europe
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Alps
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Eastern Alps
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Carnic Alps (2)
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Dinaric Alps
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Velebit Mountains (1)
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Karawanken (1)
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Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
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Balkan Peninsula (1)
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Carpathians (1)
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Central Europe
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Austria
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Carinthia Austria (1)
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Bohemian Massif (1)
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Czech Republic
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Bohemia
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Germany
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Rhineland-Palatinate Germany (1)
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Saarland Germany (1)
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Saar-Nahe Basin (2)
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Poland (1)
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Upper Silesian coal basin (1)
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Donets Basin (3)
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Lublin Basin (1)
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Moscow Basin (2)
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Pyrenees
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French Pyrenees (1)
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Saar Basin (1)
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Southern Europe
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Croatia
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Velebit Mountains (1)
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Dinaric Alps
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Velebit Mountains (1)
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Dobruja Basin (1)
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Iberian Peninsula
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Portugal (1)
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Spain
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Asturias Spain (1)
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Cantabrian Mountains (2)
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Italy
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Friuli-Venezia Giulia Italy (1)
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-
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Variscides (4)
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Volhynia (1)
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Western Europe
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France
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Central Massif (2)
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French Pyrenees (1)
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Saone-et-Loire France
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Autun France (1)
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Scandinavia
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Norway
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Oslo Graben (1)
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
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Lancashire England (1)
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Pennines (1)
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Wales
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South Wales (1)
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-
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Grand Canyon (1)
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Lake District (1)
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Malay Archipelago
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Timor
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East Timor (1)
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Maverick Basin (1)
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McGrath Quadrangle (1)
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Mediterranean Sea
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East Mediterranean
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Black Sea (1)
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-
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North America
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Appalachian Basin (15)
-
Appalachians
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Appalachian Plateau (3)
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Piedmont (2)
-
Valley and Ridge Province (1)
-
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Basin and Range Province
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Great Basin (1)
-
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Great Plains (2)
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Gulf Coastal Plain (4)
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Pedregosa Basin (4)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Bighorn Mountains (1)
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Uinta Mountains (1)
-
Wasatch Range (1)
-
-
-
Slide Mountain Terrane (1)
-
Western Interior (1)
-
Williston Basin (2)
-
-
Otto Fjord (1)
-
Permian Basin (11)
-
Russian Platform (1)
-
Sacramento Mountains (11)
-
San Andres Mountains (1)
-
San Juan Basin (1)
-
South America
-
Parana Basin (1)
-
-
Sydney Basin (1)
-
Sydney coal field (2)
-
United States
-
Alabama
-
Madison County Alabama (1)
-
-
Alaska
-
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (1)
-
Brooks Range
-
Sadlerochit Mountains (1)
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-
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Allegheny Plateau (1)
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Anadarko Basin (8)
-
Arizona
-
Cochise County Arizona (3)
-
Gila County Arizona (1)
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Mogollon Rim (1)
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Mohave County Arizona (1)
-
-
Arkansas
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Searcy County Arkansas (1)
-
-
Arkoma Basin (1)
-
Bighorn Basin (1)
-
California
-
Inyo County California
-
Inyo Mountains (1)
-
-
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Cambridge Arch (1)
-
Central Basin Platform (3)
-
Cherokee Basin (1)
-
Colorado
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White River Plateau (1)
-
-
Colorado Plateau (2)
-
Connecticut
-
New London County Connecticut (1)
-
Tolland County Connecticut (1)
-
Windham County Connecticut (1)
-
-
Delaware Basin (2)
-
Denver Basin (2)
-
Dunkard Basin (4)
-
Forest City Basin (1)
-
Georgia
-
Walker County Georgia (1)
-
-
Great Basin (1)
-
Hueco Mountains (1)
-
Idaho
-
Bonneville County Idaho (1)
-
Power County Idaho (1)
-
-
Illinois
-
Bureau County Illinois (1)
-
Christian County Illinois (1)
-
Coles County Illinois (1)
-
Crawford County Illinois (1)
-
Effingham County Illinois (1)
-
Fulton County Illinois (1)
-
Grundy County Illinois (1)
-
Knox County Illinois (1)
-
La Salle County Illinois (2)
-
Lawrence County Illinois (2)
-
Livingston County Illinois (1)
-
Mazon Creek (2)
-
Montgomery County Illinois (1)
-
Peoria County Illinois (1)
-
Randolph County Illinois (1)
-
Richland County Illinois (1)
-
Schuyler County Illinois (1)
-
Wabash County Illinois (2)
-
Williamson County Illinois (1)
-
-
Illinois Basin (11)
-
Indiana
-
Lawrence County Indiana (1)
-
Parke County Indiana (1)
-
-
Iowa
-
Adair County Iowa (2)
-
Fremont County Iowa (1)
-
Madison County Iowa (2)
-
Mills County Iowa (2)
-
Pottawattamie County Iowa (2)
-
-
Kansas
-
Anderson County Kansas
-
Garnett Kansas (4)
-
-
Barton County Kansas (1)
-
Bourbon County Kansas (2)
-
Chautauqua County Kansas (4)
-
Coffey County Kansas (4)
-
Douglas County Kansas (6)
-
Elk County Kansas (2)
-
Franklin County Kansas (3)
-
Greenwood County Kansas
-
Hamilton Quarry (1)
-
-
Haskell County Kansas (1)
-
Jefferson County Kansas (1)
-
Johnson County Kansas (3)
-
Kansas River (1)
-
Leavenworth County Kansas (2)
-
Linn County Kansas (1)
-
Lyon County Kansas (1)
-
Miami County Kansas (2)
-
Montgomery County Kansas (2)
-
Ness County Kansas (1)
-
Osage County Kansas (2)
-
Pottawatomie County Kansas (1)
-
Riley County Kansas
-
Tuttle Creek Dam (1)
-
-
Rush County Kansas (1)
-
Seward County Kansas (1)
-
Shawnee County Kansas
-
Topeka Kansas (1)
-
-
Stevens County Kansas (1)
-
Wabaunsee County Kansas (2)
-
Wilson County Kansas (5)
-
Wyandotte County Kansas
-
Kansas City Kansas (2)
-
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Kentucky
-
Allen County Kentucky (1)
-
Henderson County Kentucky (1)
-
Hopkins County Kentucky (1)
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Muhlenberg County Kentucky (1)
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Ohio County Kentucky (1)
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Pike County Kentucky (1)
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Union County Kentucky (2)
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Webster County Kentucky (1)
-
-
Maryland
-
Baltimore County Maryland
-
Baltimore Maryland (1)
-
-
Montgomery County Maryland (1)
-
-
Massachusetts
-
Franklin County Massachusetts (1)
-
Hampshire County Massachusetts (1)
-
-
Michigan
-
Michigan Lower Peninsula
-
Eaton County Michigan (1)
-
-
-
Midcontinent (29)
-
Midwest (10)
-
Minnesota (1)
-
Mississippi Valley (1)
-
Missouri
-
Andrew County Missouri (2)
-
Clay County Missouri (1)
-
Iron County Missouri (1)
-
Jackson County Missouri (3)
-
Kansas City Missouri (5)
-
Livingston County Missouri (1)
-
Madison County Missouri (1)
-
Platte County Missouri (4)
-
Reynolds County Missouri (1)
-
Viburnum Trend (1)
-
Washington County Missouri (1)
-
-
Missouri River (1)
-
Missouri River valley (1)
-
Narragansett Basin (1)
-
Nebraska
-
Cass County Nebraska (6)
-
Hitchcock County Nebraska (4)
-
Lancaster County Nebraska (1)
-
Red Willow County Nebraska (1)
-
Sarpy County Nebraska (5)
-
Washington County Nebraska (1)
-
-
Nevada
-
Arrow Canyon Range (2)
-
Clark County Nevada (6)
-
Elko County Nevada (2)
-
White Pine County Nevada (1)
-
-
New England (2)
-
New Mexico
-
Bernalillo County New Mexico (2)
-
Curry County New Mexico (1)
-
Dona Ana County New Mexico (2)
-
Eddy County New Mexico
-
Carlsbad New Mexico (1)
-
-
Lea County New Mexico
-
Vacuum Field (1)
-
-
Otero County New Mexico (10)
-
Rio Arriba County New Mexico (1)
-
Roosevelt County New Mexico (1)
-
Sierra County New Mexico (2)
-
