Abstract In 1967, the publication of John Ramsay's book, Folding and Fracturing of Rocks , was a landmark event that affected both of us, inspiring us into careers in structural geology. At that time, one of us was a postgraduate student at Imperial College, London, the other a second-year undergraduate at Manchester University. It is hard to convey, 50 years on, how precious this book was then. The true and lasting value is how this book has changed individuals, and influenced the teaching and research in structural geology, in Britain and around the world. In our view, Folding and Fracturing of Rocks marks the birth of modern structural geology.

Abstract On the 50th anniversary of the publication of the book Folding and Fracturing of Rocks by John G. Ramsay we use an analysis of citations to assess the book's impact on research in the field of structural geology. Five topics dealt with in the book have had special success in terms of the number of citations: (1) superimposed folding; (2) fold classification based on layer thickness variation; (3) simple shear deformation; (4) the R f / φ method; and (5) the flexural-slip mechanism of folding. The great impact of this book can be seen in several examples where the book has inspired new lines of research, such as: progressive deformation, strain analysis, shear zones and folding analysis. Ramsay's great merit in writing his book was to have wisely known to apply the quantitative methodology of continuum mechanics to the analysis of the geological structures. We conclude that Folding and Fracturing of Rocks is the most influential textbook in the field of structural geology research.

At the dawn of structural crystallography, Walther Friedrich, Paul Knipping and Max von Laue carried out the first experiments and developed the theory of X-ray diffraction. From the early days, when even the simpler inorganic structures filled an entire PhD study, structural crystallography evolved at its own pace and found new partners in chemistry, physics, materials science, biology and other fields of physical sciences. Both morphological and structural crystallography, however, have remained as important instruments in the mineralogist’s toolbox until today. Efforts to enhance the existing instrumentation, to improve our understanding of the theory of diffraction, to study nanoparticulate or poorly ordered materials, and to master large, complex structures continue in all fields of physical sciences. Mineralogy can thus use the fruits of this labour and include them in its toolbox.

Abstract It is only in the last 100 years or so that most of Britain has been covered by accurate, published, topographic and geological maps. Although travellers’ guides were available from the late seventeenth century, they lacked adequate maps. Whilst fairly accurate maps of the major roads were published in the early seventeenth century as strip maps, topographic maps were not generally available until the nineteenth century. Cartographers, usually when preparing county maps, struggled with the representation of Britain’s varied topography. In the nineteenth century, medium-scale (1-inch-to-the-mile) topographic maps initially developed through the agency of the prizes offered by the Royal Society of Arts but primarily due to the Ordnance Survey. Geological maps benefitted from improved base maps – those of John Cary and the Ordnance Survey. This paper especially explores and illustrates the development of maps and the role they played in the depiction and understanding of landscape and promotion of the major early geotourism region of the Peak District from 1780 to 1930.

The discovery of geologic time revolutionized scientific thinking and led to the development of the modern Earth sciences. Less appreciated, however, is the fact that geologic time has had far-reaching cultural and societal consequences that go well beyond its founding influence upon the geosciences. This essay summarizes the literature describing the difficulties students encounter in understanding deep time, provides an overview of the historical development and cultural relevance of deep time, and suggests ways to increase students' understanding of the significance of geologic time.

Abstract The EMU book series or notes, as they are called, were introduced to provide university teachers with up-to-date reviews in important, rapidly evolving areas of mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry. They are also meant to introduce scientists into special and often interdisciplinary fields of research. In this regard, a volume on solid solutions is current and sorely needed. The solid Earth, as well as many meteorites and the other solid planets, consists for the most part of mineral solid solutions. Research on solid solutions is extremely broad encompassing work in physics and chemistry, metallurgy, materials science and, last but not least, mineralogy and petrology. Hence, because the theme is so strongly interdisciplinary in nature, the workshop was organised to include solid state physicists, physical chemists, crystallographers, mineralogists and petrologists. The various chapters reflect some of this diversity and show what mineralogy has become. Experimental investigations in mineralogy now routinely include different types of spectroscopies along with more traditional phase equilibrium, X-ray diffraction, calorimetry, and TEM methods. There have also been new and impressive developments in theory and computation. Many computational approaches relating to the study of solid solutions, for example, the Cluster Variation Method or Monte Carlo simulations, have been brought in from materials science, chemistry and physics. It can be concluded that the traditional or historical, and perhaps artificial, boundaries between the various disciplines are disappearing. Many current research efforts in mineralogy are similar to those in chemistry, materials science and physics.

Abstract The writing and production of this volume recognize its potential role as a textbook for courses in “Environmental Mineralogy”, a field that calls on both core mineralogical skills and interdisciplinary understanding across chemical, biological and geological fields. It is an area ideally suited the development of advanced teaching that redefines the boundaries of mineralogy, one of the oldest of the sciences. In that context, this volume fulfils a need defined in the Socrates/Erasmus Programme of the European Union. Sponsorship from the EU in the development of a coordinated European curriculum in mineralogy has been important in bringing this project to fruition, and thus in creating materials for European courses in environmental mineralogy, specifically as an Intensive Programme (lP) which falls at the border between Erasmus CDI and CDA levels.

