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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Angola
-
Cuanza Basin (1)
-
-
Gabon (1)
-
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (1)
-
-
Limpopo Belt (1)
-
Madagascar (2)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (1)
-
Egypt
-
Kosseir Egypt (1)
-
-
Maghreb (1)
-
Morocco (1)
-
Tunisia (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (1)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (3)
-
Namibia (1)
-
South Africa (1)
-
Swaziland (1)
-
-
West Africa
-
Cameroon (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe Craton (2)
-
-
Altiplano (1)
-
Antarctica
-
Enderby Land (1)
-
Transantarctic Mountains (2)
-
Victoria Land
-
McMurdo dry valleys (1)
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Norwegian Sea
-
Voring Basin (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
Kangerlussuaq (1)
-
-
Jan Mayen (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains (1)
-
Central Asia (1)
-
Far East
-
China
-
Gansu China (1)
-
Liaoning China (1)
-
North China Platform (3)
-
Qinghai China (1)
-
Shaanxi China (1)
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Xinjiang China
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Tarim Basin (1)
-
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Xizang China
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Lhasa Block (1)
-
-
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Japan
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Honshu
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Kii Peninsula (1)
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Shikoku (1)
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Shimanto Belt (1)
-
-
Korea
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South Korea (1)
-
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Taiwan
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Taiwanese Central Range (1)
-
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Ganges River (1)
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Himalayas (5)
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Indian Peninsula
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India
-
Dharwar Craton (1)
-
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Jammu and Kashmir
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Ladakh (1)
-
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Kohistan (2)
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Nepal (1)
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Pakistan (2)
-
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (1)
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Irtysh River (1)
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Main Central Thrust (2)
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Middle East
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Iran
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Fars Iran (1)
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Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (1)
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Zagros (1)
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Qiangtang Terrane (1)
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Siberia (1)
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Sri Lanka (2)
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Tibetan Plateau (1)
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Tien Shan (1)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Udachnaya Pipe (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
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Barbados Ridge (1)
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Faeroe-Shetland Basin (1)
-
Flemish Cap (1)
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Irish Sea (3)
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Jeanne d'Arc Basin (1)
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North Sea (2)
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Northeast Atlantic
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Galicia Bank (1)
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Iberian abyssal plain (1)
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Northwest Atlantic (2)
-
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South Atlantic
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Espirito Santo Basin (1)
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Falkland Plateau (1)
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Santos Basin (1)
-
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Azores
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Sao Miguel Island (1)
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Canary Islands
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Tenerife (1)
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Faeroe Islands (1)
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Atlantic region (2)
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Australasia
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Australia
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Lachlan fold belt (1)
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New South Wales Australia
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Cooma Australia (1)
-
-
South Australia
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Gawler Craton (1)
-
-
Western Australia
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Pilbara Craton (1)
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Yilgarn Craton (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
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Southland New Zealand
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Fiordland (1)
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Border Ranges Fault (1)
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Caledonides (1)
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Campos Basin (2)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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New Brunswick (2)
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Labrador (2)
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Newfoundland (2)
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Ontario (2)
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Quebec
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Magdalen Islands (1)
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-
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Western Canada
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British Columbia
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Vancouver Island (1)
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Saskatchewan (1)
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Cardigan Bay (1)
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Cascade Range (2)
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Cascadia subduction zone (2)
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Chaleur Bay (1)
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Chugach Terrane (1)
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Coast Ranges (2)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Russian Federation
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Central Urals (1)
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Chelyabinsk Russian Federation (1)
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Sverdlovsk Russian Federation (1)
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Yakutia Russian Federation
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Udachnaya Pipe (1)
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Urals
