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Format
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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Afar (1)
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Cape Verde Islands (1)
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North Africa
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Atlas Mountains
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains (1)
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Egypt (1)
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Maghreb (1)
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains (1)
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Rif
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Beni Bouchera (1)
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Southern Africa
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Namibia (1)
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West Africa
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Benue Valley (1)
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Ghana (2)
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Ivory Coast (1)
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Liberia (1)
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Niger River (1)
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Nigeria
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Niger Delta (2)
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West African Shield (1)
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Antarctica
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Antarctic ice sheet
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East Antarctic ice sheet (3)
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East Antarctica (1)
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Arctic Ocean
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Arctic region
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Svalbard
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Spitsbergen
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Asia
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Altai Mountains
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Gorny Altai (2)
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Altai Russian Federation
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Arabian Peninsula
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Oman (1)
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Central Asia
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Kazakhstan
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Chukotka Russian Federation
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Far East
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China
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Japan
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India
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Jharkhand India
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Middle East
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Okhotsk-Chukchi volcanic belt (1)
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Russian Pacific region (3)
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Siberia (4)
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Vilyuy River basin (1)
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West Siberia
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Romanche fracture zone (3)
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South Atlantic
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Lower Congo Basin (1)
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Cape Verde Islands (1)
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Australasia
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Australia
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Otway Basin (1)
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Queensland Australia
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Mount Isa Inlier (2)
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Western Australia
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Carnarvon Basin (1)
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Pilbara Craton (1)
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-
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New Zealand
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Hawke's Bay New Zealand (1)
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Southland New Zealand
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Baffin Bay (1)
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Canada
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Arctic Archipelago (4)
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Ontario
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Quebec (5)
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Nunavut
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Western Canada
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Alberta
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Manitoba
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Northwest Territories
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Caribbean region (1)
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Cascadia subduction zone (6)
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Central America
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Costa Rica
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Guatemala
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Central Graben (1)
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Colorado River (1)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Kazakhstan
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Semipalatinsk Test Site (1)
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Russian Federation
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Altai Russian Federation
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Gorny Altai (2)
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Bashkortostan Russian Federation (1)
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Chukotka Russian Federation
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Chukchi Peninsula (1)
-
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Kamchatka Peninsula (2)
-
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Karelia Russian Federation (1)
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Okhotsk-Chukchi volcanic belt (1)
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Russian Pacific region (3)
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Sakhalin Russian Federation
-
Kuril Islands (1)
-
-
Siberian Platform
-
Yenisei Ridge (1)
-
-
Tomsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Tunguska Basin (1)
-
Tyumen Russian Federation
-
Yamal-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Urengoy Field (1)
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Yamal (1)
-
-
-
Vilyuy River basin (1)
-
-
Urals
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Southern Urals (1)
-
-
West Siberia
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Siberian Lowland (1)
-
-
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East Coast Basin (1)
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East Pacific Ocean Islands
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Hawaii
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Honolulu County Hawaii
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Oahu (1)
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-
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Eurasia (1)
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Europe
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Adriatic region (1)
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Alps
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Central Alps (1)
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Eastern Alps
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Austroalpine Zone (1)
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Bashkortostan Russian Federation (1)
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Carpathians
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Central Europe
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Austria (2)
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Switzerland (1)
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Karelia Russian Federation (1)
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Lake Geneva (1)
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Southern Europe
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Albania
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Iberian Peninsula
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Spain
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Ionian Zone (1)
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Italy
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Apennines
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Northern Apennines (2)
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Apulia Italy (1)
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Sardinia Italy (1)
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Sicily Italy
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Lipari Islands
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Stromboli (1)
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Mount Etna (2)
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Tuscany Italy
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Larderello (1)
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Travale Field (1)
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Romania (1)
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Tauern Window (1)
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Variscides (1)
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Western Europe
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France
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Ardeche France (1)
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Armorican Massif (1)
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Bas-Rhin France
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Normandy (1)