Abstract “This book, prepared for use with the first SEG / EAGE Distinguished Instructor Short Course, discusses Â"time-lapse seismicÂ" and enables geoscientists to assess the value and risk of this new technology. It covers the rationale and driving forces behind time-lapse seismic by examining the limitations of existing methods of tracking fluid flow between wells. It examines those reservoir properties that change with time and what can be observed on seismic data over elapsed time. The repeatability of seismic data and the use of Â"legacyÂ" data sets are discussed, along with a review of the seismic data acquisition schemes and data processing requirements for time-lapse analysis. The rock-physics foundation for data analysis and interpretation options also are described. A selection of industry case histories illustrates many of these points. The reader will gain an understanding of key success factors, key calibration requirements, and key uncertainties of time-lapse seismic in reservoir management.”

Abstract Since the first beginning of the crystal chemical study of the inorganic compounds, a simple modular approach was developed, by looking at the crystal structures as built up through the assembling of simple polyhedral units. This approach was no only useful for a vivid and insightful description of the complex atomic arrangements of natural and synthetic compounds, but, through the use of simple and powerful rules for assembling polyhedral units, it displayed an extraordinary heuristic power, suggesting reliable models for many complex structural assemblages. The polyhedral approach also laid the basis for meaningful classifications which were applied to all the classes of inorganic compounds.

Abstract Studies of cores from both field and wildcat wells offer the opportunity to interpret subsurface rock sequences and relate them to surface sections, to calibrate mechanical logs with observed lithologies, and to use these data to enhance both field development drilling and wildcat exploration. The cored sequences of detrital rocks described in this core workshop are organized on the basis of depositional models, and presented sequentially down the depositional system through the continental environments to the shoreline zone, and, finally, to the shallow offshore and deeper water environments. Each of the depositional models is treated in separate sections in which diagrams, facies descriptions and terminology are presented that summarize the principal aspects of the model.

Abstract The structure and genetic stratigraphy of the Gulf of Mexico continental margin are inextricably intertwined. As hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation advance into the deeply buried Tertiary basin fill, interpretation of the complex depositional and structural styles of the outer shelf and upper slope setting will increasingly challenge the interpreter. This publication provides a coherent summary of the key concepts, models, and tools that are needed to meet this exploration challenge, and includes chapters on: basic principles, submarine slope systems, models of growth faults, mechanics of diapir growth, petroleum traps, and techniques on analyzing normal faults and balancing cross sections with extended strata.

Abstract Ichnology is a fascinating field of endeavor. As with science in general, it is a process of solving mysteries–in this case, mysteries of fossil behavior. In a very real sense the ichnologist is Sam Spade or Sherlock Holmes–following footprints, searching for traces of dastardly deeds, studying artifacts, attempting to reconstruct a sequence of events from subtle clues, pursuing the identity of someone (or something) long dead. Who was the culprit? What was he/she doing? Where was he/she living, working or going? Not only intellectually intriguing, ichnology also has practical application and economic importance. In today’s frenzied quest for energy and mineral resources, exploration geologists value every tool that aids their search. Ichnologic observations and analyses can help the sedimentologist reconstruct ancient depositional environments, help the stratigrapher correlate sedimentary strata, help the paleontologist determine the nature of fossil communities, and help the geochemist determine the effect of organisms on sediment composition. This publication was written to serve as a comprehensive and intelligible introduction to ichnology for anyone with even rudimentary geologic training, whether or not that person enrolls in a formal course on the subject. The book emphasizes sedimentologic, stratigraphic and paleoecologic al aspects of ichnology.

Abstract In the Rocky Mountains from western Canada to Mexico, Cretaceous rocks are major sources and reservoirs for oil and natural gas, accounting for about 40% of the cumulative production to date. Resources estimates indicate that large amounts of hydrocarbons remain to be discovered in these rocks. The purpose of this volume is to examine the relationship of reservoir quality, resource evaluation, and exploration strategy to depositional environment, thermal maturity, and diagenetic history of Cretaceous rocks in the Rocky Mountain area. Chapters deal with the general characteristics of the Cretaceous Western Interior Basin and seaway, the application of organic geochemistry to hydrocarbon occurrence and exploration, principle aspects of diagenesis that affect reservoir quality and source-rock potential, and the five main depositional facies which can be recognized from west to east across the basin.

Abstract As logging tools and interpretive methods are developing in accuracy and sophistication, they are playing an expanded role in the geological decision–making process. Today, petrophysical log interpretation is one of the most useful and important tools available to a petroleum geologist. Besides their traditional use in exploration to correlate zones and to assist with structure and isopach mapping, logs help define physical rock characteristics such as lithology, porosity, pore geometry, and permeability. Logging data is used to identify productive zones, to determine depth and thickness of zones, to distinguish between oil, gas, or water in a reservoir, and to estimate hydrocarbon reserves. Also, geologic maps developed from log interpretation help with determining facies relationships and drilling locations. As logging tools and interpretive methods are developing in accuracy and sophistication, they are playing an expanded role in the geological decision-making process. Today, petrophysical log interpretation is one of the most useful and important tools available to a petroleum geologist. Besides their traditional use in exploration to correlate zones and to assist with structure and isopach mapping, logs help define physical rock characteristics such as lithology, porosity, pore geometry, and permeability, Logging data is used to identify productive zones, to determine depth and thickness of zones, to distinguish between oil, gas, or water in a reservoir, and to estimate hydrocarbon reserves. Also, geologic maps developed from log interpretation help with determining facies relationships and drilling locations. Of the various types of logs, the ones used most frequently in hydrocarbon exploration are called