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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Lake Malawi (1)
-
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Malawi (1)
-
-
Kalahari Desert (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
South Africa
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa (1)
-
Free State South Africa (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Guinea (1)
-
Mauritania (1)
-
Mauritanides (1)
-
Senegal (1)
-
Taoudenni Basin (1)
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Barents Sea (1)
-
Norwegian Sea
-
Haltenbanken (2)
-
-
-
Arctic region
-
Svalbard
-
Spitsbergen
-
Spitsbergen Island (1)
-
-
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains
-
Gorny Altai (3)
-
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Chuya Basin (1)
-
Gorny Altai (3)
-
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Saudi Arabia (1)
-
-
Buryat Russian Federation (4)
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Guangxi China (2)
-
Guizhou China (1)
-
Hubei China
-
Yichang China (1)
-
-
Hunan China (1)
-
North China Platform (1)
-
Shaanxi China (1)
-
Shandong China (1)
-
Sichuan Basin (1)
-
Yangtze Platform (4)
-
Yangtze Three Gorges (1)
-
Yunnan China
-
Chengjiang China (2)
-
-
Zhejiang China (4)
-
-
Mongolia (1)
-
-
Himalayas
-
Lesser Himalayas (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Himachal Pradesh India
-
Spiti (1)
-
-
Maharashtra India (1)
-
Uttar Pradesh India (1)
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Kashmir (1)
-
-
-
Irkutsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Igarka Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Lake Baikal (5)
-
Sayan
-
Eastern Sayan (1)
-
-
Selenga River valley (1)
-
Yenisei River (1)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Bay of Biscay (1)
-
Caribbean Sea (3)
-
Gulf of Mexico (1)
-
North Sea (2)
-
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
New South Wales Australia (1)
-
Queensland Australia (1)
-
South Australia
-
Flinders Ranges (1)
-
Saint Vincent Basin (1)
-
-
Tasmania Australia (1)
-
Western Australia (1)
-
-
New Zealand
-
Taupo volcanic zone (2)
-
Waiotapu New Zealand (1)
-
-
-
Battle Mountain (1)
-
Canada
-
Arctic Archipelago (1)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland
-
Port au Port Peninsula (1)
-
-
-
Ontario
-
Manitoulin District Ontario
-
Manitoulin Island (1)
-
-
-
Quebec
-
Gaspe Peninsula (1)
-
Montreal and Jesus Islands County Quebec
-
Montreal Quebec (1)
-
-
-
-
Mackenzie Mountains (1)
-
Nunavut (2)
-
Queen Elizabeth Islands
-
Parry Islands (2)
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Banff Alberta (1)
-
-
British Columbia
-
Queen Charlotte Islands (1)
-
Vancouver Island (1)
-
-
Manitoba (1)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
Yukon Territory (2)
-
-
Whitehorse Trough (1)
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Greater Antilles
-
Jamaica
-
Discovery Bay Jamaica (1)
-
-
Puerto Rico (1)
-
-
-
Cayman Islands
-
Grand Cayman Island (1)
-
-
-
-
Central America
-
Panama (1)
-
-
Central European Basin (1)
-
Central Graben (1)
-
Coast Ranges (1)
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Kazakhstan (1)
-
Russian Federation
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Chuya Basin (1)
-
Gorny Altai (3)
-
-
Buryat Russian Federation (4)
-
Irkutsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Igarka Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Lake Baikal (5)
-
Yenisei River (1)
-
-
-
Cornwallis Island (2)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Eastern Alps
-
Carnic Alps (1)
-
-
-
Carpathian Foredeep (1)
-
Carpathians
-
Polish Carpathians (2)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Austria
-
Carinthia Austria (1)
-
-
Germany
-
Schleswig-Holstein Germany
-
Sylt (1)
-
-
-
Magura Nappe (1)
-
Poland
-
Polish Carpathians (2)
-
-
-
North Frisian Islands
-
Sylt (1)
-
-
Pieniny Klippen Belt (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Central Iberian Zone (1)
-
Iberian Massif (1)
-
Ossa-Morena Zone (1)
-
Portugal (1)
-
Spain
-
Andalusia Spain
-
Almeria Spain
-
Sorbas Basin (1)
-
-
-
Castilla y Leon Spain
-
Burgos Spain (1)
-
-
Castilla-La Mancha Spain
-
Ciudad Real Spain (1)
-
-
Iberian Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines
-
Central Apennines (1)
-
-
Campania Italy
-
Caserta Italy (1)
-
-
Friuli-Venezia Giulia Italy (1)
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
Netherlands (1)
-
Scandinavia
-
Sweden
-
Gotland Sweden (1)
-
Skane (1)
-
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Isle of Wight England (1)
-
Warwickshire England (1)
-
-
Wales
-
Carmarthenshire Wales (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Front Range (1)
-
Indian Ocean
-
Arabian Sea
-
Persian Gulf (1)
-
-
Great Australian Bight (1)
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Maldive Islands (1)
-
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Carolina slate belt (1)
-
Piedmont (1)
-
-
Great Lakes
-
Lake Huron (1)
-
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Wind River Range (1)
-
-
-
-
North Island (2)
-
Pacific Ocean
-
South Pacific
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Coral Sea
-
Great Barrier Reef (1)
-
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Coral Sea
-
Great Barrier Reef (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Roberts Mountains (1)