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Paris Basin (1)
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Iceland (1)
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Ireland (1)
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Scandinavia
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Norway
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Bergen Norway (1)
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Northern Norway (1)
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Rogaland Norway
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Stavanger Norway (1)
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Southern Norway (1)
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Sweden
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Kalmar Sweden
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Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory (1)
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-
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
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Scotland
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Glasgow Scotland (1)
-
Hebrides
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Inner Hebrides
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Isle of Skye (1)
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Outer Hebrides (1)
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Highland region Scotland
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Inverness-shire Scotland
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Isle of Skye (1)
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Orkney Islands (1)
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Scottish Highlands (1)
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Wales
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South Wales coal field (1)
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-
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Northern Ireland
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Antrim Northern Ireland (1)
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-
-
-
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Hikurangi Margin (1)
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Indian Ocean Islands
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Crozet Islands (1)
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Mascarene Islands
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Reunion (1)
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Seychelles (1)
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Krishna-Godavari Basin (1)
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Llanos (1)
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Maritimes Basin (3)
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Mediterranean region
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Calabrian Arc (1)
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-
Mediterranean Sea
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West Mediterranean
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Ligurian Sea (1)
-
-
-
Mexico (2)
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Midland Valley (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (1)
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Appalachians
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Northern Appalachians (1)
-
-
Basin and Range Province (2)
-
Canadian Shield
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Churchill Province
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Hearne Province (1)
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Rae Province (1)
-
-
Flin Flon Belt (1)
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Grenville Province (2)
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Slave Province (3)
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Superior Province
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Abitibi Belt (3)
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-
-
Great Lakes
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Lake Erie (1)
-
-
Great Lakes region (1)
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Grenville Front (1)
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Gulf Coastal Plain (2)
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Intermontane Belt (1)
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North American Cordillera
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Canadian Cordillera (5)
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North American Craton (1)
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Omineca Belt (1)
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Rio Grande Rift (2)
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Rocky Mountain Trench (1)
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Rocky Mountains (1)
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Western Overthrust Belt (1)
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Williston Basin (3)
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North Australian Craton (1)
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North Island (2)
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North Slope (1)
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Oceania
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Micronesia
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Mariana Islands (1)
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Polynesia
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Hawaii
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Honolulu County Hawaii
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Oahu (1)
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Samoa (1)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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Cocos Ridge (1)
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Costa Rica Rift (1)
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Northeast Pacific
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Cascadia Basin (1)
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Southeast Pacific (1)
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North Pacific
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Bering Sea (1)
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Northeast Pacific
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Cascadia Basin (1)
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Hess Deep (1)
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Northwest Pacific
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Japan Trench (1)
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Nankai Trough (1)
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Okhotsk Sea (1)
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South China Sea
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Yinggehai Basin (1)
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South Pacific
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Southeast Pacific (1)
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West Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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Japan Trench (1)
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Nankai Trough (1)
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Okhotsk Sea (1)
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South China Sea
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Pacific region (1)
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polar regions (1)
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Argentina (1)
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Colombia
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United States
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Alaska
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Brooks Range
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Chugach Mountains (1)
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Arkansas (1)
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California
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Lake County California (2)
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Siskiyou County California (1)
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The Geysers (2)
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Colorado
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San Juan County Colorado
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Hawaii
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Honolulu County Hawaii
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Idaho Batholith (1)
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Minnesota
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Aitkin County Minnesota (2)
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Cass County Minnesota (2)
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Crow Wing County Minnesota (2)
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Mille Lacs County Minnesota (2)
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Morrison County Minnesota (1)
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Mississippi (1)
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Missoula County Montana (1)
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Ravalli County Montana (1)
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Shonkin Sag Laccolith (1)
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Nevada
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New Mexico
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Sandoval County New Mexico (1)
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Valencia County New Mexico (1)
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North Dakota (2)
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Oregon
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Deschutes County Oregon
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Newberry Volcano (1)
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Pecos River valley (1)
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Southwestern U.S. (1)
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Tennessee (1)