Socorro County New Mexico (2)
-
Valencia County New Mexico (1)
-
-
New York (1)
-
Ohio
-
Athens County Ohio
-
Athens Ohio (1)
-
-
Belmont County Ohio (1)
-
Columbiana County Ohio (1)
-
Guernsey County Ohio (1)
-
Jefferson County Ohio
-
Steubenville Ohio (1)
-
-
Noble County Ohio (1)
-
Tuscarawas County Ohio (1)
-
Vinton County Ohio (1)
-
-
Oklahoma
-
Arbuckle Mountains (2)
-
Blaine County Oklahoma (2)
-
Caddo County Oklahoma (2)
-
Canadian County Oklahoma (1)
-
Carter County Oklahoma (2)
-
Custer County Oklahoma (2)
-
Dewey County Oklahoma (3)
-
Johnston County Oklahoma (1)
-
Major County Oklahoma (1)
-
Murray County Oklahoma (1)
-
Nowata County Oklahoma (2)
-
Okfuskee County Oklahoma (1)
-
Seminole County Oklahoma (3)
-
Tulsa County Oklahoma (1)
-
Washington County Oklahoma (7)
-
Wichita Mountains (1)
-
Wichita Uplift (1)
-
Woodward County Oklahoma (1)
-
-
Orogrande Basin (5)
-
Ouachita Belt (1)
-
Ouachita Mountains (1)
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Ozark Mountains (1)
-
Palo Duro Basin (1)
-
Pennsylvania
-
Allegheny County Pennsylvania (4)
-
Armstrong County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Indiana County Pennsylvania (1)
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Jefferson County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Westmoreland County Pennsylvania (1)
-
-
Potomac River basin (1)
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Powder River basin (1)
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Southwestern U.S. (1)
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Tennessee
-
Grundy County Tennessee (1)
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-
Texas
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Amarillo Uplift (1)
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Baylor County Texas (1)
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Borden County Texas (2)
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Brown County Texas (6)
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Burleson County Texas (1)
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Burnet County Texas (1)
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Callahan County Texas (1)
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Coke County Texas (1)
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Cottle County Texas (1)
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Denton County Texas (1)
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East Texas (1)
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Eastland County Texas (1)
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El Paso County Texas (1)
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Fayette County Texas (1)
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Floyd County Texas (1)
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Foard County Texas (1)
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Fort Worth Basin (3)
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Glasscock County Texas (1)
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Hardeman County Texas (1)
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Hood County Texas (1)
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Howard County Texas (1)
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Jack County Texas (11)
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Jones County Texas (1)
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King County Texas (4)
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Knox County Texas (1)
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Lee County Texas (1)
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Llano Uplift (1)
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Lynn County Texas (1)
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McCulloch County Texas (2)
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Midland Basin (20)
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Midland County Texas (1)
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Mitchell County Texas (1)
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Palo Pinto County Texas (3)
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Scurry County Texas (1)
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Shackelford County Texas (1)
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Stephens County Texas (4)
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Sterling County Texas (2)
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Swisher County Texas (1)
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Taylor County Texas (1)
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Texas Panhandle (1)
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Val Verde Basin (1)
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West Texas (5)
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Wheeler County Texas (2)
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Winkler County Texas (1)
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Wise County Texas (5)
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Young County Texas (2)
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Bighorn Mountains (1)
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Uinta Mountains (1)
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Wasatch Range (1)
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Utah
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Canyonlands National Park (1)
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San Juan County Utah (2)
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Tooele County Utah (1)
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Virginia
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Fairfax County Virginia (1)
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Loudoun County Virginia (1)
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West Virginia
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Kanawha County West Virginia (1)
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Marion County West Virginia (2)
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Marshall County West Virginia (1)
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Monongalia County West Virginia (1)
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Raleigh County West Virginia (1)
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Wayne County West Virginia (1)
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Wetzel County West Virginia (1)
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Western U.S. (2)
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Wisconsin (1)
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Wyoming
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Laramie Basin (1)
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Yavapai Province (1)
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commodities
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brines (1)
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construction materials
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crushed stone (1)
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dimension stone (1)
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energy sources (5)
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metal ores
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copper ores (3)
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gold ores (1)
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lead ores (2)
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lead-zinc deposits (3)
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nickel ores (1)
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uranium ores (1)
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zinc ores (3)
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mineral deposits, genesis (6)
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mineral resources (1)
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oil and gas fields (12)
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petroleum
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natural gas (10)
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tight sands (1)
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elements, isotopes
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boron
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B-11/B-10 (1)
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (11)
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organic carbon (4)
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chemical elements (1)
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chemical ratios (5)
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hydrogen (1)
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isotope ratios (19)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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stable isotopes
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B-11/B-10 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (11)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
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O-18/O-16 (13)
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (2)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (5)
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Lu/Hf (1)
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metals
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actinides
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uranium (2)
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alkali metals
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sodium (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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calcium (1)
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magnesium (2)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (5)
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gallium (1)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
-
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iron (1)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
-
-
platinum group
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
-
-
rare earths
-
neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
-
-
-
-
oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (13)
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sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (2)
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trace metals (2)
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fossils
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Archaea (1)
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bacteria (1)
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borings (1)