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Central Urals (1)
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Cook Inlet (1)
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Cordillera de la Costa (2)
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Diablo Range (1)
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Europe
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Alps
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Central Alps (2)
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Eastern Alps
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Austroalpine Zone (1)
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Western Alps
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Ligurian Alps (1)
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Central Europe
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Austria (1)
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Bohemian Massif (2)
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Czech Republic
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Moravia
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Svratka Dome (1)
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Penninic Zone (1)
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Switzerland (1)
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Fennoscandia (1)
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Pyrenees (1)
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Southern Europe
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Bulgaria
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-
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Greece
-
Crete (1)
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Greek Aegean Islands
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Cyclades (2)
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Hellenides (1)
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Peloponnesus Greece (1)
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Sterea Ellas
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Attica Greece (1)
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Laurion Greece (1)
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Thessaly Greece (1)
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Iberian Peninsula
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Iberian pyrite belt (1)
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Spain
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Andalusia Spain
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Rio Tinto Spain (1)
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Betic Cordillera (1)
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Italy
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Apennines
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Northern Apennines (1)
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Ivrea-Verbano Zone (2)
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Liguria Italy
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Ligurian Alps (1)
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Piemonte Italy (1)
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Sardinia Italy (1)
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Valle d'Aosta Italy (1)
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Rhodope Mountains
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Bulgarian Rhodope Mountains (1)
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Western Europe
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France
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Central Massif
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Montagne Noire (1)
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Corsica (1)
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Ireland (2)
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Scandinavia
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Norway
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Bjerkrem-Sogndal Massif (1)
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Rogaland Norway (1)
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Sweden (1)
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Western Gneiss region (1)
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
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The Weald (1)
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Wessex Basin (1)
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Scotland
-
Argyllshire Scotland
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Mull Island (2)
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Hebrides
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Inner Hebrides
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Mull Island (2)
-
-
-
Scottish Highlands
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Grampian Highlands (1)
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-
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Wales (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Grand Banks (1)
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Indian Ocean
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Bengal Fan (1)
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Exmouth Plateau (1)
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Red Sea
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Red Sea Rift (1)
-
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
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Madagascar (2)
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Seychelles (1)
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Lusitanian Basin (1)
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Makran (1)
-
Maritimes Basin (1)
-
Mediterranean region
-
Aegean Islands
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Greek Aegean Islands
-
Cyclades (2)
-
-
-
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
West Mediterranean (2)
-
-
Midland Valley (1)
-
Newfoundland Basin (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Northern Appalachians (1)
-
-
Basin and Range Province
-
Great Basin (1)
-
-
Canadian Shield
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Flin Flon Belt (1)
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Grenville Province (3)
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Makkovik Province (1)
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Superior Province
-
Quetico Belt (1)
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Coast plutonic complex (1)
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Grenville Front (1)
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North American Cordillera (1)
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Rocky Mountains
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Northern Rocky Mountains (2)
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Wind River Range (1)
-
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Yakutat Terrane (1)
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-
Northern Hemisphere (2)
-
Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific (5)
-
-
North Pacific
-
Aleutian Trench (1)
-
Northeast Pacific (5)
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Nankai Trough (3)
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South China Sea
-
Manila Trench (1)
-
-
-
-
West Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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Nankai Trough (3)
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South China Sea
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Manila Trench (1)
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-
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Red Sea region (1)