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Texas (1)
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Uinta Basin (1)
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Utah
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Cache County Utah (1)
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Rich County Utah (1)
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Washington
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Skamania County Washington
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Mount Saint Helens (1)
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West Virginia (1)
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Western U.S. (2)
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Wyoming
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Park County Wyoming (2)
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Teton County Wyoming (1)
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Yellowstone National Park (1)
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commodities
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bitumens
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brines (5)
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energy sources (12)
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geothermal energy (11)
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metal ores
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base metals (2)
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copper ores (3)
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lead-zinc deposits (4)
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mercury ores (1)
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polymetallic ores (1)
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silver ores (2)
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mineral deposits, genesis (5)
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oil and gas fields (8)
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petroleum
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natural gas (13)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (5)
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C-14 (5)
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halogens
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chlorine
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Cl-36 (1)
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hydrogen
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deuterium (1)
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tritium (1)
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incompatible elements (1)
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isotope ratios (13)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Al-26 (2)
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Be-10 (2)
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C-14 (5)
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Cl-36 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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tritium (1)
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (5)
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D/H (1)
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deuterium (1)
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He-3 (1)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
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O-18/O-16 (10)
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (2)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (4)
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metals
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thorium (2)
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uranium (2)
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alkali metals
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potassium (2)
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alkaline earth metals
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beryllium
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Be-10 (2)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (4)
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aluminum
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Al-26 (2)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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niobium (1)
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platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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rare earths
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
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tantalum (1)
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titanium (1)
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nitrogen (1)
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noble gases
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helium
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He-3 (1)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (10)
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sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (2)
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trace metals (1)
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fossils
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Tetrapoda
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Invertebrata
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Mollusca
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Rotaliina
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Globigerinacea
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Globigerinidae
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Globigerina
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Globigerina bulloides (1)
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Globigerinoides
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Globigerinoides ruber (1)
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Globorotaliidae
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Globorotalia
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Globorotalia inflata (1)
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Globotruncanidae
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Globotruncana (1)
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Neogloboquadrina
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Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (1)
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microfossils
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Conodonta (1)
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palynomorphs
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miospores
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pollen (1)
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Plantae
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algae (1)
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geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (3)
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Ar/Ar (5)
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exposure age (1)
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fission-track dating (5)
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K/Ar (3)
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paleomagnetism (5)
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racemization (1)
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Sm/Nd (1)
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tephrochronology (1)
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Th/U (1)
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thermochronology (7)
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thermoluminescence (1)
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tree rings (1)
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U/Pb (8)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Agbada Formation (1)
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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lower Holocene (1)
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Neoglacial (1)
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Pleistocene
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upper Pleistocene
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upper Quaternary (4)
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Tertiary
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middle Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
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Miocene
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lower Miocene (1)
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middle Miocene (1)
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Pliocene (3)
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Paleogene
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Eocene
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Green River Formation (2)
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Mirador Formation (1)
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-
Oligocene
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upper Oligocene (2)
-
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Paleocene
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upper Paleocene (1)
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Wilcox Group (1)
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upper Tertiary (1)
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Laurentide ice sheet (5)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Judea Group (1)
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Lower Cretaceous (3)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Campanian (1)
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Senonian (1)
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Yezo Group (1)
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Jurassic
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Middle Jurassic
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Triassic
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Upper Triassic (1)
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Yanshanian (1)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian (2)
