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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Afar (4)
-
Central Africa
-
Angola
-
Cuanza Basin (1)
-
-
Congo (1)
-
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (2)
-
Djibouti (4)
-
Ethiopia (7)
-
Ethiopian Rift (2)
-
Kenya
-
Kenya Rift valley (1)
-
-
Tanzania (1)
-
-
East African Rift (1)
-
Limpopo Basin (1)
-
Madagascar (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Kalahari Craton (1)
-
Namibia (2)
-
Zimbabwe (1)
-
-
West Africa
-
Ghana (1)
-
-
Zambezi Valley (1)
-
-
Alexander Island (1)
-
Alpine Fault (1)
-
Antarctica
-
Antarctic ice sheet (1)
-
Antarctic Peninsula (3)
-
Marie Byrd Land (2)
-
South Pole (1)
-
West Antarctica (1)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Alpha Cordillera (2)
-
Amerasia Basin (1)
-
Barents Sea (2)
-
Beaufort Sea (1)
-
Canada Basin (1)
-
Chukchi Sea (1)
-
East Siberian Sea (1)
-
Eurasia Basin (1)
-
Kara Sea (1)
-
Laptev Sea (3)
-
Lomonosov Ridge (2)
-
Makarov Basin (1)
-
Mendeleyev Ridge (1)
-
Mid-Arctic Ocean Ridge (2)
-
Norwegian Sea
-
Jan Mayen Ridge (2)
-
Knipovich Ridge (1)
-
Kolbeinsey Ridge (3)
-
Mohns Ridge (1)
-
-
Yermak Plateau (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
East Greenland (3)
-
-
Jan Mayen (3)
-
Russian Arctic
-
Novaya Zemlya (1)
-
-
Svalbard (1)
-
-
Asal Rift (1)
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Arabian Shield (1)
-
Oman
-
Oman Mountains (2)
-
-
Saudi Arabia (1)
-
United Arab Emirates (1)
-
-
Far East
-
Burma (1)
-
Japan
-
Hokkaido
-
Hidaka metamorphic belt (1)
-
Hidaka Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Philippine Islands
-
Luzon (1)
-
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India (4)
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Ladakh (1)
-
-
-
Middle East
-
Cyprus
-
Troodos Massif (8)
-
-
Iran
-
Fars Iran
-
Shiraz Iran (1)
-
-
-
Turkey
-
Izmir Turkey (1)
-
-
-
Siberia (1)
-
Siberian Platform (1)
-
Tibetan Plateau (1)
-
Tyumen Russian Federation
-
Yamal-Nenets Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
East Atlantic (1)
-
Equatorial Atlantic (3)
-
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
-
Atlantis Massif (3)
-
TAG hydrothermal field (2)
-
-
North Atlantic
-
Atlantis fracture zone (1)
-
Atlantis Massif (3)
-
Barracuda Ridge (1)
-
Caribbean Sea
-
Cayman Trough (7)
-
Mid-Cayman Rise (1)
-
Nicaragua Rise (1)
-
-
Gorringe Bank (1)
-
Gulf of Mexico (1)
-
Hayes fracture zone (1)
-
Kane fracture zone (1)
-
Labrador Sea (1)
-
Northeast Atlantic (3)
-
Northwest Atlantic
-
Demerara Rise (2)
-
-
Reykjanes Ridge (2)
-
TAG hydrothermal field (2)
-
Vema fracture zone (1)
-
-
Romanche fracture zone (4)
-
South Atlantic
-
Angola Basin (1)
-
Cape Basin (1)
-
Espirito Santo Basin (1)
-
Falkland Plateau (1)
-
Santos Basin (1)
-
Walvis Ridge (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic region (1)
-
Australasia
-
Australia (1)
-
New Zealand (5)
-
Papua New Guinea (2)
-
-
Baffin Bay (1)
-
Bay of Islands (1)
-
Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin (1)
-
Caledonides (1)
-
Campos Basin (1)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland
-
Humber Arm Allochthon (1)
-
-
-
Ontario (1)
-
Quebec
-
Gaspe Peninsula (1)
-
Noranda Quebec (1)
-
-
-
Nunavut
-
Ellesmere Island (1)
-
-
Queen Elizabeth Islands
-
Ellesmere Island (1)
-
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia
-
Vancouver Island (2)
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
Manitoba (1)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Greater Antilles
-
Jamaica (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cascade Range (1)
-
Cascadia subduction zone (2)
-
Central America
-
Costa Rica (2)
-
Nicaragua (1)
-
-
Coast Ranges (2)
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Russian Federation
-
Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
-
Nenets Russian Federation (1)
-
Novaya Zemlya (1)
-
-
Komi Russian Federation (1)
-
Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Kola Peninsula (1)
-
-
Polar Urals (1)
-
Russian Arctic
-
Novaya Zemlya (1)
-
-
Siberian Platform (1)
-
Tyumen Russian Federation
-
Yamal-Nenets Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
Urals
-
Novaya Zemlya (1)
-
Polar Urals (1)
-
-
-
Drake Passage (2)
-
East Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Galapagos Islands (9)
-
-
Europe
-
Alps (3)
-
Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
-
Nenets Russian Federation (1)
-
Novaya Zemlya (1)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Bohemian Massif (1)
-
-
Fennoscandian Shield (1)
-
Komi Russian Federation (1)
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Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Kola Peninsula (1)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Pindus Mountains (1)
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Thessaly Greece (1)
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
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Portugal (1)
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Italy
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Apennines (2)
-
-
-
Western Europe
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Iceland (4)
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Ireland (1)
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
-
England
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Cornwall England (2)
-
South-West England (1)
-
-
Scotland
-
Scottish Highlands
-
Grampian Highlands (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Gulf of Mexico Basin (1)
-
Indian Ocean
-
Andaman Sea (5)
-
East Indian Ocean (1)
-
Mid-Indian Ridge
-
Central Indian Ridge (1)
-
Southeast Indian Ridge (4)
-
-
Red Sea
-
Atlantis II Deep (1)
-
Red Sea Rift (2)
-
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Madagascar (1)
-
Seychelles (1)
-
-
Kings River (1)
-
Krishna-Godavari Basin (1)
-
Malay Archipelago
-
New Guinea (1)
-
-
Mediterranean region
-
Calabrian Arc (1)
-
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
West Mediterranean
-
Ligurian Sea (1)
-
Tyrrhenian Sea (2)
-
-
-
Mexico
-
Baja California (2)
-
Baja California Sur Mexico
-
Vizcaino Peninsula (1)
-
-
Colorado River delta (1)
-