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burrows (7)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Holocephali (1)
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Osteichthyes
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Tetrapoda
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Labyrinthodontia
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Temnospondyli (3)
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Mammalia (1)
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Reptilia
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Synapsida
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coprolites (3)
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Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Merostomata
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Mandibulata
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Bairdiomorpha
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Bairdiidae
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Bairdia (2)
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Cytherocopina
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Cytheridae (1)
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Platycopida
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Cytherellidae (1)
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Insecta (4)
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Myriapoda (2)
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Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Brachiopoda
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Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Echinozoa
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Mollusca
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Anthraconaia (1)
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Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Goniatitida
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Goniatitidae
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Goniatites (1)
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Coleoidea (1)
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Nautiloidea (1)
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Gastropoda
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Archaeogastropoda (1)
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Prosobranchia (1)
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Polyplacophora (3)
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Porifera
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Demospongea (1)
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Textulariina (1)
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Vermes
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microfossils
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Conodonta
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae
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Triticites
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scolecodonts (1)
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palynomorphs
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Plantae
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Chlorophyta
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Filicopsida
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Lycopsida
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Equisetales
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Spermatophyta
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geologic age
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Tertiary
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Laurentide ice sheet (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Travis Peak Formation (2)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Greenhorn Limestone (1)
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Gulfian
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Olmos Formation (1)
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Pictured Cliffs Sandstone (1)
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Jurassic
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Cotton Valley Group (1)
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Navajo Sandstone (1)
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Triassic
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Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
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Paleozoic
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Arbuckle Group (2)
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Bonneterre Formation (1)
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Carboniferous
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Madison Group (1)
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Upper Mississippian
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Imo Formation (2)
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Mauch Chunk Formation (2)
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Meramecian (1)
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Serpukhovian (2)
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-
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Pennsylvanian
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Conemaugh Group (12)
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Francis Creek Shale (1)
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La Salle Limestone (1)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Mansfield Formation (1)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Allegheny Group (3)
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Atokan
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Atoka Formation (1)
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Breathitt Formation (1)
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Carbondale Formation (1)
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Desmoinesian
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Manakacha Formation (1)
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Moscovian (12)
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Monongahela Group (8)
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Strawn Series (7)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Ames Limestone (7)
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Canyon Group (20)
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Cisco Group (25)
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Glenshaw Formation (7)
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Gzhelian (21)
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Holder Formation (12)
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Kasimovian (22)
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Missourian
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Kansas City Group (21)
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Plattsburg Limestone (7)
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Rock Lake Shale Member (7)
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Wann Formation (3)
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Wyandotte Limestone (3)
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Sturgis Formation (2)
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Virgilian
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Oread Limestone (2)
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Plattsmouth Limestone Member (5)
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Shawnee Group (11)
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Wabaunsee Group (5)
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Wescogame Formation (2)
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Watahomigi Formation (1)
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Silesian (1)
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Upper Carboniferous
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Casper Formation (1)
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Devonian
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Marcellus Shale (1)
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Upper Devonian
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Brallier Shale (1)
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Dunkard Group (5)
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Laborcita Formation (4)
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Ordovician
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Kindblade Formation (1)
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Middle Ordovician
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Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
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Permian
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Coconino Sandstone (1)
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Echooka Formation (1)
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Guadalupian
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Wordian (1)
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Hughes Creek Shale (2)
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Kaibab Formation (1)
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Lower Permian
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Abo Formation (2)
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Cisuralian
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Artinskian (2)
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Asselian (9)
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Kungurian (2)
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Sakmarian (1)
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Leonardian
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Bone Spring Limestone (1)
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Wichita Group (1)
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Wolfcampian (22)
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Lyons Sandstone (2)
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Newcastle Coal Measures (1)
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Red Eagle Limestone (1)
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Rio Bonito Formation (1)
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Stone Corral Formation (1)
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Toroweap Formation (1)
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Upper Permian
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Lopingian
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Wuchiapingian (1)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
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Wellington Formation (1)
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Yeso Formation (1)
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Silurian
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Fusselman Dolomite (1)