-
Sacramento Valley (1)
-
Snake Range (1)
-
South America
-
Argentina
-
Mendoza Argentina (1)
-
Neuquen Basin (1)
-
San Juan Argentina (1)
-
-
Precordillera (1)
-
-
Southern Ocean
-
Weddell Sea
-
Maud Rise (1)
-
-
-
United States
-
Alabama
-
Sumter County Alabama (1)
-
-
Alaska (1)
-
Anadarko Basin (1)
-
Arkansas
-
Washington County Arkansas (1)
-
-
Arkoma Basin (1)
-
Atlantic Coastal Plain (1)
-
Black Warrior Basin (1)
-
California
-
Colusa County California (1)
-
-
Colorado
-
Larimer County Colorado (1)
-
-
Delmarva Peninsula (1)
-
Illinois
-
Knox County Illinois (1)
-
-
Indiana
-
Warren County Indiana (1)
-
-
Kansas (1)
-
Midcontinent (2)
-
Mississippi Embayment (1)
-
Nevada
-
Elko County Nevada (1)
-
Eureka County Nevada (1)
-
-
New York
-
Erie County New York (1)
-
Genesee County New York (1)
-
-
Oklahoma
-
Arbuckle Mountains (1)
-
Logan County Oklahoma (1)
-
Payne County Oklahoma (1)
-
Wichita Mountains (1)
-
-
Ozark Mountains (1)
-
Pennsylvania (1)
-
South Carolina (1)
-
Southern U.S. (1)
-
Tennessee
-
Benton County Tennessee (1)
-
Decatur County Tennessee (1)
-
Perry County Tennessee (1)
-
-
Texas
-
Llano Uplift (1)
-
-
Tombigbee River (1)
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Wind River Range (1)
-
-
Utah
-
Millard County Utah
-
House Range (1)
-
-
-
Virginia
-
Northampton County Virginia
-
Oyster Virginia (1)
-
-
-
Washington
-
Grays Harbor County Washington (1)
-
Olympic Peninsula (1)
-
-
Wisconsin
-
Milwaukee County Wisconsin
-
Milwaukee Wisconsin (1)
-
-
-
Wyoming
-
Fremont County Wyoming (1)
-
Teton County Wyoming (1)
-
Wind River Range (1)
-
-
Yellowstone National Park (1)
-
-
-
commodities
-
mineral deposits, genesis (1)
-
mineral exploration (1)
-
oil and gas fields (2)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
shale gas (2)
-
-
shale oil (2)
-
-
phosphate deposits (1)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (5)
-
C-14 (2)
-
-
halogens
-
bromine (1)
-
-
isotope ratios (6)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (2)
-
Pb-210 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (5)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (3)
-
Si-29 (1)
-
Si-30 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
metals
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium (1)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
germanium (3)
-
lead
-
Pb-210 (1)
-
-
rare earths
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
-
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (3)
-
-
silicon
-
Si-29 (1)
-
Si-30 (1)
-
-
-
fossils
-
bacteria (4)
-
borings (2)
-
burrows (1)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces
-
Chondrichthyes
-
Elasmobranchii (1)
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
-
Reptilia
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
dinosaurs
-
Saurischia
-
Sauropodomorpha
-
Sauropoda (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
coprolites (2)
-
cyanobacteria
-
Renalcis (1)
-
-
fungi (1)
-
Graptolithina (3)
-
ichnofossils
-
Chondrites ichnofossils (1)
-
Planolites (1)
-
Teichichnus (1)
-
Zoophycos (2)
-
-
Invertebrata
-
Archaeocyatha (3)
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Ostracoda (3)
-
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
-
Endopterygota
-
Diptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita (7)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
-
Inarticulata
-
Lingula (1)
-
-
-
Bryozoa (3)
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
-
Octocorallia (1)
-
Zoantharia
-
Rugosa (1)
-
Tabulata (1)
-
-
-
-
Echinodermata
-
Crinozoa
-
Crinoidea (2)
-
-
Echinozoa
-
Echinoidea (4)
-
Holothuroidea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia
-
Heterodonta
-
Rudistae (1)
-
-
-
Gastropoda
-
Pteropoda (2)
-
-
Hyolithes (2)
-
Scaphopoda (1)
-
-
Porifera
-
Calcarea
-
Sphinctozoa (1)
-
-
Demospongea (18)
-
Hexactinellida (23)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae (1)
-
-
Rotaliina
-
Buliminacea
-
Bolivinitidae
-
Bolivina (1)
-
-
Bulimina (1)
-
-
Cassidulinacea
-
Anomalinidae
-
Cibicidoides (1)
-
-
-
-
Textulariina
-
Lituolacea
-
Trochammina (1)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (12)
-
Silicoflagellata (2)
-
Thecamoeba (1)
-
Tintinnidae
-
Calpionellidae (1)
-
-
-
Vermes
-
Annelida (1)
-
Polychaeta
-
Serpulidae (1)
-
-
scolecodonts (1)
-
-
-
Metazoa (3)
-
microfossils
-
Conodonta (1)
-
Fusulinina
-
Fusulinidae (1)
-
-
problematic microfossils (4)
-
scolecodonts (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (4)
-
miospores
-
Classopollis (1)
-
pollen (2)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Chlorophyta
-
Chlorophyceae
-
Dasycladaceae (1)
-
-
Tasmanites (1)
-
-
Chrysophyta (2)
-
Coccolithophoraceae (2)
-
diatoms (14)
-
nannofossils (2)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
-
Compositae (1)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae
-
Gramineae (1)
-
Palmae (1)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales
-
Araucariaceae
-
Araucaria (1)
-
-
-
Cycadales (1)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (4)
-
-
thallophytes (5)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
paleomagnetism (1)
-
racemization (1)
-
Sm/Nd (1)
-
Th/U (1)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
upper Holocene (1)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene (2)
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Lincoln Creek Formation (1)
