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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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East Africa
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Tanzania
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Oldoinyo Lengai (1)
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Asia
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Europe
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commodities
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Primary terms
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Africa
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stalactites
Cave and Speleothem Science: From Local to Planetary Scales
APPLICATION OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY IN COMPARISON BETWEEN CRYPTIC MICROBIALITES OF RECENT MARINE CAVES AND TRIASSIC PATCH REEFS
A Giant Underwater, Encrusted Stalactite from the Blue Hole, Lighthouse Reef, Belize, Revisited: a Complex History of Biologically Induced Carbonate Accretion Under Changing Meteoric and Marine Conditions
Adsorption of actinides within speleothems
Stalactite Growth Mediated by Biofilms: Example from Nani Cave, Cayman Brac, British West Indies
Structural and host rock controls on the distribution, morphology and mineralogy of speleothems in the Castañar Cave (Spain)
Zincalstibite, a new mineral, and cualstibite: Crystal chemical and structural relationships
Abstract Pyrometamorphism of coal measures that overlie underground burnt-coal seams in the southern area of the Rotowaro coalfield, New Zealand, has produced porcellanites that enclose lenses of iron-rich magnetite and hematite-bearing slag-like rocks, which show various degrees of oxidation. Paralavas that are associated with the iron-rich lenses form stalactites around fissures and gas-escape vents and intrude the porcellanites. The slags are unusually rich in iron and contain magnetite, hematite, hercynite, titaniferous magnetite, and minor fayalite and silicate glass. Iron oxides in these rocks exhibit a variety of textures and morphologies, including dendritic, quench, exsolution, and oxidation. The paralavas contain abundant glass, which encloses feathery crystals of fayalite and orthoferrosilite, plagioclase, tridymite, cristobalite, and minor magnetite. Phase-equilibria data indicate that the paralavas and slags were formed at temperatures in the range of 1000–1600 °C. Composition plots of local coal measure sediments, a siderite nodule, and various porcellanites, slags, and paralavas with respect indicate that the porcellanites are iron-rich when compared to SiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , and Al 2 O 3 with the unmetamorphosed coal measures. The slags, irrespective of their oxidation state, plot on the iron-enrichment trend shown by the porcellanites. Although the siderite nodule lies within the iron-enrichment trend, most of the slags are more iron-rich than the siderite nodule. The paralavas diverge from the iron-enrichment trend, suggesting that they formed by partial melting of the porcellanites. The Rotowaro samples represent some of the most iron-rich natural slags collected from a combustion-metamorphic environment to date.
Mineralogy of stalactites formed by subaerial weathering of natrocarbonatite hornitos at Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania
Carbonate speleothems are the most typical and widespread cave deposits, and the vast majority of them are considered to be inorganic. Nevertheless, the formation of a broad range of carbonate deposits in caves is intricately linked to living organisms. Although relatively unknown and largely regarded as features of limited significance, biologically mediated carbonate speleothems are diverse and numerous. They include formations such as certain dripstone and flowstone, some moonmilk and related precipitates, various subaqueous formations, rootsicles, encrusted mosses, stromatolitic speleothems, stalactitic tufa, and other deposits.