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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Therapsida
Selected Karoo geoheritage sites of palaeontological significance in South Africa and Lesotho
Abstract The main Karoo Basin of South Africa and Lesotho preserves c. 120 myr of Earth's history. The sedimentary rocks of its Karoo Supergroup record massive environmental changes from the glacial Carboniferous to desert dunes and fiery flood basalts in the Early Jurassic. From the early Permian, the Karoo Basin was gradually filled with fluvial and lacustrine deposits, and the alluvial plains were successively colonized by a diverse suite of plants and animals. The fossils of these ancient inhabitants and their behavioural traces form an astounding Gondwanan geoheritage legacy in southern Africa, providing fossil evidence for the moving lithospheric plates and the effects of four mass extinctions and their subsequent biotic recovery. Here, we present six Karoo sites of global geoscientific importance that best display that heritage, with the caveat that these sites only touch upon the Karoo riches that are available for academic research and the emerging palaeotourism industry. It is our hope that these sites will become anchor points for a sustainable geoheritage future in southern Africa.
Ontogenetic mechanisms of size change: implications for the Lilliput effect and beyond
Anatomy of the holotype of ‘ Probelesodon ’ kitchingi revisited, a chiniquodontid cynodont (Synapsida, Probainognathia) from the early Late Triassic of southern Brazil
A test of Bergmann's rule in the Early Triassic: latitude, body size, and sampling in Lystrosaurus
The nasal cavity of two traversodontid cynodonts (Eucynodontia, Gomphodontia) from the Upper Triassic of Brazil
New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances
DWELLING IN THE DEAD ZONE—VERTEBRATE BURROWS IMMEDIATELY SUCCEEDING THE END-PERMIAN EXTINCTION EVENT IN AUSTRALIA
Calcic Vertisols in the upper Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone, Balfour Formation, Karoo Basin, South Africa: Implications for Late Permian Climate
Biostratigraphy of the Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa
Biostratigraphy of the Lystrosaurus declivis Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa
Radioisotopic and biostratigraphic constraints on the classical Middle–Upper Permian succession and tetrapod fauna of the Moscow syneclise, Russia
TESTING THE DAPTOCEPHALUS AND LYSTROSAURUS ASSEMBLAGE ZONES IN A LITHOSTRATOGRAPHIC, MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHIC, AND PALYNOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK IN THE FREE STATE, SOUTH AFRICA
The many faces of synapsid cranial allometry
The evolution of the dicynodont sacrum: constraint and innovation in the synapsid axial column
Diversity patterns of nonmammalian cynodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida) and the impact of taxonomic practice and research history on diversity estimates
Evolutionary rates of mid-Permian tetrapods from South Africa and the role of temporal resolution in turnover reconstruction
Lithostratigraphy of the Clarens Formation (Stormberg Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa
Abstract: Tetrapod footprints are among the most common fossil remains in continental Permian strata and thus are of biostratigraphic interest. Based on the vertical distribution of the 13 best-known Permian tetrapod ichnotaxa, three footprint biochrons are suggested for the period: (1) Dromopus – latest Carboniferous (approximately Gzhelian) to late Early Permian (approximately Artinskian), representing ichnoassemblages dominated by tracks of temnospondyls, reptiliomorphs, pelycosaurs and early diapsids; (2) Erpetopus – late Early Permian (approximately Kungurian) to late Middle Permian (approximately Capitanian), representing ichnoassemblages dominated by tracks of non-diapsid eureptiles; and (3) Paradoxichnium – Late Permian (Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian), representing ichnoassemblages dominated by tracks of medium- and large-sized parareptiles, non-diapsid eureptiles and early saurians. This is the most conservative ichnostratigraphic concept, and it may be possible to refine it to almost stage-level resolution by future comprehensive analysis, especially of Permian captorhinomorph and therapsid footprints. Other major tasks to improve Permian tetrapod footprint ichnostratigraphy include enhanced knowledge of Middle Permian tetrapod footprints, and clarification of the palaeoenvironmental factors that may control the distribution of tetrapod footprints in space and time.
Permian tetrapod biochronology, correlation and evolutionary events
Abstract: The most extensive Permian tetrapod (amphibian and reptile) fossil records from the western USA (New Mexico to Texas) and South Africa have been used to define 11 land vertebrate faunachrons (LVFs). These are, in ascending order, the Coyotean, Seymouran, Mitchellcreekian, Redtankian, Littlecrotonian, Kapteinskraalian, Gamkan, Hoedemakeran, Steilkransian, Platbergian and Lootsbergian. These faunachrons provide a biochronological framework with which to assign ages to, and correlate, Permian tetrapod fossil assemblages. Intercalated marine strata, radioisotopic ages and magnetostratigraphy were used to correlate the Permian LVFs to the standard global chronostratigraphic scale with varying degrees of precision. Such correlations identified the following significant events in Permian tetrapod evolution: a Coyotean chronofaunal event (end Coyotean); Redtankian events (Mitchellcreekian–Littlecrotonian); Olson’s gap (late Littlecrotonian); a therapsid event (Kapteinskraalian); a dinocephalian extinction event (end Gamkan); and a latest Permian extinction event (Platbergian–Lootsbergian boundary). Problems of incompleteness, endemism and taxonomy, and the relative lack of non-biochronological age control continue to hinder the refinement and correlation of a Permian timescale based on tetrapod biochronology. Nevertheless, the global Permian timescale based on tetrapod biochronology is a robust tool for both global and regional age assignment and correlation. Advances in Permian tetrapod biochronology will come from new fossil discoveries, more detailed biostratigraphy and additional alpha taxonomic studies based on sound evolutionary taxonomic principles.