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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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surficial geology
Limited Evidence of Late Quaternary Tectonic Surface Deformation in the Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone, United States
Rapid Surface Rupture Mapping from Satellite Data: The 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Turkey (Türkiye), Earthquake Sequence
Ground‐Motion Model for Hard‐Rock Sites by Correction of Surface Recordings (Part 2): Correction, Mixed‐Effects Regressions, and Results
Seismoacoustic Analysis of the Large Surface Explosion Coupling Experiment Using a Large‐ N Seismic Array
A shallow salt pond analog for aqueous alteration on ancient Mars: Spectroscopy, mineralogy, and geochemistry of sediments from Antarctica’s Dry Valleys
Afterslip on Conjugate Faults of the 2020 M w 6.3 Nima Earthquake in the Central Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from InSAR Measurements
Geomechanical Modeling of Ground Surface Deformation Associated with Thrust and Reverse‐Fault Earthquakes: A Distinct Element Approach
EASRAPP: An Open‐Source Semiautomatic Python GUI‐Based Application for Extraction and Analysis of Surface Ruptures in a Large Earthquake
Transverse tectonics control on the Late Quaternary development of the Central Main Ethiopian Rift
A Case Study of Multidisciplinary Surface Faulting Assessment in the Urbanized Fucino Basin, Italy
Investigations of Ambient Noise Velocity Variations in a Region of Induced Seismicity near Greeley, Colorado
Evidence of Active Quaternary Deformation on the Great Valley Fault System near Winters, Northern California
Climatic influence on the expression of strike-slip faulting
Fault surface morphology as an indicator for earthquake nucleation potential
Quaternary Volcanism in the Cascade Arc
OSL Dating of the Sukor Earthquake-induced Rockslide in Gorny Altai: Paleoseismological and Paleogeographic Implications
150 years of plans, geological survey and drilling for the Fréjus to Mont Blanc tunnels across the Alpine chain: an historical review
Lithologic, geomorphic, and permafrost controls on recent landsliding in the Alaska Range
Morphology, structure, and kinematics of the San Clemente and Catalina faults based on high-resolution marine geophysical data, southern California Inner Continental Borderland (USA)
Geology of Seattle, a field trip
ABSTRACT Seattle’s geologic record begins with Eocene deposition of fluvial arkosic sandstone and associated volcanic rocks of the Puget Group, perhaps during a time of regional strike-slip faulting, followed by late Eocene and Oligocene marine deposition of the Blakeley Formation in the Cascadia forearc. Older Quaternary deposits are locally exposed. Most of the city is underlain by up to 100 m of glacial drift deposited during the Vashon stade of Fraser glaciation, 18–15 cal k.y. B.P. Vashon Drift includes lacustrine clay and silt of the Lawton Clay, lacustrine and fluvial sand of the Esperance Sand, and concrete-like Vashon till. Mappable till is absent over much of the area of the Vashon Drift. Peak local ice thickness was 900 m. Isostatic response to this brief ice loading was significant. Upon deglaciation, global ice-equivalent sea level was about −100 m and local RSL (relative sea level) was 15–20 m, suggesting a total isostatic depression of ~115–120 m at Seattle. Subsequent rapid rebound outstripped global sea-level rise to result in a newly recognized marine low-stand shoreline at −50 m. The Seattle fault is a north-verging thrust or reverse fault with ~7.5 km of throw. Conglomeratic Miocene strata may record initiation of shortening. Field relations indicate that fault geometry has evolved through three phases. At present, the north-verging master fault is blind, whereas several surface-rupturing faults above the master fault are south verging. The 900–930 A.D. Restoration Point earthquake raised a 5 km × 35 km (or larger) area as much as 7 m. The marine low-stand shoreline is offset by a similar amount, thus there has been only one such earthquake in the last ~11 k.y. Geomorphology is largely glacial: an outwash plain decorated with ice-molded flutes and large, anastomosing tunnel valleys carved by water flowing beneath the ice sheet. Euro-Americans initially settled here because of landscape features formed by uplift in the Restoration Point earthquake. But steep slopes and tide flats were not conducive to commerce: starting in the 1890s and ending in the 1920s, extensive regrading removed hills, decreased slopes, and filled low areas. In steep slopes the glacial stratigraphy is prone to landslides when saturated by unusually wet winters. Seismic hazards comprise moderately large (M 7) earthquakes in the Benioff zone 50 km and more beneath the city, demi-millennial M 9 events on the subduction zone to the west, and infrequent local crustal earthquakes (M 7) that are likely to be devastating because of their proximity. Seismic shaking and consequent liquefaction are of particular concern in Pioneer Square, SoDo, and lower Duwamish neighborhoods, which are largely built on unengineered fill that was placed over estuarine mud. Debris from past Mount Rainier lahars has reached the lower Duwamish valley and a future large lahar could pose a sedimentation hazard.