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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Afar (1)
-
Cape Verde Islands (1)
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (2)
-
Ethiopia
-
Omo Valley (1)
-
-
Kenya
-
Kenya Rift valley (1)
-
-
Lake Turkana (1)
-
Tanzania
-
Olduvai Gorge (1)
-
-
Turkana Basin (1)
-
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Turkana (1)
-
-
East African Rift (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Namibia (1)
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
Antarctic ice sheet
-
East Antarctic ice sheet (1)
-
West Antarctic ice sheet (1)
-
-
East Antarctica (1)
-
Marie Byrd Land (2)
-
Transantarctic Mountains (2)
-
Victoria Land
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Allan Hills (1)
-
McMurdo dry valleys (1)
-
-
West Antarctica (2)
-
-
Arctic Ocean (2)
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Arctic region
-
Svalbard
-
Spitsbergen
-
Spitsbergen Island (1)
-
-
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Oman (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Guizhou China (1)
-
Hubei China (1)
-
Meishan China (1)
-
Nanpanjiang Basin (1)
-
Yangtze Three Gorges (1)
-
-
Indonesia
-
Sumatra
-
Toba Lake (4)
-
-
-
Japan
-
Honshu
-
Chiba Peninsula (3)
-
Tokyo Bay (1)
-
-
-
Malaysia (1)
-
Philippine Islands
-
Luzon
-
Mount Pinatubo (1)
-
-
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Chhattisgarh India (2)
-
-
Pakistan
-
North-West Frontier Pakistan
-
Peshawar Pakistan (1)
-
-
-
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula
-
Sheveluch (1)
-
-
-
Russian Far East (1)
-
Russian Pacific region (2)
-
Southeast Asia (1)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Goban Spur (1)
-
Labrador Sea (1)
-
North Sea (1)
-
Northeast Atlantic (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Azores (1)
-
Cape Verde Islands (1)
-
Faeroe Islands (2)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
South Australia (1)
-
Victoria Australia (1)
-
-
New Zealand
-
Auckland New Zealand (1)
-
Hawke's Bay New Zealand (1)
-
Marlborough fault system (1)
-
Taranaki New Zealand (1)
-
Taupo volcanic zone (3)
-
Waipaoa River (1)
-
-
-
Avalon Zone (1)
-
Bear Lake (1)
-
Bear River basin (1)
-
Cache Valley (1)
-
Canada
-
Cassiar Mountains (1)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick
-
Saint John County New Brunswick
-
Saint John New Brunswick (1)
-
-
-
-
Quebec (1)
-
-
North Saskatchewan River (1)
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Banff Alberta (1)
-
Banff National Park (5)
-
Calgary Alberta (1)
-
Jasper National Park (2)
-
-
British Columbia
-
Fraser River delta (1)
-
Omineca Mountains (1)
-
Skeena Mountains (1)
-
Vancouver Island (1)
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (5)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
Saskatchewan (7)
-
Yukon Territory
-
Dawson Yukon Territory (1)
-
Klondike (4)
-
Kluane Lake (1)
-
-
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Montserrat Island
-
Soufriere Hills (1)
-
-
Saint Vincent (1)
-
Soufriere (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cascade Range (11)
-
Central America
-
Costa Rica (1)
-
Guatemala (3)
-
Nicaragua (1)
-
-
Central Cordillera (1)
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Channeled Scabland (1)
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Coast Ranges (3)
-
Colorado River (3)
-
Columbia ice field (1)
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula
-
Sheveluch (1)
-
-
-
Russian Far East (1)
-
Russian Pacific region (2)
-
-
Urals (1)
-
-
Copper Canyon (1)
-
Death Valley (3)
-
Espanola Basin (1)
-
Europe
-
Baltic region (1)
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Carpathian Foredeep (1)
-
Carpathians
-
Polish Carpathians (1)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Germany
-
Eifel (2)
-
Rhineland-Palatinate Germany
-
Laacher See (1)
-
Meerfeld crater lake (1)
-
-
Saar-Nahe Basin (1)
-
-
Poland
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Polish Carpathians (1)
-
-
-
Rhenish Schiefergebirge
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Eifel (2)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Italy
-
Apennines
-
Southern Apennines (3)
-
-
Basilicata Italy (1)
-
Calabria Italy (1)
-
Lucania (1)
-
Sicily Italy (1)
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Umbria Italy
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Perugia Italy
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Gubbio Italy (1)
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-
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Paris Basin (2)
-
-
Iceland
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Eyjafjallajokull (1)
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Hekla (1)
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Katla (1)
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-
Ireland (1)
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Scandinavia
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Norway
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Southern Norway (1)
-
-
-
United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
-
London Basin (1)
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Scotland (2)
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-
-
-
-
Glacier Peak (4)
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Glass Mountains (1)
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Grand Canyon (2)
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Granite Mountains (1)
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Green River basin (2)
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Indian Ocean
-
Bay of Bengal (1)
-
-
Lake Mead (1)
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Long Valley (1)
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Meade Basin (1)
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Mediterranean region (2)
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Mediterranean Sea (1)
-
Mexico
-
Chiapas Mexico (1)
-
Mexico state
-
Federal District Mexico
-
Mexico City Mexico (1)
-
-
Nevado de Toluca (3)
-
-
Popocatepetl (2)
-
Trans-Mexican volcanic belt (1)
-
-
Mohawk Valley (1)
-
Mount Baker (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (1)
-
Appalachians
-
Central Appalachians (1)
-
-
Basin and Range Province
-
Great Basin (2)
-
-
Glacier National Park (2)
-
Great Lakes region (1)
-
Great Plains
-
Southern Great Plains (1)
-
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
-
Rio Grande Rift (3)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (5)
-
Central Rocky Mountains (1)
-
Northern Rocky Mountains (1)
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
San Juan Mountains (1)
-
Wind River Range (1)
-
-
-
Saint Elias Mountains (1)
-
Saint Lawrence Lowlands (1)
-
Yukon River (1)
-
Yukon-Tanana Upland (1)
-
-
North Island (11)
-
Northern Hemisphere (2)
-
Old Crow Basin (1)
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Gulf of Alaska (1)
-
Middle America Trench (1)
-
-
-
Equatorial Pacific (2)
-
North Pacific
-
Bering Sea (1)
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Gulf of Alaska (1)
-
Middle America Trench (1)
-
-
Northwest Pacific
-
South China Sea (3)
-
-
-
South Pacific (1)
-
West Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
South China Sea (3)
-
-
-
-
Puna (1)
-
Red Sea region (1)
-
Rio Grande (2)
-
Ruby Mountains (1)
-
San Andreas Fault (2)
-
San Juan Basin (1)
-
Sierra Nevada (6)
-
South America
-
Amazon Basin (1)
-
Andes
-
Central Andes (2)
-
Eastern Cordillera (1)
-
-
Argentina
-
Mendoza Argentina (1)
-
-
Colombia
-
Magdalena Valley (1)
-
-
Peru (2)
-
-
South Island (1)
-
Southern Ocean
-
Ross Sea (2)
-
-
United States
-
Alaska
-
Alaska Peninsula (2)
-
Aleutian Islands (3)
-
Brooks Range (1)
-
Fairbanks Alaska (2)
-
Fairbanks District (1)
-
Katmai (1)
-
Kenai Peninsula (4)
-
Kenai Quadrangle (1)
-
Novarupta (1)
-
Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (1)
-
-
Albuquerque Basin (1)
-
Arizona
-
Coconino County Arizona (1)
-
Mohave County Arizona (3)
-
Yuma County Arizona (1)
-
-
California
-
Central California (1)
-
Contra Costa County California (1)
