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tailings ponds
Mitigation of Mining Effects on the Environment
Experimental Study on Failure Model of Tailing Dam Overtopping under Heavy Rainfall
Abstract Mining operations disturb the natural hydrological cycle at a local scale by creating new pathways for water flow and conveying large amounts of water, both for use in ore beneficiation and through the dewatering of mining workings. Sulfide minerals exposed to water and oxygen are oxidized through chemical and microbial-enhanced reactions, significantly altering the quality of water (acid mine drainage). Stable isotopes may reveal important information concerning water origin and transfer, as well as chemical processes and solute fluxes within the aqueous environment. Several case studies illustrate the use of stable isotope techniques for clarifying aspects related to water circulation in mining areas within Romania and Finland. Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes coupled with total dissolved solids have been used to characterize mine water and for assessing water sources, flow paths and mixing processes at some Romanian mining sites. At Talvivaara mine in Finland, water isotopes and chemical composition were used to determine the extent of waste water contamination in groundwater systems after a leakage at gypsum ponds.
Natural organic matter from the dispersion train of gold sulfide tailings: group composition and fractionation of elements: case study of Ursk Tailings, Kemerovo Region, Siberia
Laterite as a Potential Seepage Barrier From a Karst-Depression Tailings Impoundment
Chapter 13 Hazards associated with mining and mineral exploitation in Cornwall and Devon, SW England
Abstract The largest UNESCO World Heritage Site in the UK is found in Cornwall and west Devon, and its designation is based specifically on its heritage for metalliferous mining, especially tin, copper and arsenic. With a history of over 2000 years of mining, SW England is exceptional in the nature and extent of its mining landscape. The mining for metallic ores, and more recently for kaolin, is a function of the distinctive geology of the region. The mining hazards that are encountered in areas of metallic mines are a function of: the Paleozoic rocks; the predominant steeply dipping nature of mineral veins and consequent shaft mining; the great depth and complexity of some of the mines; the waste derived from processing metallic ores; the long history of exploitation; and the contamination associated with various by-products of primary ore-processing, refining and smelting, notably arsenic. The hazards associated with kaolin mining are mainly related to the volume of the inert waste products and the need to maintain stable spoil tips, and the depth of the various tailings’ ponds and pits. The extent of mining in Cornwall and Devon has resulted in the counties being leaders in mining heritage preservation and the treatment and remediation of mining-related hazards.
A case study for identification of organic–silt bottom sediments in an artificial lake formed in gravel alluvium in the geotourism locality of Slnečné Jazerá in Senec (Bratislava, Slovakia)
The oil-sand ores of northern Alberta provide a significant proportion of the overall energy portfolio for North America. Surprisingly, the presence of nano-sized clay minerals plays a defining role both in the extraction of bitumen and in tailings management. Although seemingly insignificant in size, naturally occurring clay minerals present in the oil sand ores of northern Alberta create significant challenges in all aspects of bitumen extraction and recovery, processing of oil sand ores, and management of tailings. Although a significant body of knowledge exists in relation to the characterization of ‘oil-sands clay minerals,’ much of this work has focused on the identification of the clay minerals present and not on their respective surface chemistries. This chapter focuses on some of the unique structural features of the clay minerals found in the oil sands and their respective surface chemistries.
The role of clays in the performance of oil-sands tailings management options
The particle-size distribution of oil-sands tailings has always figured prominently in the mine planning and overall operations and closure strategy in surface-mined oil sands. In oil-sands applications, the convention is to define the sand as the mineral components >44 μm in size and the fines as the mineral component which is <44 μm. The water-based extraction process uses 2 m 3 of water to extract the bitumen from 1 m 3 of oil sand, and as the bulk of this water is recycled, large containment areas are required to maintain a supply of extraction water. A significant proportion of water that is not recycled is retained in both the sand and fines components of the resulting tailings streams and the essence of tailings management comes down to separating and managing the water that can be recovered from the tailings. As the mining operations have become larger, and ore properties vary over wider ranges, the designation of sand and fines was simply inadequate in explaining the behavior of many of the tailings and a thorough understanding of the entire particle-size distribution became more important. Due in part to the upgrading and refinery operations often associated with bitumen production, the oil sands industry is relatively sophisticated in its approach to tailings characterization and tailings management. As a result, any discussion of clays can, and often does, include both a size and mineralogy component. In any case, there is no doubt about the importance of understanding and quantifying the clay component of any tailings stream when defining a dewatering or management strategy. Historically, it might have been argued that the strong correlation between clay content and fines content would be an adequate characterization and tailings-planning parameter. Although this is still largely true, the clay to fines correlations can sometimes be measurably different from operation to operation, resulting in varying tailings performance. In addition, some tailings-management options such as thickeners and centrifuges can separate the fines fraction and even the clay fraction in a fluid fine tailings stream. These upset operational modes can create what are known colloquially as Franken-Fines, a stream with a very disproportionately high clay content that can create an equally disproportionate tailings problem. The tailings strategies that will be discussed include composite/consolidated/non-segregating tailings, thickening, freeze-thaw processes, rim ditching, thin lift dewatering, and centrifugation. The present chapter outlines the evolution of many of these tailings-management strategies that have been tested extensively or are currently in use in the surface-mined oil-sands industry, with a particular emphasis on the importance of understanding the clay size and clay mineralogy in the evaluation and understanding of tailings dewatering performance.