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Ruby Mountains (2)
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San Andreas Fault (1)
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South America
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Andes
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Central Andes (4)
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Southern Andes (1)
-
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Bolivia (1)
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Brazil
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Pelotas Basin (1)
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Chile
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Tatara-San Pedro Complex (1)
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Peru (1)
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Southern Alps (1)
-
United States
-
Alaska
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Aleutian Islands (2)
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Chugach Mountains (2)
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Matanuska Valley (1)
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Susitna River basin (1)
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Talkeetna Mountains (1)
-
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Arizona
-
Yavapai County Arizona (1)
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California
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Central California (1)
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Marin County California (1)
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Mendocino County California (1)
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Merced County California (1)
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Sierra Nevada Batholith (2)
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Southern California (2)
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Sur fault zone (1)
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Tehama County California (1)
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Great Basin (1)
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Idaho (1)
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Klamath Mountains (1)
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Montana (2)
-
Nevada
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Elko County Nevada
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New Mexico
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Grant County New Mexico (1)
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Oregon
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Coos Bay (1)
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Rogue River (1)
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Virginia (1)
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Western U.S. (1)
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Wyoming
-
Fremont County Wyoming (1)
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Natrona County Wyoming (1)
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Sublette County Wyoming (1)
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Wind River Range (1)
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Wyoming Province (2)
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-
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commodities
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metal ores
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lead ores (1)
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silver ores (1)
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zinc ores (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (2)
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mineral exploration (1)
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petroleum
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natural gas (1)
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-
elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-14 (1)
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chemical ratios (1)
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isotope ratios (14)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-210 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (4)
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O-18/O-16 (1)
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (9)
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Lu/Hf (1)
-
metals
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actinides
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thorium (1)
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uranium (1)
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alkali metals
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rubidium (1)
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alkaline earth metals
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (9)
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aluminum (1)
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gallium (1)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
-
-
iron
-
ferric iron (1)
-
ferrous iron (1)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-210 (1)
-
-
platinum group
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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-
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rare earths
-
europium (1)
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lanthanum (1)
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neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (4)
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samarium (1)
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yttrium (1)
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zirconium (2)
-
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oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (1)
-
-
-
fossils
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ichnofossils (1)
-
Invertebrata
-
Mollusca (1)
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera (2)
-
-
-
microfossils (2)
-
-
geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (1)
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Ar/Ar (2)
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fission-track dating (4)
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K/Ar (1)
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Lu/Hf (1)
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Pb/Pb (1)
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Pb/Th (1)
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-
Th/U (2)
-
thermochronology (1)
-
U/Pb (23)
-
U/Th/Pb (2)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Bakhtiari Formation (1)
-
lower Cenozoic (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (1)
-
Pleistocene (1)
-
-
Siwalik System (1)
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
lower Miocene
-
Saucesian (1)
-
-
upper Miocene (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Clarno Formation (1)
-
middle Eocene
-
Tyee Formation (1)
-
-
Narizian (1)
-
Umpqua Formation (1)
-
-
Oligocene
-
upper Oligocene (2)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene (1)
-
-
Refugian (1)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (3)
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Aptian (1)
-
Lagoa Feia Formation (1)
-
-
Macae Formation (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Campanian
-
lower Campanian (1)
-
-
Kodiak Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian (1)
-
Senonian (2)
-
-
-
Franciscan Complex (3)
-
Jurassic
-
Ferrar Group (1)
-
Upper Jurassic (1)
-
-
Orocopia Schist (1)
-
Triassic
-
Middle Triassic (1)