-
Inyo County California (1)
-
Kern County California (1)
-
Lassen County California (1)
-
Mono County California
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Inyo Domes (1)
-
Mono Basin (1)
-
Mono Craters (3)
-
Mono Lake (1)
-
-
Nevada County California (1)
-
Northern California (5)
-
Plumas County California (1)
-
San Bernardino County California (2)
-
San Francisco Bay region (3)
-
Santa Barbara County California
-
Lompoc California (1)
-
-
Santa Ynez Mountains (1)
-
Shasta County California
-
Lassen Peak (1)
-
-
Siskiyou County California (1)
-
Sonoma County California (1)
-
Southern California (5)
-
Ventura Basin (1)
-
Ventura County California (1)
-
-
Colorado
-
Gunnison River (2)
-
-
Colorado Plateau (3)
-
Columbia Plateau (2)
-
Eastern California shear zone (1)
-
Great Basin (2)
-
Idaho
-
Adams County Idaho (1)
-
Bannock Range (1)
-
Bear Lake County Idaho (1)
-
Fremont County Idaho (1)
-
Snake River plain (4)
-
Washington County Idaho (1)
-
-
Iowa (1)
-
Kansas
-
Meade County Kansas (1)
-
Seward County Kansas (1)
-
-
Kentucky (1)
-
Michigan (1)
-
Midcontinent (1)
-
Minnesota (1)
-
Mississippi Valley
-
Upper Mississippi Valley (1)
-
-
Mojave Desert (2)
-
Montana
-
Flathead County Montana (2)
-
Glacier County Montana (1)
-
-
Nebraska (1)
-
Nevada
-
Churchill County Nevada (1)
-
Elko County Nevada
-
East Humboldt Range (1)
-
Pequop Mountains (1)
-
-
Esmeralda County Nevada
-
Silver Peak Mountains (1)
-
-
Lander County Nevada (1)
-
Mineral County Nevada (1)
-
Shoshone Mountains (1)
-
Toiyabe Range (1)
-
Washoe County Nevada
-
Reno Nevada (1)
-
-
-
New Mexico
-
Datil-Mogollon volcanic field (1)
-
Jemez Mountains (2)
-
San Juan County New Mexico (1)
-
Sandoval County New Mexico (2)
-
Santa Fe County New Mexico (1)
-
Valles Caldera (2)
-
-
New York (2)
-
Ohio (1)
-
Oregon
-
Baker County Oregon (1)
-
Deschutes County Oregon
-
Newberry Volcano (1)
-
-
Lake County Oregon (2)
-
Lane County Oregon (1)
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Wallowa County Oregon (1)
-
-
Pennsylvania (1)
-
Southwestern U.S. (2)
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Tennessee (1)
-
Texas (3)
-
Trans-Pecos (1)
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
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San Juan Mountains (1)
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Wind River Range (1)
-
-
Uncompahgre Uplift (1)
-
Utah
-
Box Elder County Utah (1)
-
Grand County Utah (1)
-
Juab County Utah (1)
-
Kane County Utah (1)
-
Millard County Utah (1)
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Rich County Utah (1)
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Tooele County Utah (1)
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Washington County Utah (1)
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Virginia (1)
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Walker Lane (2)
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Washington
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Adams County Washington (1)
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Chelan County Washington (1)
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Douglas County Washington (1)
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King County Washington (1)
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Lewis County Washington (1)
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Pierce County Washington (1)
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Skamania County Washington
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Mount Saint Helens (6)
-
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Snohomish County Washington (4)
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Stevens County Washington (1)
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Toutle River (1)
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Walla Walla County Washington (1)
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Whatcom County Washington (2)
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Yakima County Washington (1)
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West Virginia (1)
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Western U.S. (7)
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Wisconsin (1)
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Wyoming
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Fremont County Wyoming (2)
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Natrona County Wyoming (1)
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Park County Wyoming (1)
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Sweetwater County Wyoming (3)
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Teton County Wyoming
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Jackson Hole (1)
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Wind River Range (1)
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Yellowstone National Park (1)
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Walker Lake (1)
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Wind River basin (1)
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commodities
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bentonite deposits (1)
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metal ores
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mineral deposits, genesis (1)
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petroleum (1)
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zircon deposits (1)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (13)
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C-14 (49)
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C-14/C-12 (1)
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organic carbon (1)
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halogens
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chlorine
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Cl-36 (2)
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isotope ratios (16)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Al-26 (2)
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Be-10 (4)
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C-14 (49)
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C-14/C-12 (1)
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Cl-36 (2)
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Cs-137 (2)
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Pb-210 (3)
-
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stable isotopes
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Ar-40 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (13)
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C-14/C-12 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (9)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (3)
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metals
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actinides
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thorium (1)
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uranium (2)
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-
alkali metals
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cesium
-
Cs-137 (2)
-
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (4)
-
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
-
-
aluminum
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Al-26 (2)
-
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lead
-
Pb-210 (3)
-
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rare earths
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europium (1)
-
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titanium (1)
-
-
noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40 (1)
-
-
-
oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (9)
-
-
-
fossils
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces (1)
-
Tetrapoda
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Mammalia
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Theria
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Eutheria
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Perissodactyla