Integrating Geophysics and Soil Sampling for Site Characterization: A Kernel Approach
MINERALOGY OF NEUTRAL MINE DRAINAGE IN THE TAILINGS OF SIDERITE-Cu ORES IN EASTERN SLOVAKIA
Seismic Stability Analysis of the Yanghuya Fly Ash Tailings Dam
The Management of Arsenic in the Mining Industry
Using spatial derivatives of electromagnetic data to map lateral conductance variations in thin-sheet models: Applications over mine tailings ponds
Abstract For safety and environmental reasons, removal of aging dams is an increasingly common practice, but it also can lead to channel incision, bank erosion, and increased sediment loads downstream. The morphological and sedimentological effects of dam removal are not well understood, and few studies have tracked a reservoir for more than a year or two after dam breaching. Breaching and removal of obsolete milldams over the last century have caused widespread channel entrenchment and stream bank erosion in the Mid-Atlantic region, even along un-urbanized, forested stream reaches. We document here that rates of stream bank erosion in breached millponds remain relatively high for at least several decades after dam breaching. Cohesive, fine-grained banks remain near vertical and retreat laterally across the coarse-grained pre- reservoir substrate, leading to an increased channel width-to-depth ratio for high-stage flow in the stream corridor with time. Bank erosion rates in breached reservoirs decelerate with time, similar to recent observations of sediment flushing after the Marmot Dam removal in Oregon. Whereas mass movement plays an important role in bank failure, particularly immediately after dam breaching, we find that freeze-thaw processes play a major role in bank retreat during winter months for decades after dam removal. The implication of these findings is that this newly recognized source of sediment stored behind breached historic dams is sufficient to account for much of the high loads of fine-grained sediment carried in suspension in Mid-Atlantic Piedmont streams and contributed to the Chesapeake Bay.
Waste Streams of Mined Oil Sands: Characteristics and Remediation
Using helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) surveys to identify potential hazards at coal-waste impoundments: Examples from West Virginia
Electrical Resistivity Imaging Revealed the Spatial Properties of Mine Tailing Ponds in the Sierra Minera of Southeast Spain
Abstract Remediation of uranium mine overburden and an acidic mine pond at the White King–Lucky Lass mines near Lakeview, Oregon was completed in November 2006. The site was remediated under Superfund due to risk from arsenic and radium-226 in overburden soils. Separate clean-up standards were developed for each mine site for arsenic and radium-226 due to differing ore-body geochemistry. Gamma surveys were used to identify overburden with elevated radium-226 activities and to provide confirmation of visual clean-up of materials. Because arsenic is collocated with radium-226 at the White King mine, gamma surveys reduced the number of arsenic confirmation samples. Secularequilibrium in the uranium-238 decay series was used to determine the extent of leaching of uranium-238 and daughter products from overburden to groundwater. Trilinear geochemical analysis distinguished mineralized groundwater within the ore bodies from regional groundwater and detected any influence from seepage from overburden piles. Remedial actions include neutralization of an acidic mine pond and consolidation of elevated-activity overburden into a pile with a soil/rock cover at White King mine. Ecological toxicity studies determined that neutralization of the pond would provide a benthic community supportive of aquatic wildlife. An overburden pile at the Lucky Lass mine and disturbed areas were covered with clean soil. The remedial actions comply with State of Oregon siting regulations, which required removal of radioactive overburden from the 500-year flood plain. Protection of human health is assured by institutional controls to prevent use of mineralized groundwater and by fencing to prevent site access.
Abstract Modern large-scale gold mining by cyanide leaching of low-grade ore generates a large volume of process fluids. Reduction and disposal of these fluids presents unique challenges. Leaching solutions, tailings dewatering, and even postmining pit lakes must be managed both in the immediate short term and over decades or longer. Methods for reducing influx to these sources with covers and capillary breaks as well as attenuating, reducing, and disposing of them via above and subsurface land application, evaporation, and vegetation, both xeric and in engineered wetlands, among other techniques, are an evolving art still requiring an adequate base of data and observable experience. Predictive modeling of fluid volume and behavior has proved very inaccurate over both shorter and longer time intervals. Climatic extremes and intensity of precipitation events compound the problem in arid areas. Ecological risk assessment is used to estimate exposure to contaminants of concern. Experience has demonstrated the inadequacy of predictions about process fluid management postclosure, and the need for comprehensive fluids bonding both for short-term contingencies such as bankruptcy and for long-term effluent disposal maintenance and monitoring.