-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
-
-
Moldanubian (2)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian (4)
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Asbian (1)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (1)
-
-
-
Upper Mississippian (1)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
lower Paleozoic (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Upper Ordovician (1)
-
-
Permian (5)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian (1)
-
Upper Silurian
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Pridoli (1)
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic (4)
-
-
Phanerozoic (3)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
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Napier Complex (1)
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Neoarchean (1)
-
-
Onverwacht Group (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic (1)
-
Neoproterozoic (2)
-
Paleoproterozoic (8)
-
-
-
-
Saxothuringian (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
hypabyssal rocks (1)
-
kimberlite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (3)
-
diabase (1)
-
diorites
-
tonalite (2)
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
gabbros
-
norite (1)
-
-
granites
-
adamellite (1)
-
alkali granites (1)
-
A-type granites (2)
-
I-type granites (4)
-
leucogranite (1)
-
monzogranite (1)
-
rapakivi (1)
-
S-type granites (1)
-
-
granodiorites (4)
-
lamprophyres
-
minette (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites (2)
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (1)
-
orthopyroxenite (1)
-
websterite (2)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (2)
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (4)
-
flood basalts (3)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (2)
-
ocean-island basalts (1)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
tholeiite (3)
-
tholeiitic basalt (1)
-
-
dacites (2)
-
latite (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
scoria (1)
-
tuff (2)
-
-
rhyolites (3)
-
trachyandesites (1)
-
trachytes (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (3)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (1)
-
eclogite (4)
-
gneisses
-
orthogneiss (2)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (5)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (1)
-
metadiorite (1)
-
serpentinite (3)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
khondalite (1)
-
metachert (1)
-
metagraywacke (1)
-
metapelite (1)
-
metasandstone (1)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (3)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (2)
-
migmatites (4)
-
mylonites (3)
-
schists
-
blueschist (2)
-
-
-
ophiolite (3)
-
turbidite (2)
-
-
minerals
-
minerals (1)
-
phosphates
-
apatite (3)
-
monazite (7)
-
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates (1)
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
hornblende (2)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
jadeite (2)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
plagioclase
-
albite (1)
-
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group (2)
-
zircon group
-
zircon (22)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
epidote (1)
-
-
lawsonite (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
mica group
-
biotite (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfides (1)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (31)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Angola
-
Cuanza Basin (1)
-
-
Gabon (1)
-
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (1)
-
-
Limpopo Belt (1)
-
Madagascar (2)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (1)
-
Egypt
-
Kosseir Egypt (1)
-
-
Maghreb (1)
-
Morocco (1)
-
Tunisia (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (1)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (3)
-
Namibia (1)
-
South Africa (1)
-
Swaziland (1)
-
-
West Africa
-
Cameroon (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe Craton (2)
-
-
Antarctica
-
Enderby Land (1)
-
Transantarctic Mountains (2)
-
Victoria Land
-
McMurdo dry valleys (1)
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Norwegian Sea
-
Voring Basin (1)
-
-
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underplating
Formation of lower arc crust by magmatic underplating revealed by high-precision geochronology
3D Seismic reflection evidence for lower crustal intrusions beneath the Faroe–Shetland Basin, NE Atlantic Margin
Red Sea rifting in central Egypt: constraints from the offshore Quseir province
ABSTRACT The Neoproterozoic to Cambrian rifting history of Laurentia resulted in hyperextension along large segments of its Paleozoic margins, which created a complex paleogeography that included isolated continental fragments and exhumed continental lithospheric mantle. This peri-Laurentian paleogeography had a profound effect on the duration and nature of the Paleozoic collisional history and associated magmatism of Laurentia. During the initial collisions, peri-Laurentia was situated in a lower-plate setting, and there was commonly a significant time lag between the entrance of the leading edge of peri-Laurentia crust in the trench and the arrival of the trailing, coherent Laurentian landmass. The final Cambrian assembly of Gondwana was followed by a global plate reorganization that resulted in Cambrian (515–505 Ma) subduction initiation outboard of Laurentia, West Gondwana, and Baltica. Accretion of infant and mature intra-oceanic arc terranes along the Appalachian-Caledonian margin of the Iapetus Ocean started at the end of the Cambrian during the Taconic-Grampian orogenic cycle and continued until the ca. 430–426 Ma onset of the Scandian-Salinic collision between Laurentia and Baltica, Ganderia, and East Avalonia, which created the Laurussian continent and closed nearly all vestiges of the Iapetus Ocean. Closure of the Iapetus Ocean in the Appalachians was followed by the Devonian Acadian and Neoacadian orogenic cycles, which were due to dextral oblique accretion of West Avalonia, Meguma, and the Suwannee terranes following the Pridolian to Lochkovian closure of the Acadian seaway and subsequent outboard subduction of the Rheic Ocean beneath Laurentia. Continued underthrusting of Baltica and Avalonia beneath Laurentia during the Devonian indicates that convergence continued between Laurentia and Baltica and Avalonia, which, at least in part, may have been related to the motions of Laurentia relative to its converging elements. Cambrian to Ordovician subduction zones formed earlier in the oceanic realm between Laurentia and Baltica and started to enter the Arctic realm of Laurentia by the Late Ordovician, which resulted in sinistral oblique interaction of the Franklinian margin with encroaching terranes of peri-Laurentian, intra-oceanic, and Baltican provenance. Any intervening seaways were closed during the Middle to Late Devonian Ellesmerian orogeny. Exotic terranes such as Pearya and Arctic Alaska became stranded in the Arctic realm of Laurentia, while other terranes such as Alexander and Eastern Klamath were translated further into the Panthalassa Ocean. The Middle/Late Devonian to Mississippian Antler orogeny along the Cordilleran margin of Laurentia records the first interaction with an outboard arc terrane built upon a composite block preserved in the Northern Sierra and Eastern Klamath terranes. The Carboniferous–Permian Alleghanian-Ouachita orogenic cycle was due to closure of the vestiges of the Rheic Ocean and assembly of Pangea. The narrow, continental transform margin of the Ouachita embayment of southern Laurentia had escaped accretion by outboard terranes until the Mississippian, when it collided with an outboard arc terrane.