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Hippomorpha
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Equidae (1)
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-
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Primates
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Hominidae
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Australopithecinae
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Australopithecus (1)
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Homo
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Homo sapiens (1)
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-
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simians (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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dinosaurs (1)
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-
-
-
-
-
-
cyanobacteria (3)
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Graptolithina (2)
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ichnofossils (1)
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Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Ostracoda (1)
-
-
Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Coleoptera (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (2)
-
Mollusca
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Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea (1)
-
-
Gastropoda (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globigerinidae
-
Globigerina
-
Globigerina bulloides (1)
-
-
Globigerinoides
-
Globigerinoides ruber (2)
-
-
-
Globorotaliidae
-
Globorotalia
-
Globorotalia inflata (1)
-
-
-
Neogloboquadrina
-
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (3)
-
-
-
microfossils
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Chitinozoa (1)
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Conodonta (5)
-
problematic microfossils (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (2)
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Chitinozoa (1)
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Dinoflagellata (1)
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miospores
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pollen (8)
-
-
-
Plantae
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algae
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diatoms (10)
-
nannofossils
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Discoasteridae (1)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (1)
-
-
thallophytes (2)
-
-
geochronology methods
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Ar/Ar (51)
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exposure age (2)
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fission-track dating (23)
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hydration of glass (1)
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infrared stimulated luminescence (1)
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K/Ar (9)
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lichenometry (2)
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optically stimulated luminescence (1)
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paleomagnetism (37)
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tephrochronology (258)
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U/Pb (15)
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uranium disequilibrium (2)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Blancan (2)
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Koobi Fora Formation (3)
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Omo Group (2)
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Quaternary
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Cordilleran ice sheet (2)
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Holocene
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lower Holocene (5)
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middle Holocene (2)
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Neoglacial
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Little Ice Age (1)
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upper Holocene
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Little Ice Age (1)
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Kazusa Group (1)
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Mazama Ash (9)
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Pleistocene
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Bandelier Tuff (1)
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Bishop Tuff (2)
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Lake Missoula (1)
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lower Pleistocene (3)
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Matuyama Chron (3)
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middle Pleistocene (5)
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Old Crow Tephra (4)
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Shimosa Group (1)
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upper Pleistocene
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Rancholabrean (1)
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Weichselian
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upper Weichselian
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Younger Dryas (5)
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Wisconsinan
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upper Wisconsinan (4)
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-
-
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upper Quaternary
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Brunhes Chron (4)
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Bull Lake Glaciation (1)
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Pinedale Glaciation (1)
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Shungura Formation (2)
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Sierra Ladrones Formation (2)
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Tertiary
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Catahoula Formation (1)
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middle Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
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Hemphillian (2)
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Miocene
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Clarendonian (2)
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lower Miocene (1)
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middle Miocene
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Badenian (1)
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Luisian (1)
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Mohnian (1)
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Peach Springs Tuff (3)
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upper Miocene
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Modelo Formation (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene
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Hadar Formation (1)
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lower Pliocene (1)
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upper Pliocene (11)
-
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Salt Lake Formation (1)
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upper Neogene (3)
-
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Paleogene
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Eocene
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Bridgerian (2)
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Green River Formation (3)
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lower Eocene
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Sparnacian (1)
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Wasatchian (2)
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upper Eocene (1)
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Wilkins Peak Member (2)
-