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Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (3)
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Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
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Lodgepole Formation (1)
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Tournaisian (1)
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Macumber Formation (2)
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean (3)
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Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
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Windsor Group (3)
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Namurian (1)
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Upper Carboniferous
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Westphalian (1)
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Devonian
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Lower Devonian (1)
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Horton Group (1)
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lower Paleozoic (1)
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middle Paleozoic (1)
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Ordovician
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Upper Ordovician (1)
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Permian
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Lower Permian
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Cisuralian
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Artinskian (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Bakken Formation (1)
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Phanerozoic (4)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Mesoarchean (1)
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Warrawoona Group (1)
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Lewisian Complex (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Isan Orogeny (1)
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Neoproterozoic (4)
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Paleoproterozoic (2)
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igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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kimberlite (1)
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anorthosite (1)
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diorites
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gabbros
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troctolite (1)
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granites
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granodiorites (1)
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ultramafics
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harzburgite (1)
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pyroxenite (1)
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volcanic rocks
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andesites
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ophiolite (4)
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ophiolite (4)
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framework silicates
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orthosilicates
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sheet silicates
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illite (4)
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sulfates
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Primary terms
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Asia
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Romanche fracture zone (3)
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New Zealand
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (5)
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C-14 (5)
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Caribbean region (1)
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Cenozoic
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Agbada Formation (1)
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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upper Quaternary (4)
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Tertiary
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Miocene
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Pliocene (3)
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Paleogene
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Eocene
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Green River Formation (2)
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Mirador Formation (1)
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Oligocene
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upper Oligocene (2)
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Paleocene
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upper Paleocene (1)
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Wilcox Group (1)
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upper Tertiary (1)
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Central America
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Deep Sea Drilling Project
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IPOD
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Globorotaliidae
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isostasy (4)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
thermal regime
Brecciation and epithermal mineralization in the Baia Mare ore district (Romania): The Wilhelm deposit Available to Purchase
The Holleford structure: Insights into the pre- and post-impact geology of the Frontenac Terrane, Canada Available to Purchase
Role of continental margin architecture in models of ophiolite emplacement Available to Purchase
Ordovician–Early Devonian granitic magmatism as the consequence of intracontinental orogenic activity along the Qinhang belt in South China Available to Purchase
Magmatic Evolution II: A New View of Post-Differentiation Magmatism Available to Purchase
Intrusion tip velocity controls the emplacement mechanism of sheet intrusions Available to Purchase
Use of statistical methods to characterize the influence of groundwater on the thermal regime of rivers in Normandy, France: comparison between the highly permeable, chalk catchment of the Touques River and the low permeability, crystalline rock catchment of the Orne River Available to Purchase
Abstract The study of the temperature of two rivers in Normandy (France), the Orne and the Touques, between 2013 and 2018 allowed the main controlling factors regulating their thermal regime to be determined. The analysis was conducted by coupling different statistical treatments: linear regression between water and air temperatures, independent component analysis, principal component analysis and a multiple linear regression model. The temperature of the two rivers is mainly controlled by climatic factors but secondary regulation factors are demonstrated to play important roles: runoff for the two rivers and groundwater for the Touques. The influence of the chalk aquifer on river temperature appears to vary seasonally throughout the year, reaching its maximum in the early spring and increasing from upstream to downstream. The coupled use of the different statistical complex methods showed its validity in understanding both the temporal and spatial variations in water temperature and its correlation with the secondary factors, that could not be inferred from a simpler approach based on linear regression. These techniques could be valuable in other areas with rivers sufficiently monitored to determine the controlling water temperature factors and thus their sensitivity to climate change.
Subsurface temperature from seismic reflections: Application to the post-breakup sequence offshore Namibia Available to Purchase
Early Cretaceous Exhumation of the Southern Great Xing’an Range, Northeastern China: Evidence from (U-Th)/He and Fission-Track Thermochronology Available to Purchase
Application of the Electromagnetic Geothermometer in Geothermics and Geothermal Exploration Available to Purchase
The Nature of Active Magma Reservoirs and Storage Underneath Cascade Volcanoes Available to Purchase
Quaternary Volcanism in the Cascade Arc Available to Purchase
Hydrothermal generation of hydrocarbons in basement rocks, Southern Tuscany Open Access
Links of planetary energetics to moon size, orbit, and planet spin: A new mechanism for plate tectonics Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT Lateral accelerations require lateral forces. We propose that force imbalances in the unique Earth-Moon-Sun system cause large-scale, cooperative tectonic motions. The solar gravitational pull on the Moon, being 2.2× terrestrial pull, causes lunar drift, orbital elongation, and an ~1000 km radial monthly excursion of the Earth-Moon barycenter inside Earth’s mantle. Earth’s spin superimposes an approximately longitudinal 24 h circuit of the barycenter. Because the oscillating barycenter lies 3500–5500 km from the geocenter, Earth’s tangential orbital acceleration and solar pull are imbalanced. Near-surface motions are enabled by a weak low-velocity zone underlying the cold, brittle lithosphere: The thermal states of both layers result from leakage of Earth’s internal radiogenic heat to space. Concomitantly, stress induced by spin cracks the lithosphere in a classic X-pattern, creating mid-ocean ridges and plate segments. The inertial response of our high-spin planet with its low-velocity zone is ~10 cm yr –1 westward drift of the entire lithosphere, which largely dictates plate motions. The thermal profile causes sinking plates to thin and disappear by depths of ~200–660 km, depending on angle and speed. Cyclical stresses are effective agents of failure, thereby adding asymmetry to plate motions. A comparison of rocky planets shows that the presence and longevity of volcanism and tectonism depend on the particular combination of moon size, moon orbital orientation, proximity to the Sun, and rates of body spin and cooling. Earth is the only rocky planet with all the factors needed for plate tectonics.