Rift propagation in south Tibet controlled by under-thrusting of India: a case study of the Tangra Yumco graben (south Tibet)
Seismic investigations around an aseismic Comorin ridge, Indian Ocean
ABSTRACT Voluminous bimodal volcanic rocks of the Silurian (ca. 422–420 Ma) Dickie Cove Group in the Ganderia domain of northern New Brunswick, Canada, are subaerial units that were deposited in an extensional setting, with the mafic types corresponding to continental tholeiites. Felsic rocks are rhyolites with calc-alkaline affinities. They exhibit geochemical characteristics that are typical of A2-type felsic magmas, such as enrichments in the incompatible elements Zr, Nb, and Y, as well as high FeO*/(FeO* + MgO) and Ga/Al ratios. Their ε Nd ( t ) values are positive (+0.7 to +3.4) but lower than those of the associated basalts. Saturation thermometry has yielded average zircon crystallization temperature estimates for the rhyolites that are well above 900 °C. The geochemical data indicate that the felsic melts were likely sourced from heterogeneous Neoproterozoic lower crust and generated by dehydration melting triggered by heat derived from underplated mafic magma. Parent melts of the rhyolites underwent fractional crystallization in a complex magma chamber prior to eruption. The Nd isotopic data suggest that the lower crust of Ganderia is similar to that of Avalonia in northern mainland Nova Scotia, and that the two microcontinents shared a common Neoproterozoic history and origin as continental blocks rifted from neighboring parts of Gondwana. The tectono-magmatic setting of the Dickie Cove Group volcanic rocks is interpreted as being related to Pridolian, post-Salinic relaxation and slab breakoff, which generated volcanism initially constrained within the Chaleur zone of the Chaleur Bay synclinorium, a large domain of the northern Appalachians. This was followed later in the Pridolian by extensional collapse and widening of the area of magmatic activity, which then prograded into the Tobique zone farther to the southwest.
New mechanism for forming thick granitic continental crust at Phanerozoic convergent margins
ABSTRACT Phanerozoic continental subduction zones have produced thick continental crust composed almost entirely of granitoid plutons. While ideas about how plutons form have evolved from models that envisioned large, highly molten magma bodies, the exact processes involved remain debated. Geochronology and seismology have led to the view that plutons form by incremental emplacement; stacked sills represent one type of incremental model whereby granitoids grow top-down by sills underplating their predecessor. Still, many questions remain unanswered, including why sill-like contacts are not often seen in more mature plutons, why the mafic residuum is not observed with many granitoid plutons, why some plutons are compositionally zoned (and others are not), and why geochemical characteristics of intrusions systematically change during magmatic cycles. Here, we propose a hypothesis for the construction of batholiths by amalgamation of plutons formed in a two-stage process. During stage 1, intermediate-composition sills underplate previous sills, forming a moving reaction zone mafic complex that produces a thickening granitoid as the process moves downward. The top of this mafic complex also releases a water-rich, low-temperature silicate liquid (LTSL), which begins ascent by reactive porous flow. During stage 2, the upward flux of LTSL further differentiates the overlying granitoids, increasing silica by 5%–10% and resulting in linear “mixing-like” behavior on Harker diagrams. Multiple plutons building downward in a magmatic cycle thicken the crust, leading to garnet gabbro mafic complexes forming at ~20 km depth. Their high density leads to delamination and net silicification of continental crust. The continuous flux of LTSL up through the arc crust can explain many geochemical spatial-temporal trends found in magmatic cycles, including Pb isotope evolution and increasing Fe 3+ , and provides a mechanism for addition of water to the upper crust, leading to sustained volcanism through time.