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Blue Ridge Mountains (1)
-
Blue Ridge Province (1)
-
Southern Appalachians (1)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Superior Province (1)
-
-
Cerro Prieto Fault (1)
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
-
Saint Lawrence Lowlands (1)
-
Yakutat Terrane (1)
-
-
Oceania
-
Melanesia
-
Vanuatu (2)
-
-
Micronesia
-
Caroline Islands (1)
-
Mariana Islands
-
Northern Mariana Islands (1)
-
-
-
Polynesia
-
Tonga (2)
-
-
-
ODP Site 858 (1)
-
Pacific Coast (1)
-
Pacific Ocean
-
Central Pacific (1)
-
East Pacific
-
Cocos Ridge (1)
-
Costa Rica Rift (1)
-
East Pacific Rise (34)
-
Galapagos Rift (13)
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Axial Seamount (2)
-
Clipperton fracture zone (2)
-
Gorda Rise (4)
-
Gulf of Alaska (1)
-
Gulf of California
-
Guaymas Basin (5)
-
-
Hess Deep (4)
-
Juan de Fuca Ridge
-
CoAxial Segment (1)
-
Endeavour Ridge (3)
-
-
Mendocino fracture zone (1)
-
Middle America Trench (1)
-
Siqueiros fracture zone (1)
-
-
Panama Basin (1)
-
Southeast Pacific
-
Bauer Deep (1)
-
Chile Ridge (3)
-
Lau Basin (4)
-
Manihiki Plateau (2)
-
Tonga Trench (1)
-
-
-
Equatorial Pacific (5)
-
North Pacific
-
Aleutian Trench (1)
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Axial Seamount (2)
-
Clipperton fracture zone (2)
-
Gorda Rise (4)
-
Gulf of Alaska (1)
-
Gulf of California
-
Guaymas Basin (5)
-
-
Hess Deep (4)
-
Juan de Fuca Ridge
-
CoAxial Segment (1)
-
Endeavour Ridge (3)
-
-
Mendocino fracture zone (1)
-
Middle America Trench (1)
-
Siqueiros fracture zone (1)
-
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Mariana Trough (2)
-
Nankai Trough (1)
-
Philippine Sea
-
Parece Vela Basin (1)
-
West Philippine Basin (1)
-
-
Shatsky Rise (1)
-
South China Sea (1)
-
-
-
South Pacific
-
Chatham Rise (2)
-
Louisville Ridge (1)
-
Southeast Pacific
-
Bauer Deep (1)
-
Chile Ridge (3)
-
Lau Basin (4)
-
Manihiki Plateau (2)
-
Tonga Trench (1)
-
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Campbell Plateau (1)
-
Hikurangi Trough (1)
-
Lord Howe Rise (1)
-
Macquarie Ridge (1)
-
North Fiji Basin (3)
-
Tasman Sea (1)
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Mariana Trough (2)
-
Nankai Trough (1)
-
Philippine Sea
-
Parece Vela Basin (1)
-
West Philippine Basin (1)
-
-
Shatsky Rise (1)
-
South China Sea (1)
-
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Campbell Plateau (1)
-
Hikurangi Trough (1)
-
Lord Howe Rise (1)
-
Macquarie Ridge (1)
-
North Fiji Basin (3)
-
Tasman Sea (1)
-
-
-
-
Pacific region (2)
-
Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (1)
-
San Andreas Fault (2)
-
Scotia Ridge (2)
-
Sierra Nevada (1)
-
Solomon Islands (1)
-
South America
-
Andes (1)
-
Brazil
-
Pelotas Basin (1)
-
-
Chile (4)
-
French Guiana (1)
-
Tierra del Fuego (1)
-
-
South Island (1)
-
Southern Ocean (3)
-
Southwest Indian Ridge (7)
-
Taranaki Basin (1)
-
United States
-
Alaska
-
Aleutian Islands (2)
-
-
Blue Ridge Mountains (1)
-
California
-
Central California (1)
-
Del Norte County California (3)
-
Northern California (3)
-
Southern California (2)
-
Trinity Complex (1)
-
Tulare County California (1)
-
-
Eastern U.S.
-
Southeastern U.S. (1)
-
-
Klamath Mountains (2)
-
Lake Tahoe (1)
-
Mississippi Valley (1)
-
North Carolina
-
Ashe County North Carolina (1)
-
Watauga County North Carolina (1)
-
Wilkes County North Carolina (1)
-
-
Oregon
-
Curry County Oregon (1)
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Josephine County Oregon (1)
-
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Ouachita Mountains (1)
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Washington
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Lewis County Washington (1)
-
Pacific County Washington (1)
-
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Western U.S. (2)
-
-
West Pacific Ocean Islands
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Macquarie Island (2)
-
-
Woodlark Basin (2)
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Zealandia (3)
-
-
commodities
-
diamond deposits (1)
-
metal ores
-
copper ores (2)
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gold ores (2)
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iron ores (2)
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manganese ores (4)
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nickel ores (1)
-
polymetallic ores (2)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (23)
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mineral exploration (6)
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mineral resources (2)
-
petroleum (4)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (1)
-
-
chemical ratios (5)
-
halogens
-
chlorine (2)
-
fluorine (1)
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (1)
-
-
incompatible elements (1)
-
isotope ratios (11)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (4)
-
Th-232/Th-230 (1)
-
U-238/Th-230 (1)
-
U-238/Th-232 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (1)
-
D/H (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (5)
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (4)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (8)
-
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
thorium
-
Th-232/Th-230 (1)
-
U-238/Th-230 (1)
-
U-238/Th-232 (1)
-
-
uranium
-
U-238/Th-230 (1)
-
U-238/Th-232 (1)
-
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (8)
-
-
-
gold (1)
-
hafnium (1)
-
iron (2)
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (4)
-
-
manganese (3)
-
niobium (2)
-
platinum group (1)
-
rare earths
-
lanthanum (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (5)
-
-
samarium (2)
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ytterbium (1)
-
yttrium (1)
-
-
titanium (3)
-
vanadium (1)
-
zirconium (1)
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
-
sulfur (1)
-
trace metals (1)
-
-
fossils
-
Invertebrata
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Radiolaria (2)
-
-
-
microfossils (2)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (4)
-
K/Ar (3)
-
paleomagnetism (10)
-
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U/Pb (9)
-
uranium disequilibrium (1)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (5)
-
Pleistocene
-