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lower Paleogene (1)
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Oligocene (2)
-
Paleocene
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lower Paleocene (1)
-
-
-
upper Tertiary (1)
-
-
upper Cenozoic (12)
-
-
Lake Bonneville (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Coniacian (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (1)
-
Kirtland Shale (1)
-
Maestrichtian (1)
-
Senonian (2)
-
Turonian (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Carmel Formation (1)
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bajocian (1)
-
Bathonian (1)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (4)
-
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (1)
-
Norian (1)
-
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Brigham Group (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Tommotian (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Kasimovian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian (1)
-
Middle Devonian
-
Columbus Limestone (1)
-
Delaware Limestone (1)
-
Detroit River Group (1)
-
Dundee Limestone (1)
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (1)
-
Onondaga Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Ordovician
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Dolgeville Formation (1)
-
Galena Dolomite (1)
-
Platteville Formation (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Caradocian (1)
-
Cincinnatian (1)
-
Edenian (1)
-
Mohawkian (1)
-
Trentonian (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (4)
-
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Wenlock
-
Homerian (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Precambrian
-
Chuar Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic (2)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
Marinoan (2)
-
Otavi Group (1)
-
Sturtian (1)
-
-
Sinian
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
-
Windermere System (1)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites (3)
-
basalts (1)
-
dacites (1)
-
glasses
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palagonite (1)
-
volcanic glass (21)
-
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (8)
-
ignimbrite (7)
-
pumice (20)
-
rhyolite tuff (3)
-
scoria (1)
-
tuff (29)
-
welded tuff (2)
-
-
rhyolites (4)
-
-
-
volcanic ash (46)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (4)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
mylonites (1)
-
-
-
meteorites
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meteorites
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micrometeorites (1)
-
-
-
minerals
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carbonates (2)
-
halides
-
chlorides
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halite (2)
-
-
-
K-bentonite (4)
-
minerals (2)
-
oxides
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magnetite (3)
-
-
phosphates
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apatite (5)
-
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
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pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
sanidine (11)
-
-
plagioclase (3)
-
-
silica minerals
-
opal
-
opal-A (1)
-
-
quartz (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
zircon group
-
zircon (21)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
clay minerals
-
halloysite (1)
-
kaolinite (1)
-
-
mica group
-
biotite (7)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
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alunite (1)
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anhydrite (1)
-
gypsum (2)
-
-
-
Primary terms
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absolute age (117)
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Africa
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Afar (1)
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Cape Verde Islands (1)
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East Africa
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Afar Depression (2)
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Ethiopia
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Kenya
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Kenya Rift valley (1)
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Lake Turkana (1)
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Tanzania
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Turkana Basin (1)
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East African Lakes
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East African Rift (1)
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Southern Africa
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Namibia (1)
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-
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Antarctica
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Antarctic ice sheet
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East Antarctica (1)
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Marie Byrd Land (2)
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Allan Hills (1)
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McMurdo dry valleys (1)
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West Antarctica (2)
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Arctic Ocean (2)
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Svalbard
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Asia
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Oman (1)
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Far East
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China
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Yangtze Three Gorges (1)
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Indonesia
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Sumatra
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Toba Lake (4)
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-
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Japan
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Honshu
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Chiba Peninsula (3)
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Tokyo Bay (1)
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-
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Malaysia (1)
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Philippine Islands
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Luzon
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Mount Pinatubo (1)
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-
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-
Indian Peninsula
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India
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Chhattisgarh India (2)
-
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Pakistan
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North-West Frontier Pakistan
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Peshawar Pakistan (1)
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-
-
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Kamchatka Peninsula
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Sheveluch (1)
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-
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Russian Far East (1)
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Russian Pacific region (2)
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Goban Spur (1)
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North Sea (1)
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Northeast Atlantic (1)
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-
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Azores (1)
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Cape Verde Islands (1)
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Faeroe Islands (2)
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-
atmosphere (3)
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Australasia
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Australia
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Victoria Australia (1)