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Supai Formation (2)
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Taiyuan Formation (3)
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upper Paleozoic
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Admire Group (3)
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Dwyka Formation (1)
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Kiaman Superchron (1)
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Wood River Formation (1)
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Weber Sandstone (2)
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Wells Formation (1)
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Precambrian
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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igneous rocks
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Primary terms
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Africa
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (11)
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene (1)
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Pleistocene
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Kansan (1)
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Tertiary
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Paleogene
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Eocene
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lower Eocene (2)
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lower Paleogene (1)
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Oligocene
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middle Oligocene (1)
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Vicksburg Group (1)
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Wilcox Group (2)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces
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Elasmobranchii
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Osteichthyes
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Tetrapoda
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Labyrinthodontia
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Mammalia (1)
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Europe
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Invertebrata
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Platycopida
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Insecta (4)
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Mollusca
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Textulariina (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Comanchean
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Travis Peak Formation (2)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Travis Peak Formation (2)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Greenhorn Limestone (1)
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Austin Chalk (2)
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Olmos Formation (1)
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Pictured Cliffs Sandstone (1)
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Jurassic
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Cotton Valley Group (1)
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Navajo Sandstone (1)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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-
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rare earths
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
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metamorphic rocks
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gneisses (1)
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North America
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Basin and Range Province
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Western Interior (1)
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Williston Basin (2)
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oil and gas fields (12)
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orogeny (5)
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oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
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O-18/O-16 (13)
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paleobotany (11)
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paleoclimatology (33)
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paleoecology (50)
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paleogeography (25)
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paleomagnetism (5)
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paleontology (67)
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Paleozoic
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Arbuckle Group (2)
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Bird Spring Formation (1)
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Cambrian
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Upper Cambrian
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Bonneterre Formation (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous (1)
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Mississippian
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Barnett Shale (2)
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Lower Mississippian
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Cuyahoga Formation (1)
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Osagian (1)
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Madison Group (1)
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Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
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Redwall Limestone (1)
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Upper Mississippian
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Chesterian
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Imo Formation (2)
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-
Mauch Chunk Formation (2)
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Meramecian (1)
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Serpukhovian (2)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
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Conemaugh Group (12)
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Francis Creek Shale (1)
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Hermosa Group (2)
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La Salle Limestone (1)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Bashkirian (2)
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Morrowan (6)
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Mansfield Formation (1)
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Mattoon Formation (5)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Allegheny Group (3)
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Atokan
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Atoka Formation (1)
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Breathitt Formation (1)
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Carbondale Formation (1)
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Desmoinesian
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Cabaniss Formation (1)
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Cherokee Group (4)
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Marmaton Group (2)
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Wewoka Formation (1)
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Manakacha Formation (1)
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Moscovian (12)
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Staunton Formation (1)
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Monongahela Group (8)
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Morien Group (2)
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Morrow Formation (2)
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Pittsburgh Coal (2)
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Pottsville Group (4)
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Red Fork Sandstone (1)
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Strawn Series (7)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Ames Limestone (7)
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Canyon Group (20)
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Cisco Group (25)
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Glenshaw Formation (7)
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Gzhelian (21)
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Holder Formation (12)
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Kasimovian (22)
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Missourian
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Kansas City Group (21)
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Lansing Group (24)
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Plattsburg Limestone (7)
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Pleasanton Group (1)
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Rock Lake Shale Member (7)
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Seminole Formation (2)
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Stanton Formation (10)
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Wann Formation (3)
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Wyandotte Limestone (3)
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Sturgis Formation (2)
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Virgilian
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Douglas Group (10)
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Lawrence Formation (5)
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Lecompton Limestone (2)
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Oread Limestone (2)
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Plattsmouth Limestone Member (5)
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Shawnee Group (11)
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Tonganoxie Sandstone (4)
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Wabaunsee Group (5)
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Wescogame Formation (2)
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-
Watahomigi Formation (1)
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Silesian (1)
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Springer Formation (1)
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Upper Carboniferous
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Stephanian (8)
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Westphalian (5)
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-
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Casper Formation (1)