Matuyama Chron (1)
-
-
upper Quaternary
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Brunhes Chron (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
lower Tertiary (2)
-
Neogene
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Miocene
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lower Miocene (1)
-
middle Miocene (1)
-
upper Miocene (4)
-
-
Pliocene
-
lower Pliocene (1)
-
upper Pliocene (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Chumstick Formation (1)
-
Swauk Formation (1)
-
-
Oligocene
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene (1)
-
-
upper Paleogene (1)
-
-
Zambales Ophiolite (1)
-
-
-
Dalradian (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (1)
-
Aptian (1)
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Barremian (1)
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Hauterivian (1)
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Middle Cretaceous (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous (9)
-
-
Jurassic
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Lower Jurassic (1)
-
Middle Jurassic
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Callovian (1)
-
-
Upper Jurassic
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Josephine Ophiolite (4)
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Josephine Peridotite (1)
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Kimmeridgian (1)
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Oxfordian (1)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Upper Triassic (1)
-
-
-
Moldanubian (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian (2)
-
Carboniferous (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Ashe Formation (1)
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Bay of Islands Ophiolite (1)
-
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician (1)
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Permian (1)
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Silurian (1)
-
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Phanerozoic (1)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Mesoarchean (1)
-
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Damara System (1)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Infracambrian (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
extrusive rocks (2)
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase (5)
-
diorites
-
ferrodiorite (1)
-
tonalite (3)
-
trondhjemite (2)
-
-
gabbros
-
olivine gabbro (1)
-
-
granites (5)
-
granodiorites (2)
-
pegmatite (1)
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (1)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (2)
-
harzburgite (4)
-
lherzolite (1)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites (4)
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (3)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (19)
-
ocean-island basalts (2)
-
olivine basalt (1)
-
olivine tholeiite (1)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
tholeiitic basalt (4)
-
-
dacites (2)
-
glasses
-
volcanic glass (3)
-
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komatiite (1)
-
pyroclastics
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hyaloclastite (1)
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pumice (1)
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scoria (1)
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tuff (1)
-
-
-
-
ophiolite (39)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (3)
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eclogite (1)
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hornfels (1)
-
marbles
-
ophicalcite (1)
-
-
metaigneous rocks
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metabasalt (3)
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metadiabase (1)
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metagabbro (3)
-
metakomatiite (1)
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serpentinite (6)
-
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metasedimentary rocks (2)
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metasomatic rocks
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serpentinite (6)
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metavolcanic rocks (2)
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migmatites
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mylonites (1)
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schists (1)
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ophiolite (39)
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minerals
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carbonates (1)
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minerals (1)
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native elements
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oxides
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pyrolusite (1)
-
-
phosphates
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monazite (1)
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xenotime (1)
-
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
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amphibole group (2)
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pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
silica minerals
-
quartz (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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garnet group (1)
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zircon group
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sorosilicates
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epidote group
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sheet silicates
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clay minerals
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mica group
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palygorskite (1)
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serpentine group (1)
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sulfates (1)
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sulfides (13)
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Primary terms
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absolute age (16)