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New Zealand
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Hawke's Bay New Zealand (1)
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Marlborough fault system (1)
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Taranaki New Zealand (1)
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Taupo volcanic zone (3)
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Waipaoa River (1)
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-
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bentonite deposits (1)
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biogeography (2)
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Canada
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Cassiar Mountains (1)
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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New Brunswick
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Saint John County New Brunswick
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Saint John New Brunswick (1)
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-
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Quebec (1)
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North Saskatchewan River (1)
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Western Canada
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Alberta
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British Columbia
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Fraser River delta (1)
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Vancouver Island (1)
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Canadian Cordillera (1)
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Canadian Rocky Mountains (5)
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Northwest Territories (1)
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Saskatchewan (7)
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Yukon Territory
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Dawson Yukon Territory (1)
-
Klondike (4)
-
Kluane Lake (1)
-
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (13)
-
C-14 (49)
-
C-14/C-12 (1)
-
organic carbon (1)
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Montserrat Island
-
Soufriere Hills (1)
-
-
Saint Vincent (1)
-
Soufriere (1)
-
-
-
-
-
catalogs (1)
-
Cenozoic
-
Blancan (2)
-
Koobi Fora Formation (3)
-
Omo Group (2)
-
Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (2)
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (5)
-
middle Holocene (2)
-
Neoglacial
-
Little Ice Age (1)
-
-
upper Holocene
-
Little Ice Age (1)
-
-
-
Kazusa Group (1)
-
Mazama Ash (9)
-
Pleistocene
-
Bandelier Tuff (1)
-
Bishop Tuff (2)
-
Irvingtonian (4)
-
Lake Missoula (1)
-
lower Pleistocene (3)
-
Matuyama Chron (3)
-
middle Pleistocene (5)
-
Old Crow Tephra (4)
-
Shimosa Group (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Rancholabrean (1)
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Younger Dryas (5)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (4)
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (4)
-
Bull Lake Glaciation (1)
-
Pinedale Glaciation (1)
-
-
-
Shungura Formation (2)
-
Sierra Ladrones Formation (2)
-
Tertiary
-
Catahoula Formation (1)
-
middle Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
-
Hemphillian (2)
-
Miocene
-
Clarendonian (2)
-
lower Miocene (1)
-
middle Miocene
-
Badenian (1)
-
Luisian (1)
-
-
Mohnian (1)
-
Peach Springs Tuff (3)
-
upper Miocene
-
Modelo Formation (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
Hadar Formation (1)
-
lower Pliocene (1)
-
upper Pliocene (11)
-
-
Salt Lake Formation (1)
-
upper Neogene (3)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Bridgerian (2)
-
Green River Formation (3)
-
lower Eocene
-
Sparnacian (1)
-
Wasatchian (2)
-
-
upper Eocene (1)
-
Wilkins Peak Member (2)
-
-
lower Paleogene (1)
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Oligocene (2)
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene (1)
-
-
-
upper Tertiary (1)
-
-
upper Cenozoic (12)
-
-
Central America
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Costa Rica (1)
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Guatemala (3)
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Nicaragua (1)
-
-
Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces (1)
-
Tetrapoda
-
Mammalia
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Perissodactyla
-
Hippomorpha
-
Equidae (1)
-
-
-
Primates
-
Hominidae
-
Australopithecinae
-
Australopithecus (1)
-
-
Homo
-
Homo sapiens (1)
-
-
-
simians (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
dinosaurs (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (1)
-
climate change (15)
-
continental drift (2)
-
crust (2)
-
crystal growth (1)
-
data processing (2)
-
Deep Sea Drilling Project
-
IPOD
-
Leg 80
-
DSDP Site 550 (1)
-
-
-
Leg 18
-
DSDP Site 173 (1)
-
DSDP Site 178 (1)
-
-
-
deformation (2)
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diagenesis (1)
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earthquakes (8)
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economic geology (1)
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environmental geology (2)
-
Europe
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Baltic region (1)
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Carpathian Foredeep (1)
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Carpathians
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Polish Carpathians (1)
-
-
Central Europe
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Germany
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Eifel (2)
-
Rhineland-Palatinate Germany
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Laacher See (1)
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Meerfeld crater lake (1)
-
-
Saar-Nahe Basin (1)
-
-
Poland
-
Polish Carpathians (1)
-
-
-
Rhenish Schiefergebirge
-
Eifel (2)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Italy
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Apennines
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Southern Apennines (3)
-
-
Basilicata Italy (1)
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Calabria Italy (1)
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Lucania (1)
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Sicily Italy (1)
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Umbria Italy
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Perugia Italy
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Gubbio Italy (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Western Europe
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France
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Paris Basin (2)
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-
Iceland
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Eyjafjallajokull (1)
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Hekla (1)
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Katla (1)
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Vatnajokull (1)
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Ireland (1)
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Scandinavia
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Norway
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Southern Norway (1)
-
-
-
United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
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London Basin (1)
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Scotland (2)
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-
-
-
-
faults (21)
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folds (2)
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foliation (1)
-
geochemistry (34)
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geochronology (127)
-
geomorphology (15)
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geophysical methods (1)
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glacial geology (18)
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Graptolithina (2)