Dense melt residues drive mid-ocean-ridge “hotspots” Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT The geodynamic origin of melting anomalies found at the surface, often referred to as “hotspots,” is classically attributed to a mantle plume process. The distribution of hotspots along mid-ocean-ridge spreading systems around the globe, however, questions the universal validity of this concept. Here, the preferential association of hotspots with slow- to intermediate-spreading centers and not fast-spreading centers, an observation contrary to the expected effect of ridge suction forces on upwelling mantle plumes, is explained by a new mechanism for producing melting anomalies at shallow (<2.3 GPa) depths. By combining the effects of both chemical and thermal density changes during partial melting of the mantle (using appropriate latent heat and depth-dependent thermal expansivity parameters), we find that mantle residues experience an overall instantaneous increase in density when melting occurs at <2.3 GPa. This controversial finding is due to thermal contraction of material during melting, which outweighs the chemical buoyancy due to melting at shallow pressures (where thermal expansivities are highest). These dense mantle residues are likely to locally sink beneath spreading centers if ridge suction forces are modest, thus driving an increase in the flow of fertile mantle through the melting window and increasing magmatic production. This leads us to question our understanding of sub–spreading center dynamics, where we now suggest a portion of locally inverted mantle flow results in hotspots. Such inverted flow presents an alternative mechanism to upwelling hot mantle plumes for the generation of excess melt at near-ridge hotspots, i.e., dense downwelling of mantle residue locally increasing the flow of fertile mantle through the melting window. Near-ridge hotspots, therefore, may not require the elevated temperatures commonly invoked to account for excess melting. The proposed mechanism also satisfies counterintuitive observations of ridge-bound hotspots at slow- to intermediate-spreading centers, yet not at fast-spreading centers, where large dynamic ridge suction forces likely overwhelm density-driven downwelling. The lack of observations of such downwelling in numerical modeling studies to date reflects the generally high chemical depletion buoyancy and/or low thermal expansivity parameter values employed in simulations, which we find to be unrepresentative for melting at <2.3 GPa. We therefore invite future studies to review the values used for parameters affecting density changes during melting (e.g., depletion buoyancy, latent heat of melting, specific heat capacity, thermal expansivity), which quite literally have the potential to turn our understanding of mantle dynamics upside down.
How spin down and radioactive decay drive rocky planet evolution Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT Most differences in the gross surface morphologies, tectonic styles, overall geologic histories, and atmospheres of the rocky bodies in the solar system can be explained by contributions and dissipation of gravitational and radiogenic energy over geologic time. These two energy sources are large and measurable and can be extrapolated back in time. Accretion was likely cold, and directly converted gravitational potential energy into axial spin, a prominent feature of planets that is otherwise unexplained. Impact heating was mostly limited to planetary surfaces in the final stages of accretion. Frictional dissipation of spin contributed sufficient energy to ignite the primordial Sun and heated Earth and Venus by nearly as much as has the radioactive decay of K, U, and Th over geologic time. Energy inputs have been continuously offset by loss of heat to the surroundings. The magnitudes of most important energy contributions depend on the planet radius R and also on the distance r to the Sun. Quantitative, albeit approximate, relationships show that the net specific energy (kJ/kg) contributed to the rocky bodies over geologic time goes as: Earth ~ Venus >> Mars ~ Mercury ~ Moon >> asteroids. Net energy inputs increased the average internal temperatures of Earth and Venus by ~3000 K but heated asteroids by only a few hundred kelvins.