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The effectiveness of spectral decomposition-based layer thickness estimation: A seismic physical modeling example
Luminescence geochronology of Pleistocene slack-water deposits in the Frasassi hypogenic cave system, Italy
ABSTRACT In this study, we discuss the results from different luminescence dating methods applied to four samples of Pleistocene slack-water sediments from the Frasassi hypogenic cave system, in the northeastern Apennines of Italy. Two samples came from a well-sorted, fine sand deposit in the Grotta Grande del Vento cave (SDS site), while two others were taken from a borehole through a clayey deposit in the adjacent Caverna del Carbone cave (CDC site). Both sites are located at an elevation of ~235 m above sea level (asl), which corresponds to ~30 m above the thalweg of the Sentino River flowing through the Frasassi Gorge outside the cave. In the Frasassi multistory cave system, the elevation of 235 ± 5 m asl corresponds to the third karst level or “floor,” the minimum age of which from speleothem U-Th dating is ca. 130 ± 15 ka. The luminescence ages for the two samples from the SDS site are in good agreement with each other within error, just like the two samples from the CDC profile. Different luminescence dating protocols were used to determine the ages for each individual sample. By applying this comparative approach, and taking the luminescence characteristics of the samples into consideration (quartz optically stimulated luminescence, different feldspar luminescence signals), the ages could be based on the most robust measurement protocol. The ages presented here were all derived from measurements using the post-infrared infrared signal of potassium-rich feldspar stimulated at a temperature of 225 °C (pIRIR225). Incomplete bleaching of the luminescence signal prior to deposition, leading to age overestimation when not detected and corrected for, was not a significant factor for the samples under investigation, because ages calculated for luminescence signals with different bleachability yielded results in agreement within error. Bleaching can therefore be assumed to have been sufficient before the samples entered the cave system. The ages determined for both sites are reliable from a methodological standpoint. The pIRIR225 luminescence dates from the SDS sand range between 129 and 101 ka and are consistent with the minimum age for the third cave floor (~235 m asl) as obtained from previous U-Th dating. In contrast, the pIRIR225 luminescence dates obtained from the clay-rich CDC deposit range from 217 to 158 ka, which is consistent with the minimum age for the fifth subhorizontal cave level when measured from the modern water table, found at ~65 m above the present river thalweg. This apparent discrepancy may be due to the fact that the present entrance of the CDC cave was incised by the river on the south side of Frasassi Gorge sometime during the Eemian interglacial period (marine isotope stage [MIS] 5e), but, being part of a hypogenic karst system in an uplifting tectonic structure, the actual third floor was preexisting, thus anteceding the river incision. On the other hand, the fifth floor of the cave system, some 30 m above the third floor, was incised sometime during the interglacial MIS 7 at around 200 ka, at a time when the saturated phreatic third floor had already been formed and thus was capable of collecting the fine suspension sediment settling from muddy river water flooding the cave.
Abstract: Using a script that automatically calculates sinuosity and radius of curvature for multiple bends on sinuous channel centerlines, we have assembled a new data set that allows us to reevaluate the relationship between latitude and submarine channel sinuosity. Sinuosity measurements on hundreds of channel bends from nine modern systems suggest that there is no statistically significant relationship between latitudinal position and channel sinuosity. In addition, for the vast majority of submarine channels on Earth, using flow velocities that are needed to transport the coarse-grained sediment found in channel thalwegs, estimates of the curvature-based Rossby number are significantly larger than unity. In contrast, low flow velocities that characterize the upper parts of turbidity currents in submarine channels located at high latitudes can easily result in Rossby numbers of less than one; this is the reason why levee deposits are often highly asymmetric in such channels. However, even in channels with asymmetric levees, the sinuosity of the thalweg is often obvious and must have developed as the result of an instability driven by the centrifugal force. Analysis of a simple centerline-evolution model shows that the increase in channel curvature precedes the increase in sinuosity and that low sinuosities are already associated with large curvatures. This suggests that the Coriolis effect is unlikely to be responsible for the low sinuosities observed in certain systems.
Controls on submarine channel-modifying processes identified through morphometric scaling relationships
Late Pleistocene Bryant Canyon turbidite system: Implications for Gulf of Mexico minibasin petroleum systems
Sedimentology of Late Holocene fluvial levee and point-bar deposits from the Cambodian tract of the Mekong River
The significance of trace fossils in the McMurray Formation, Alberta, Canada
Observations on normal-fault scarp morphology and fault system evolution of the Bishop Tuff in the Volcanic Tableland, Owens Valley, California, U.S.A.
Decoupling seasonal fluctuations in fluvial discharge from the tidal signature in ancient deltaic deposits: an example from the Neuquén Basin, Argentina
Survival of a submarine canyon during long-term outbuilding of a continental margin
The elusive character of discontinuous deep-water channels: New insights from Lucia Chica channel system, offshore California
3D seismic geomorphology and sedimentology of the Chalk Group, southern Danish North Sea
The West Mariana Ridge, western Pacific Ocean: Geomorphology and processes from new multibeam data
Latest erosional incision in river valleys of southern East Siberia
Element migration in turbidite systems: Random or systematic depositional processes?
Persistence of effects of high sediment loading in a salmon-bearing river, northern California
Regional high-magnitude rainstorms have produced several large floods in north coastal California during the last century, which resulted in extensive mass-movement activity and channel aggradation. Channel monitoring in Redwood Creek, through the use of cross-sectional surveys, thalweg profiles, and pebble counts, has documented the persistence and routing of channel-stored sediment following these large floods in the 1960s and 1970s. Channel response varied on the basis of timing of peak aggradation. Channel-stored sediment was evacuated rapidly from the upstream third of the Redwood Creek channel, and the channel bed stabilized by 1985 as the bed coarsened. Currently only narrow remnants of flood deposits remain and are well vegetated. In the downstream reach, channel aggradation peaked in the 1990s, and the channel is still incising. Channel-bed elevations throughout the watershed showed an approximate exponential decrease with time, but decay rates were highest in areas with the thickest flood deposits. Pool frequencies and depths generally increased from 1977 to 1995, as did median residual water depths, but a 10 yr flood in 1997 resulted in a moderate reversal of this trend. Channel aggradation generated during 25 yr return interval floods has persisted in Redwood Creek for more than 30 yr and has impacted many life cycles of salmon. Watershed restoration work is currently focused on correcting erosion problems on hillslopes to reduce future sediment supply to Redwood Creek instead of attempting in-channel manipulations.