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Catskill Formation (1)
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Devonian
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Middle Devonian
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Cedar Valley Formation (1)
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Hamilton Group (1)
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Mahantango Formation (1)
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Marcellus Shale (1)
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Onondaga Limestone (1)
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Upper Devonian
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Brallier Shale (1)
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Hampshire Formation (1)
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-
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Dunkard Group (5)
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Hunton Group (1)
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Itarare Subgroup (1)
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Laborcita Formation (4)
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Lisburne Group (1)
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Madera Formation (3)
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Maroon Formation (1)
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Minnelusa Formation (1)
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Oquirrh Formation (2)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Kindblade Formation (1)
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Middle Ordovician
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Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
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Permian
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Coconino Sandstone (1)
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Council Grove Group (3)
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Cutler Formation (2)
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Echooka Formation (1)
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Guadalupian
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Capitanian (1)
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Roadian (1)
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Wordian (1)
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Hughes Creek Shale (2)
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Kaibab Formation (1)
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Lower Permian
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Abo Formation (2)
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Cisuralian
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Artinskian (2)
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Asselian (9)
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Kungurian (2)
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Sakmarian (1)
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Leonardian
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Bone Spring Limestone (1)
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Wichita Group (1)
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Wolfcampian (22)
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Lyons Sandstone (2)
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Middle Permian (1)
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Newcastle Coal Measures (1)
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Red Eagle Limestone (1)
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Rio Bonito Formation (1)
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Stone Corral Formation (1)
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Toroweap Formation (1)
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Upper Permian
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Lopingian
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Wuchiapingian (1)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
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Wellington Formation (1)
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Yeso Formation (1)
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Silurian
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Fusselman Dolomite (1)
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Supai Formation (2)
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Taiyuan Formation (3)
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upper Paleozoic
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Admire Group (3)
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Dwyka Formation (1)
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Kiaman Superchron (1)
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Pictou Group (1)
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Wood River Formation (1)
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Weber Sandstone (2)
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Wells Formation (1)
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palynomorphs
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paragenesis (5)
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phase equilibria (2)
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Plantae
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Codiaceae
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Dasycladaceae (2)
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Coccolithophoraceae (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Lycopsida
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Sphenopsida
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Equisetales
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Spermatophyta
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales (3)
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Cordaitales (3)
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Neuropteris (1)
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plate tectonics (4)
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pollution (1)
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Precambrian
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Neoproterozoic (2)
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Paleoproterozoic (1)
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sea-level changes (50)
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sedimentary petrology (39)
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limestone
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biomicrite (1)
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calcarenite (2)
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packstone (6)
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wackestone (7)
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chemically precipitated rocks
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chert (2)
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evaporites (1)
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clastic rocks
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arenite
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black shale (18)
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claystone (2)
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conglomerate (7)
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eolianite (2)
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mudstone (20)
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red beds (3)
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shale (27)
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tonstein (1)
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coal
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oil shale (1)
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biogenic structures
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banks (1)
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South America
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Parana Basin (1)
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stratigraphy (64)
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structural analysis (1)
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sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (2)
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tectonics
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United States
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Iowa
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Upper Pennsylvanian
Compound-clinoform model for tide-influenced deltas in the mixed siliciclastic–carbonate Cisco Group, Upper Pennsylvanian (Virgilian), Eastern Shelf of the Permian Basin, U.S.A. Available to Purchase
Changes in soils and terrestrial landscapes of the Appalachian Basin (Conemaugh, Monongahela, and Dunkard groups), U.S.A., at the onset of the late Paleozoic climate transition Available to Purchase
Retreat and advance subduction processes in the Yamansu–Central Tianshan arc (NW China): insights into the long-lasting accretionary orogenesis and final closure of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean in the southern Altaids Available to Purchase
Generating 3D lithology probability volumes using poststack inversion, probabilistic neural networks, and Bayesian classification — A case study from the mixed carbonate and siliciclastic deposits of the Cisco Group of the Eastern Shelf of the Permian Basin, north-central Texas Available to Purchase
A new eryopid temnospondyl from the Carboniferous–Permian boundary of Germany Available to Purchase
A record of the Pleistocene: Periglacial landforms, deposits, and fauna in the Appalachian highlands of Maryland, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania, USA Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT During the Pleistocene, the Laurentian Ice Sheet extended southward into northwestern Pennsylvania. This field trip identifies a number of periglacial features from the Appalachian Plateaus and Ridge and Valley provinces that formed near the Pleistocene ice sheet front. Evidence of Pleistocene periglacial climate in this area includes glacial lake deposits in the Monongahela River valley near Morgantown, West Virginia, and Sphagnum peatlands, rock cities, and patterned ground in plateau areas surrounding the Upper Youghiogheny River basin in Garrett County, Maryland, and the Laurel Highlands of Somerset County, Pennsylvania, USA. In the high-lying basins of the Allegheny Mountains, Pleistocene peatlands still harbor species characteristic of more northerly latitudes due to local frost pocket conditions. Pleistocene fauna preserved in a cave deposit in Allegany County, Maryland, record a diverse mammalian assemblage indicative of taiga forest habitat in the Ridge and Valley province.