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ground water (2)
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ichnofossils (1)
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igneous rocks
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volcanic rocks
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andesites (3)
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basalts (1)
-
dacites (1)
-
glasses
-
palagonite (1)
-
volcanic glass (21)
-
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (8)
-
ignimbrite (7)
-
pumice (20)
-
rhyolite tuff (3)
-
scoria (1)
-
tuff (29)
-
welded tuff (2)
-
-
rhyolites (4)
-
-
-
inclusions (1)
-
Indian Ocean
-
Bay of Bengal (1)
-
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Ostracoda (1)
-
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
-
Endopterygota
-
Coleoptera (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (2)
-
Mollusca
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea (1)
-
-
Gastropoda (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globigerinidae
-
Globigerina
-
Globigerina bulloides (1)
-
-
Globigerinoides
-
Globigerinoides ruber (2)
-
-
-
Globorotaliidae
-
Globorotalia
-
Globorotalia inflata (1)
-
-
-
Neogloboquadrina
-
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (3)
-
-
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Al-26 (2)
-
Be-10 (4)
-
C-14 (49)
-
C-14/C-12 (1)
-
Cl-36 (2)
-
Cs-137 (2)
-
Pb-210 (3)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-40 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (13)
-
C-14/C-12 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (9)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
-
-
lava (7)
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lineation (1)
-
magmas (6)
-
maps (1)
-
Mediterranean region (2)
-
Mediterranean Sea (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Coniacian (1)
-
Ferron Sandstone Member (1)
-
Kirtland Shale (1)
-
Maestrichtian (1)
-
Senonian (2)
-
Turonian (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Carmel Formation (1)
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bajocian (1)
-
Bathonian (1)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (4)
-
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (1)
-
Norian (1)
-
-
-
-
metal ores
-
gold ores (2)
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
thorium (1)
-
uranium (2)
-
-
alkali metals
-
cesium
-
Cs-137 (2)
-
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (4)
-
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (2)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-210 (3)
-
-
rare earths
-
europium (1)
-
-
titanium (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
mylonites (1)
-
-
metasomatism (2)
-
meteorites
-
micrometeorites (1)
-
-
Mexico
-
Chiapas Mexico (1)
-
Mexico state
-
Federal District Mexico
-
Mexico City Mexico (1)
-
-
Nevado de Toluca (3)
-
-
Popocatepetl (2)
-
Trans-Mexican volcanic belt (1)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (1)
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mineralogy (1)
-
minerals (2)
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40 (1)
-
-
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (1)
-
Appalachians
-
Central Appalachians (1)
-
-
Basin and Range Province
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Great Basin (2)
-
-
Glacier National Park (2)
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Great Lakes region (1)
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Great Plains
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Southern Great Plains (1)
-
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
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North American Cordillera
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Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
-
Rio Grande Rift (3)
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Rocky Mountains
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Canadian Rocky Mountains (5)
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Central Rocky Mountains (1)
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Northern Rocky Mountains (1)
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
San Juan Mountains (1)
-
Wind River Range (1)
-
-
-
Saint Elias Mountains (1)
-
Saint Lawrence Lowlands (1)
-
Yukon River (1)
-
Yukon-Tanana Upland (1)
-
-
Northern Hemisphere (2)
-
ocean circulation (2)
-
Ocean Drilling Program
-
Leg 121
-
ODP Site 758 (1)
-
-
Leg 184
-
ODP Site 1143 (1)
-
-
-
ocean floors (1)
-
oceanography (2)
-
orogeny (1)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (9)
-
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Gulf of Alaska (1)
-
Middle America Trench (1)
-
-
-
Equatorial Pacific (2)
-
North Pacific
-
Bering Sea (1)
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Gulf of Alaska (1)
-
Middle America Trench (1)
-
-
Northwest Pacific
-
South China Sea (3)
-
-
-
South Pacific (1)
-
West Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
South China Sea (3)
-
-
-
-
paleoclimatology (39)
-
paleoecology (18)
-
paleogeography (18)
-
paleomagnetism (37)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Brigham Group (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Tommotian (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Kasimovian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian (1)
-
Middle Devonian
-
Columbus Limestone (1)
-
Delaware Limestone (1)
-
Detroit River Group (1)
-
Dundee Limestone (1)
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (1)
-
Onondaga Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Ordovician
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Dolgeville Formation (1)
-
Galena Dolomite (1)
-
Platteville Formation (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Caradocian (1)
-
Cincinnatian (1)
-
Edenian (1)
-
Mohawkian (1)
-
Trentonian (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (4)
-
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Wenlock
-
Homerian (1)
-
-
-
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (2)
-
Chitinozoa (1)
-
Dinoflagellata (1)
-
miospores
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pollen (8)
-
-
-
permafrost (1)
-
petroleum (1)
-
petrology (4)
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
diatoms (10)
-
nannofossils
-
Discoasteridae (1)
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (10)
-
Precambrian
-
Chuar Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic (2)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
Marinoan (2)
-
Otavi Group (1)
-
Sturtian (1)
-
-
Sinian
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
-
Windermere System (1)
-
-
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
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tephrochronology
Dissecting 20 million years of deep-water forearc sediment routing using an integrated basin-wide Bayesian chronostratigraphic framework
Abstract The study of Ordovician tephras yields a wealth of valuable information about regional tectonism, sedimentation, stratigraphic correlation, and process rates. As such, these layers are prized by geologists and are the subject of a rich literature. Ordovician tephra studies were pioneering, particularly in the development of chemical fingerprinting to improve precision in tephrochronology. Modern radioisotope geochronology utilizes zircons and other phenocrysts from these layers to generate eruption ages with uncertainty on the order of a hundred thousand years. When integrated with biostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy and astrochronology, tephra ages provide an unparalleled opportunity to constrain process rates. Fifty such Ordovician tephra ages have been published over the last decade from U–Pb analysis of individual zircon phenocrysts, providing geochronological coverage across all stages of the Ordovician. Laurentia dominates this coverage (24) followed by the Baltic Basin (12), North Gondwana (11), Cuyania (four) and the Siberian Tungus Basin (one). Future tephra studies should seek to fill the numerous remaining gaps in the Ordovician time scale.