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Africa
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Romanche fracture zone (4)
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carbon
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Cenozoic
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Paleogene
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Deep Sea Drilling Project
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IPOD
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Leg 54
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DSDP Site 424 (1)
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Leg 63
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DSDP Site 471 (1)
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Leg 64
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DSDP Site 477 (1)
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DSDP Site 478 (1)
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DSDP Site 481 (1)
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Leg 68 (1)
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Leg 69 (1)
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Leg 70
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DSDP Site 506 (1)
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DSDP Site 507 (1)
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DSDP Site 509 (2)
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Leg 75
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DSDP Site 530 (1)
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Leg 91
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DSDP Site 595 (1)
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deformation (17)
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faults (97)
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volcanic rocks
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basalts
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dacites (2)
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glasses
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komatiite (1)
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pyroclastics
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tuff (1)
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-
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inclusions
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fluid inclusions (3)
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Indian Ocean
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East Indian Ocean (1)
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Mid-Indian Ridge
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Red Sea
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Indian Ocean Islands
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Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
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Expedition 324
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IODP Site U1346 (1)
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IODP Site U1347 (1)
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IODP Site U1348 (1)
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IODP Site U1349 (1)
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IODP Site U1350 (1)
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Expeditions 304/305
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IODP Site U1309 (3)
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intrusions (36)
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Invertebrata
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa (1)
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Protista
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Radiolaria (2)
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isostasy (1)
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isotopes
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
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Th-232/Th-230 (1)
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (1)
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D/H (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (5)
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O-18/O-16 (2)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (8)
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land subsidence (1)
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lava (29)
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mantle (45)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (1)
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Middle Cretaceous (1)
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Upper Cretaceous (9)
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Jurassic
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Upper Jurassic
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Josephine Ophiolite (4)
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Kimmeridgian (1)
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Triassic
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Upper Triassic (1)
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metal ores
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metals
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Th-232/Th-230 (1)
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U-238/Th-232 (1)
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uranium
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U-238/Th-230 (1)
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U-238/Th-232 (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (8)
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-
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gold (1)
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hafnium (1)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (4)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (4)
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manganese (3)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (5)
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samarium (2)
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metamorphic rocks