Special geologic features of Ohiopyle State Park, Pennsylvania, USA Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT With waterfalls and the deepest gorge in Pennsylvania, Ohiopyle State Park provides opportunities to observe a variety of habitats and three-dimensional (3-D) exposures of the Pennsylvanian sandstone most responsible for shaping Laurel Highlands landscapes. Evidence for the relationship between bedrock, ancient climates, and the landscape can be observed at some of the most scenic natural features of the park: Baughman Rock Overlook, Cucumber Falls, Ohiopyle Falls, Meadow Run Waterslide and Cascades, and Youghiogheny River Entrance Rapid. Channel azimuths and lateral variations in thickness of upper Pottsville fluvial/deltaic sandstone suggest that deposition was influenced by deformation of this part of the Allegheny Plateau during the Alleghanian orogeny. Geologic features of Pottsville sandstone outcrops include a 10-m- (~33-ft-) long Lepidodendron fossil and a 3-D exposure of a meter-high Pennsylvanian subaqueous sand dune and scour pit. Cosmogenic age dating has indicated very slow erosion of hard sandstone in an upland location at Turtlehead Rock and informed estimation of Pleistocene/Holocene waterfall retreat rates of Ohiopyle and Cucumber Falls. Bedrock exposures supporting scour habitats along the Youghiogheny River occur only in a limited area of Youghiogheny Gorge where knickpoint migration and bedrock erosion were relatively recent. Geologic factors, including locations of major tributaries, development of bars that constrict river flow, and proximity of Homewood sandstone outcrops as sources of boulder obstacles in the river, contributed to the class, location, and nature of whitewater rapids in the lower Youghiogheny River.
Examining the ontogeny of the Pennsylvanian cladid crinoid Erisocrinus typus Meek and Worthen, 1865 Open Access
Simultaneous seismic inversion study for channel sandstone identification, northern part of the Eastern Shelf, King County, North-Central Texas Available to Purchase
An introduction to ice ages, climate dynamics and biotic events: the Late Pennsylvanian world Free
Abstract The Late Pennsylvanian was a time of ice ages and climate dynamics that drove biotic changes in the marine and non-marine realms. The apex of late Paleozoic glaciation in southern Gondwana was during the Late Pennsylvanian, rather than the early Permian as inferred from more equatorial Pangaea. Waxing and waning of ice sheets drove cyclothemic sedimentation in the Pangaean tropics, providing an astrochronology tuned to Earth-orbital cycles, tied to climatic changes, reflected in aeolian loess and palaeosol archives. Vegetation change across the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian boundary was not a ‘Carboniferous rainforest collapse’, but instead a complex and drawn out step-wise change from one kind of rainforest to another. Changes in marine invertebrate and terrestrial vertebrate animals occurred across the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian boundary, but these did not lead to substantive changes in the organization of those communities. The base of the Upper Pennsylvanian is the base of the Kasimovian Stage, and this boundary needs a GSSP to standardize and stabilize chronostratigraphic usage. To avoid further chronostratigraphic confusion, the Cantabrian Substage should be abandoned, and the traditional Westphalian–Stephanian boundary should be returned to and recognized as the time of major floristic change, the lycospore extinction event.
Timescale for the Kasimovian Stage Available to Purchase
Abstract The Kasimovian Stage is the lower stage of the Upper Pennsylvanian Subsystem, in which a series of considerable biotic and abiotic events happened and changed the Earth. The Variscan orogeny and the Late Paleozoic Glaciation are two major events that caused geographical isolation of marine faunas and difficulties for a global correlation of biostratigraphy. Regional timescales of the Kasimovian across major continents are reviewed here. A global correlation of the Kasimovian is tentatively established based on a detailed review of major fossil groups such as conodonts, fusulines and some macrofossils. The index taxon for the base of the Kasimovian Stage has not been selected. The conodont species Swadelina subexcelsa , Idiognathodus heckeli , I. turbatus and I. sagittalis have good potential. Among them, I . heckeli is considered the best marker for the base of the Kasimovian Stage because it can mark a bioevent in a wide geographical range, and more importantly, it has a clear taxonomic definition within a phylogenetic lineage. The fusuline Montiparus might be regarded as an auxiliary marker to define the base of the Kasimovian based on its wider distribution. Other proxies, i.e. isotopic dating and strontium, carbon and oxygen isotopic stratigraphy throughout the Kasimovian, are also reviewed. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) candidates for the Kasimovian Stage include the Naqing section, South China, the Usolka section, South Urals and the Afanasievo section, Moscow Basin. The Naqing section is regarded as the most appropriate GSSP candidate in terms of its complete sedimentary succession, well-recorded conodont lineages and well-studied bio-, chemo- and cyclo-stratigraphy.
The challenge of relating the Kasimovian to west European chronostratigraphy: a critical review of the Cantabrian and Barruelian substages of the Stephanian Stage Open Access
Abstract For the west European regional chronostratigraphic framework, the Cantabrian substage was conceived as covering a widely apparent stratigraphic gap between the top of the Westphalian and the base of Stephanian A, the lowest unit of the Stephanian. A continuous depositional history covers this time gap in the Cantabrian region of Spain; the upper limit of this interval was defined by the succeeding Barruelian substage, equivalent to Stephanian A. Intense tectonic and magmatic activity characterizes this period; the Iberian orogenic belt was an essentially linear feature buckled through the Late Pennsylvanian into the tightly folded Cantabrian Orocline. This evidences an extensive southern foreland to the Variscides, in which the coal-swamp biome persisted through the Late Pennsylvanian, supporting biostratigraphical correlation with the Donbass. New high precision U–Pb CA-ID-TIMS radiometric dating of tonstein horizons supports a preliminary time-framework of regional substages: base of the Asturian (proposed, ex-Westphalian D) c. 310.7 Ma; base of the Cantabrian c. 307.5 Ma; base of the Barruelian (ex-Stephanian A) c. 304.9 Ma; base of the Saberian (proposed) c. 303.5 Ma. The Cantabrian and Barruelian embrace the entire Kasimovian of the global time-scale, and the top of the Barruelian is essentially coincident with the base of the Gzhelian.