Tephra layers in the marine environment: a review of properties and emplacement processes
Abstract This review focuses on the recognition of volcanic ash occurrences in marine sediment cores and on using their appearance and properties to deduce their origin. Widespread marine tephra layers are important marker horizons for both volcanological as well as general geological investigations. We describe ash detection by visual inspection and logging of sediment cores. Ash layer structure and texture, particle morphologies and lithological compositions of primary volcanic deposits are summarized and processes modifying them are discussed, both natural processes acting on and in the seafloor, i.e. erosion and bioturbation, and anthropogenic modifications during drilling/coring and core preparation. We discuss primary emplacement processes of marine fall and flow tephra deposits derived from either subaerial or submarine sources in order to identify distinguishing properties. We also elaborate on processes generating secondary, resedimented volcaniclastic layers such as submarine landslides and shelf erosion as well as fluvial input and ice-rafting, and how they can be distinguished from primary volcaniclastic deposits, which is essential in tephrostratigraphy. Finally, methods of tephra correlation between cores and on-land deposits/volcanoes are illustrated because they allow us to extend the 1D information from single cores to 3D distribution and facies changes of tephras and to bridge the land–sea gap.
Using Radiometric Dating, Magnetostratigraphy, and Tephrostratigraphy to Calibrate Rates of Hominin Evolution in the East African Rift
Relationship of organic carbon deposition in the Monterey Formation to the Monterey excursion event based on an updated chronostratigraphic framework of the Naples Beach section, California
ABSTRACT The Monterey Formation, consisting of siliceous and calcareous biogenic sediments, was deposited during the transition from a relatively warm greenhouse climate in the early Miocene to the cooler temperatures of icehouse climatic conditions during the early middle to late Miocene. This cooling event was associated with global paleoclimatic and oceanic changes assumed to be related to the deposition of organic carbon–rich sediments into the marginal basins of California. This chapter introduces an age model for the Miocene strata at Naples Beach based on a composite stratigraphic section and standardized data set, providing the framework for the integration of biostratigraphic zones with a series of astronomically tuned siliceous and calcareous microfossil bioevents, an updated strontium isotope stratigraphy, new tephrochronology ages, and ages from specific magnetostratigraphic units. This multidisciplinary approach, utilizing the integration of microfossil disciplines with independent age controls, is critical to obtaining an age resolution of ~200 k.y. for the majority of the Monterey Formation section. This chronostratigraphic framework improves the age control of the boundaries between the California benthic foraminiferal stages and provides more age refinement for the possible hiatus and condensed interval within the Carbonaceous Marl member of the Monterey Formation. The recalibrated ages for the tops of the Miocene benthic foraminiferal stages are Saucesian (ca. 17.4 Ma), Relizian (15.9 Ma), Luisian (13.1 Ma), and Mohnian (7.7 Ma). Also, the time missing in the hiatus between the Luisian and Mohnian is <200 k.y., and the duration of the condensed interval is from 13.0 to 11 Ma. This refined age model provides a correlation of the organic carbon–rich intervals occurring in the Luisian and lower Mohnian stages within the Naples Beach strata to the deep-sea δ 13 C maxima events CM5 (ca. 14.7 Ma) and CM6 (ca. 13.6 Ma), suggesting episodic increases in organic carbon deposition along the continental margins coincided with the Miocene carbon isotope excursion found in deep-sea cores. The transition from the Miocene climatic optimum to the icehouse world consisted of four climatic and oceanic phases (from ca. 17.5 to ca. 7 Ma), which are represented in the onshore section by variations in the organic carbon and phosphate contents, the occurrence of calcareous and siliceous lithologic facies, and the distribution of microfossils, especially changes in the benthic foraminiferal assemblages.
ABSTRACT Tuff beds (volcanic ash beds and tuffs) have been known in the Miocene Monterey and Modelo Formations since they were initially described nearly 100 yr ago. Yet, these tephra layers have remained largely ignored. The ages and correlation of the Monterey and Modelo Formations are predominantly based on associated biostratigraphy. Here, we combined tephrochronology and biostratigraphy to provide more precise numerical age control for eight sedimentary sequences of the Monterey and Modelo Formations from Monterey County to Orange County in California. We correlated 38 tephra beds in the Monterey and Modelo Formations to 26 different dated tephra layers found mainly in nonmarine sequences in Nevada, Idaho, and New Mexico. We also present geochemical data for an additional 19 tephra layers in the Monterey and Modelo Formations, for which there are no known correlative tephra layers, and geochemical data for another 11 previously uncharacterized tephra layers in other areas of western North America. Correlated tephra layers range in age from 16 to 7 Ma; 31 tephra layers erupted from volcanic centers of the Snake River Plain, northern Nevada to eastern Idaho; 13 other tephra layers erupted from the Southern Nevada volcanic field; and the eruptive source is unknown for 12 other tephra layers. These tephra layers provide new time-stratigraphic markers for the Monterey and Modelo Formations and for other marine and nonmarine sequences in western North America. We identified tephra deposits of four supereruptions as much as 1200 km from the eruptive sources: Rainier Mesa (Southern Nevada volcanic field) and Cougar Point Tuff XI, Cougar Point Tuff XIII, and McMullen Creek (all Snake River Plain).