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ophicalcite (1)
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metamorphism (8)
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Mexico
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North America
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Ocean Drilling Program
-
Leg 135
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ODP Site 841 (1)
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Leg 139 (1)
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Leg 198
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ODP Site 1213 (1)
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Leg 209
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ODP Site 1270 (1)
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ODP Site 1271 (1)
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ODP Site 1275 (1)
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ODP Site 735 (2)
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-
ocean floors (104)
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Oceania
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-
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Polynesia
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oceanography (18)
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orogeny (5)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (2)
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Pacific Coast (1)
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Axial Seamount (2)
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Hess Deep (4)
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Mendocino fracture zone (1)
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Equatorial Pacific (5)
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Axial Seamount (2)
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Hess Deep (4)
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Mendocino fracture zone (1)
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Northwest Pacific
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South Pacific
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-
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West Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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Mariana Trough (2)
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Philippine Sea
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Parece Vela Basin (1)
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Shatsky Rise (1)
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Southwest Pacific
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Pacific region (2)
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paleomagnetism (10)
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Paleozoic
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Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Infracambrian (1)
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remote sensing (3)
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Western U.S. (2)
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spreading centers
Asymmetry and evolution of craton-influenced rifted margins
Seismic anisotropy indicates organized melt beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge aids seafloor spreading
Formation of magmatic segments within the Aluto-Gedemsa area, Main Ethiopian Rift
The transition from continental to lithospheric breakup recorded in proto-oceanic crust: Insights from the NW South China Sea
The African continental divide: Indian versus Atlantic Ocean spreading during Gondwana dispersal
ABSTRACT It is well established that plate-tectonic processes operate on a global scale and that spatially separate but temporally coincident events may be linked. However, identifying such links in the geological record and understanding the mechanisms involved remain speculative. This is particularly acute during major geodynamic events, such as the dispersal of supercontinents, where multiple axes of breakup may be present as well as coincidental collisional events. To explore this aspect of plate tectonics, we present a detailed analysis of the temporal variation in the mean half rate of seafloor spreading in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, as well as plate-kinematic attributes extracted from global plate-tectonic models during the dispersal of Gondwana since ca. 200 Ma. Our analysis shows that during the ~20 m.y. prior to collision between India and Asia at ca. 55 Ma, there was an increase in the mean rate of seafloor spreading in the Indian Ocean. This manifests as India rapidly accelerating toward Asia. This event was then followed by a prompt deceleration in the mean rate of Indian Ocean seafloor spreading after India collided with Asia at ca. 55 Ma. Since inception, the mean rate of seafloor spreading in the Indian Ocean has been generally greater than that in the Atlantic Ocean, and the period of fastest mean half spreading rate in the Indian Ocean was coincident with a slowdown in mean half seafloor spreading rate in the competing Atlantic Ocean. We hypothesize that faster and hotter seafloor spreading in the Indian Ocean resulted in larger ridge-push forces, which were transmitted through the African plate, leading to a slowdown in Atlantic Ocean spreading. Following collision between India and Asia, and a slowdown of Indian Ocean spreading, Atlantic spreading rates consequently increased again. We conclude that the processes in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans have likely remained coupled throughout their existence, that their individual evolution has influenced each other, and that, more generally, spreading in one basin inevitably influences proximal regions. While we do not believe that ridge push is the main cause of plate motions, we consider it to have played a role in the coupling of the kinematic evolution of these oceans. The implication of this observation is that interaction and competition between nascent ocean basins and ridges during supercontinent dispersal exert a significant control on resultant continental configuration.