The Cantabrian Substage should be abandoned: revised chronostratigraphy of the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian boundary Available to Purchase
Abstract In spite of numerous revisions from 1966 to present, the Cantabrian Substage of the Stephanian Stage (Pennsylvanian) was never properly defined as a chronostratigraphic unit. Defined and redefined at least three times, the Cantabrian lacks boundary stratotypes that correspond to clear and correlateable biochronological signals. Thus, instead of using a biochronological datum of well-established validity and utility, Cantabrian advocates have relied on ill-defined macrofloral assemblage zones and on lithostratigraphic boundaries to define the substage. As a result, the Cantabrian is demonstrably diachronous, even within Europe; indeed, the Cantabrian has proven to be unusable for correlations outside its type area in northern Spain. To resolve these problems, we recommend that the Cantabrian Substage be abandoned, and the Westphalian–Stephanian boundary be redefined at the major floral turnover that has been documented in the USA, western and central Europe, and in the Donets Basin. We further recommend that the bases of the Kasimovian Series, Stephanian Series, Missourian Series, and Upper Pennsylvanian Series all be aligned with this same floral turnover.
A global perspective of soil-forming conditions during the Late Pennsylvanian: potential stochastic forcing by geosphere–biosphere carbon pools Available to Purchase
Abstract The Kasimovian was a time of ecological upheaval and large-magnitude changes in palaeoclimate. Referred to as the ‘collapse’ of the palaeotropical rainforests, the Kasimovian is marked by rapid changes in megafloral communities and associated ecosystem effects on vertebrates and invertebrates. p CO 2 variation coincided with these ecological catastrophes, varying between pre-industrial levels (PAL) to 2×PAL on 10 5 year timescales. Our understanding of the carbon cycle perturbations that affected p CO 2 and the connection of these climate-forcings to the terrestrial upheaval of palaeotropical rainforests remains a grand challenge. Here, the effects of palaeosol accumulation and/or degradation on the terrestrial carbon cycle during the Kasimovian is assessed. Palaeosols are surveyed from ice-free depositional basins on Pangaea and assessed for palaeolandscape equilibrium. An orbital framework is developed in order to understand the relationships of palaeosols, the carbon cycle, and insolation. Based on these analyses a key time interval emerges in the early Kasimovian. This time interval records a shift in palaeolandscape equilibria, terrestrial carbon cycling, and orbital forcing. The carbon cycling and landscape equilibria are eccentricity-paced; however, predominance of short eccentricity and obliquity throughout this interval indicates that the changes to palaeosols and the locus of carbon burial may have acted as a stochastic process.
Middle–Late Pennsylvanian tectonosedimentary, climatic and biotic records in basins of Europe, NW Turkey and North Africa: an overview Available to Purchase
Abstract In Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor, the remains of Pennsylvanian sedimentary basins bearing continental deposits either intimately mixed with shallow-marine strata or deposited in exclusively continental settings are preserved. Long-lasting research on these basins allowed the definition of regional stages and substages based on marine fauna and terrestrial flora, later extended by terrestrial and freshwater faunal biostratigraphies. Glacioeustatically driven marine bands provide laterally widespread correlation markers; however, where such bands are missing only biostratigraphic control exists. Resolution of biostratigraphic zonations combined with gaps in sedimentary successions and variable quality of the fossil record throughout the basin fills do not allow in all cases a precise correlation between the Pennsylvanian basins in Europe and, in turn, the timing of tectonic, climatic and biotic events, and thus an absolute complete understanding of the response of terrestrial and freshwater biota to climate changes across eastern tropical Pangaea. A helpful tool is new radioisotopic ages of intercalated volcaniclastics that reveal the partial diachroneity of some widely used biostratigraphies. We attempt to present the current state of the art to stimulate further research to mitigate gaps in our knowledge.
Kasimovian floristic change in tropical wetlands and the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian Boundary Event Available to Purchase
Abstract A threshold-like vegetational change in tropical wetlands occurred in the early Kasimovian (the US Desmoinesian–Missourian boundary) – Event 3. Two earlier significant changes occurred, first in the mid-Moscovian (Atokan–Desmoinesian; ∼Bolsovian–Asturian) – Event 1, and the second in the late Moscovian (mid-Desmoinesian; mid-Asturian) – Event 2. These changes occurred during a time period of dynamic and complex physical change in Euramerican Pangaea driven by changes in polar ice volume and accompanying changes in sea level, atmospheric circulation, rainfall, and temperature. During the Event 3 change, hyperbolized as ‘the Carboniferous rainforest collapse’, lycopsid dominance of (mostly peat) swamps changed to marattialean tree-fern and medullosan pteridosperm dominance, and biodiversity decreased. Event 3 encompassed one glacial–interglacial cycle and included vegetational turnover in other wetland habitats. For several subsequent glacial–interglacial cycles peatland dominance varied, known from palynology, before stabilizing. These vegetational changes likely reflect climatic events driving unidirectional, non-reversible wetland vegetational changes, during cooler, wetter parts of glacial–interglacial cycles. Discussion is complicated by different placements of crucial stratigraphic boundaries, but under the same names, compromising both clear communication and understanding of the literature. Not the least is the floating base of the Cantabrian Substage, together with the position of the Westphalian–Stephanian Stage boundary.