ABSTRACT We present a tephrochronologic/chronostratigraphic database for the Mount Diablo area and greater San Francisco Bay region that provides a spatial and temporal framework for geologic studies in the region, including stratigraphy, paleogeography, tectonics, quantification of earth surface processes, recurrence of natural hazards, and climate change. We identified and correlated 34 tephra layers within this region using the chemical composition of their volcanic glasses, stratigraphic sequence, and isotopic and other dating techniques. Tephra layers range in age from ca. 65 ka to ca. 29 Ma, as determined by direct radiometric techniques or by correlation to sites where they have been dated. The tephra layers are of Quaternary or Neogene age except for two that are of Oligocene age. We correlated the tephra layers among numerous sites throughout northern California. Source areas of the tephra layers are the Snake River–Yellowstone hotspot trend of northern Nevada, southern Idaho, and western Wyoming; the Nevadaplano caldera complex of central Nevada; the Jemez Mountains–Valles Caldera in northwestern New Mexico; the Southern Nevada volcanic field and related source areas in eastern California and west-central Nevada; the Quien Sabe–Sonoma volcanic centers of the California Coast Ranges; and the young Cascade Range volcanic centers of northeastern California and Oregon.
ABSTRACT We used geologic mapping, tephrochronology, and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating to describe evidence of a ca. 3.5 Ma pluvial lake in Eureka Valley, eastern California, that we informally name herein Lake Andrei. We identified six different tuffs in the Eureka Valley drainage basin, including two previously undescribed tuffs: the 3.509 ± 0.009 Ma tuff of Hanging Rock Canyon and the 3.506 ± 0.010 Ma tuff of Last Chance (informal names). We focused on four Pliocene stratigraphic sequences. Three sequences are composed of fluvial sandstone and conglomerate, with basalt flows in two of these sequences. The fourth sequence, located ~1.5 km south of the Death Valley/Big Pine Road along the western piedmont of the Last Chance Range, included green, fine-grained, gypsiferous lacustrine deposits interbedded with the 3.506 Ma tuff of Last Chance that we interpret as evidence of a pluvial lake. Pluvial Lake Andrei is similar in age to pluvial lakes in Searles Valley, Amargosa Valley, Fish Lake Valley, and Death Valley of the western Great Basin. We interpret these simultaneous lakes in the region as indirect evidence of a significant glacial climate in western North America during marine isotope stages Mammoth/Gilbert 5 to Mammoth 2 (MIS MG5/M2) and a persistent Pacific jet stream south of 37°N.
Chemical and petrographic fingerprinting of volcanic ashes as a tool for high-resolution stratigraphy of the upper Miocene Pisco Formation (Peru)
Late Neogene–Quaternary tephrochronology, stratigraphy, and paleoclimate of Death Valley, California, USA
Middle Miocene to Holocene tectonics, basin evolution, and paleogeography along the southern margin of the Snake River Plain in the Knoll Mountain–Ruby–East Humboldt Range region, northeastern Nevada and south-central Idaho
High-precision time-space correlation through coupled apatite and zircon tephrochronology: An example from the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China
ABSTRACT The rich Quaternary history of the Pacific Northwest showcases the important linkages between multiple geologic processes that have shaped its sedimentology and geomorphology. This field trip in eastern Washington explores the evolution of landforms that developed within the Palouse and the Channeled Scabland—geomorphically distinctive areas that were indirectly and directly influenced by multiple Quaternary glacial outburst megafloods. These floods produced expansive fine-grained sediments that were subsequently remobilized by the wind to generate sand dunes, sand sheets, and the thick loess of the Palouse. Landforms and deposits that date from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) include dramatically eroded scab-land features, coarse-to fine-grained flood slackwater deposits, sand dunes, loess, and paleosols. Sedimentary, paleopedologic, and geomorphic evidence for similar magnitude glacial outburst megafloods and loess accumulation that are related to the penultimate glaciation, during oxygen isotope stage 4, is recorded in several loess outcrops. This field trip traces the windblown sediments from source to sink and particularly focuses on Eureka Flat—the engine of the Palouse loess—and well-studied sections of thick loess farther downwind. A rich paleoclimate record is emerging from the loess stratigraphy and paleosols based on luminescence ages, tephrochronology, and paleoecologic analyses.
The Contessa Valley and the Bottaccione Gorge located close to Gubbio (central Italy) include some of the most complete successions of Paleogene sediments known from the Tethyan realm. Owing to the continuous deposition in a pelagic setting, a rather modest tectonic overprint, and the availability of excellent age control through magnetostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, and tephrostratigraphy, and direct radioisotopic dates from interbedded volcaniclastic layers, these sediments have played a prominent role in the establishment of standard Paleogene time scales. We present here a complete and well-preserved Paleogene pelagic composite succession of the Gubbio area that provides the means for a more accurate and precise calibration of the Paleogene time scale. As a necessary step toward the compilation of a more robust database on a wide scale so to improve the magnetostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, and chronostratigraphic framework of the classical Tethyan zonations, enabling regional and supraregional correlations, we have constructed a record of reliable Paleogene planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossil, and dinocyst biohorizons commonly used in tropical to subtropical Cenozoic zonations. In addition, an age model is provided for the Paleogene pelagic composite succession based on magnetostratigraphy, planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, and dinocysts that contributes to an integrated chronology for the Paleogene Tethyan sediments from 66 to 23 Ma.