ABSTRACT Classic models proposed that continental rifting begins at hotspots—domal uplifts with associated magmatism—from which three rift arms extend. Rift arms from different hotspots link up to form new plate boundaries, along which the continent breaks up, generating a new ocean basin and leaving failed arms, termed aulacogens, within the continent. In subsequent studies, hotspots became increasingly viewed as manifestations of deeper upwellings or plumes, which were the primary cause of continental rifting. We revisited this conceptual model and found that it remains useful, though some aspects require updates based on subsequent results. First, the rift arms are often parts of boundaries of transient microplates accommodating motion between the major plates. The microplates form as continents break up, and they are ultimately incorporated into one of the major plates, leaving identifiable fossil features on land and/or offshore. Second, much of the magmatism associated with rifting is preserved either at depth, in underplated layers, or offshore. Third, many structures formed during rifting survive at the resulting passive continental margins, so study of one can yield insight into the other. Fourth, hotspots play at most a secondary role in continental breakup, because most of the associated volcanism reflects plate divergence, so three-arm junction points may not reflect localized upwelling of a deep mantle plume.
Dense melt residues drive mid-ocean-ridge “hotspots”
ABSTRACT The geodynamic origin of melting anomalies found at the surface, often referred to as “hotspots,” is classically attributed to a mantle plume process. The distribution of hotspots along mid-ocean-ridge spreading systems around the globe, however, questions the universal validity of this concept. Here, the preferential association of hotspots with slow- to intermediate-spreading centers and not fast-spreading centers, an observation contrary to the expected effect of ridge suction forces on upwelling mantle plumes, is explained by a new mechanism for producing melting anomalies at shallow (<2.3 GPa) depths. By combining the effects of both chemical and thermal density changes during partial melting of the mantle (using appropriate latent heat and depth-dependent thermal expansivity parameters), we find that mantle residues experience an overall instantaneous increase in density when melting occurs at <2.3 GPa. This controversial finding is due to thermal contraction of material during melting, which outweighs the chemical buoyancy due to melting at shallow pressures (where thermal expansivities are highest). These dense mantle residues are likely to locally sink beneath spreading centers if ridge suction forces are modest, thus driving an increase in the flow of fertile mantle through the melting window and increasing magmatic production. This leads us to question our understanding of sub–spreading center dynamics, where we now suggest a portion of locally inverted mantle flow results in hotspots. Such inverted flow presents an alternative mechanism to upwelling hot mantle plumes for the generation of excess melt at near-ridge hotspots, i.e., dense downwelling of mantle residue locally increasing the flow of fertile mantle through the melting window. Near-ridge hotspots, therefore, may not require the elevated temperatures commonly invoked to account for excess melting. The proposed mechanism also satisfies counterintuitive observations of ridge-bound hotspots at slow- to intermediate-spreading centers, yet not at fast-spreading centers, where large dynamic ridge suction forces likely overwhelm density-driven downwelling. The lack of observations of such downwelling in numerical modeling studies to date reflects the generally high chemical depletion buoyancy and/or low thermal expansivity parameter values employed in simulations, which we find to be unrepresentative for melting at <2.3 GPa. We therefore invite future studies to review the values used for parameters affecting density changes during melting (e.g., depletion buoyancy, latent heat of melting, specific heat capacity, thermal expansivity), which quite literally have the potential to turn our understanding of mantle dynamics upside down.