Vegetational change during the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian transition in western Pangaea Available to Purchase
Abstract We present the first analysis of vegetational change in far western equatorial Pangaea (New Mexico, USA) during the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian transition (determined by conodonts and fusulinids) of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age. The study is based on the largest database assembled from this region: 28 of 44 quantitatively analysed floras from 14 of 26 stratigraphic levels. Most sampled floras are ‘mixed’, both below and above the boundary, including both hygromorphic and mesomorphic/xeromorphic taxa. The taxonomic data were recalibrated morphometrically focusing on foliar traits of lamina width and venation. All data were examined using stratigraphic credible intervals, capture–mark–recapture analyses, and resampling analyses. Results indicate no substantive taxonomic turnover across the boundary. This stands in marked contrast to patterns in mid-Pangaean coal basins where there is a large wetland vegetational turnover. However, plant and physical geological data indicate that immediately following the boundary in New Mexico, and for approximately half of the Missourian Stage, floras previously dominated by hygromorphs become overwhelmingly dominated by mesomorphic/xeromorphic taxa. Although expressed differently, the western Pangaean physical and palaeobotanical patterns parallel those from mid-Pangaean coal basins and suggest a widespread environmental change.
Physiological selectivity and plant–environment feedbacks during Middle and Late Pennsylvanian plant community transitions Open Access
Abstract A series of vegetation changes take place in tropical ecosystems during the Pennsylvanian Subperiod. The most notable change, recognizable from palynology and plant macrofossils at the Middle and Late Pennsylvanian boundary in the Illinois Basin, is the extirpation, or local extinction, of certain lineages of arborescent lycopsids, followed by their replacement by stem group marattialean tree ferns. The leading hypothesis suggests a significant change in precipitation regime as the cause. To test this hypothesis, we examine the vascular anatomy and physiology of key lineages of Pennsylvanian plants: the sphenopsids, tree ferns, cordaitaleans, medullosans, lycophytes and extrabasinal stem group coniferophytes. Using scanning electron and light microscopy of fossilized anatomy, we provide new data on these plants’ vascular systems, quantifying their physiological capacity and drought resistance. We find that three Pennsylvanian plant lineages – the medullosans, arborescent lycopsids and Sphenophyllum – contain high hydraulic conductivity but are vulnerable to drought-induced damage, whereas others are resistant, including stem group tree ferns and coniferophytes. Relative abundance changes among these plants were likely driven by drought, and differences in water use efficiency would have amplified drought events as plant communities changed. The interaction of physiological selectivity and positive feedback between aridity and drought tolerance likely played a significant role in Late Paleozoic floral changes.
Evolutionary patterns in Late Pennsylvanian conodonts Available to Purchase
Abstract Late Pennsylvanian conodont faunas were dominated by idiognathodids historically assigned to Idiognathodus (flat P 1 ) or Streptognathodus (troughed P 1 ). Recent work suggests clades arose iteratively, through time, from unrelated ancestors in different geographical regions. The end-Desmoinesian extinction event terminated two major genera, Swadelina (troughed) and Neognathodus (long carina), and comparable new morphotypes developed from surviving Idiognathodus species in the early Kasimovian, especially in North America. True Streptognathodus (troughed) and Heckelina n. gen (asymmetric, eccentric groove) appeared in North America in the mid-Kasimovian. Another troughed clade arose in Eurasia (‘ S. ’ 2) and attained a global distribution by the late Kasimovian. A second, early Gzhelian, Eurasian radiation produced new troughed forms (‘ S. ’ 4) that dominated Gzhelian faunas globally. In South China, endemic clades of eccentrically grooved Idiognathodus ? and troughed forms (‘ S .’ 3) appeared in the late Kasimovian and persisted into the Gzhelian. Typical Idiognathodus species were uncommon by the late Kasimovian and disappeared in the mid-Gzhelian. After a low diversity interval in the mid-Gzhelian, a new major radiation of weakly troughed forms occurred (‘ S. ’ 5), which led to redevelopment of Idiognathodus -like elements in the Cisuralian. Other conodont genera from offshore ( Gondolella, Idioprioniodus ) and nearshore settings ( Hindeodus, Diplognathodus, Adetognathus, Ellisonia ) are poorly studied and show low diversity and little morphological change.
Biostratigraphy and biofacies of the Kasimovian conodonts from the Shanglong section, South China Available to Purchase
Abstract Late Moscovian–early Gzhelian conodonts occur abundantly in a newly discovered slope section, the Shanglong section, southern Guizhou, South China. The conodont fauna is dominated by P1 elements of Idiognathodus and associated with elements of Swadelina , Streptognathodus and Heckelina . A total of 62 species, including species in open nomenclature, were identified, which are assigned to eight genera. Index conodont species of Middle and Late Pennsylvanian, e.g. I. podolskensis Group, Sw. sp. A, Sw . subexcelsa , Sw . makhlinae , I . heckeli , I . magnificus , I . guizhouensis , H. eudoraensis , I . naraoensis , and H . simulator are all recovered, and their 10 conodont zones are recognized. The richness and abundance of the conodonts throughout the section are analysed. Conodont richness ranges from 1 to 14 and is positively related to conodont abundance (1–379). The composition of conodont elements, i.e. sinistral v. dextral, P1 v. non-P1 and adult v. subadult and juvenile, is presented. The numerical cluster technique is employed to identify four subbiofacies of the slope setting, namely the I . podolskensis , Swadelina , I. swadei–magnificus and Streptognathodus – Heckelina–Idiognathodus subbiofacies.