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
lower Miocene
-
Burdigalian (1)
-
-
upper Miocene
-
Tortonian (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
upper Pliocene (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Bracklesham Group (1)
-
middle Eocene (1)
-
upper Eocene (2)
-
-
Oligocene
-
lower Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
Porters Creek Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (1)
-
Aptian
-
Shuaiba Formation (1)
-
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Campanian (1)
-
Cenomanian (2)
-
Gulfian
-
Eagle Ford Formation (1)
-
-
Lameta Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian (1)
-
Santonian (2)
-
Senonian (2)
-
Turonian (2)
-
-
Viking Formation (1)
-
-
Great Valley Sequence (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Dunlin Group (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bajocian
-
Brent Group (2)
-
-
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Bossier Formation (1)
-
Hanifa Formation (1)
-
Haynesville Formation (1)
-
Kimmeridgian (1)
-
Morrison Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian (2)
-
Tithonian (1)
-
-
-
Kunga Group (1)
-
Sandilands Formation (1)
-
Statfjord Formation (1)
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Induan (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
Upper Triassic
-
Norian (1)
-
-
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Atdabanian (1)
-
Tommotian (3)
-
-
Middle Cambrian (8)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (2)
-
Wilberns Formation (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Fort Payne Formation (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Morrowan
-
Bloyd Formation (1)
-
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Carbondale Formation (1)
-
Desmoinesian (2)
-
Staunton Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Virgilian (1)
-
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Givetian (1)
-
Ludlowville Formation (1)
-
-
-
Ishbel Group (1)
-
Knox Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (1)
-
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Kindblade Formation (1)
-
Tremadocian (1)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Chazyan (1)
-
Darriwilian (1)
-
Stones River Group (1)
-
Whiterockian (1)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Hirnantian (2)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
-
Vinini Formation (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Ecca Group (1)
-
Guadalupian (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Leonardian (1)
-
-
Maokou Formation (1)
-
Park City Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
Vryheid Formation (1)
-
-
Road River Formation (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery (2)
-
Wenlock
-
Homerian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Racine Dolomite (1)
-
Roberts Mountains Formation (1)
-
-
Niagaran (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (1)
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Dwyka Formation (1)
-
-
Woodford Shale (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (1)
-
Precambrian
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Ediacaran (2)
-
Vendian (3)
-
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
-
ocean-island basalts (1)
-
tholeiite (1)
-
-
glasses
-
volcanic glass (1)
-
-
pyroclastics
-
tuff (1)
-
-
-
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
phyllites (1)
-
-
turbidite (3)
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (1)
-
aragonite (1)
-
calcite (1)
-
dolomite (2)
-
magnesian calcite (1)
-
-
oxides
-
goethite (1)
-
hydroxides
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opal
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sheet silicates
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sulfates
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Primary terms
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Africa
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Asia
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bacteria (4)
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Canada
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Quebec
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Western Canada
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (5)
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Caribbean region
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West Indies
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Discovery Bay Jamaica (1)
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Cayman Islands
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Pleistocene
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upper Pleistocene (2)
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upper Quaternary
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Tertiary
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Lincoln Creek Formation (1)
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Neogene
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Pliocene
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Paleogene
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Oligocene
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Paleocene
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Porters Creek Formation (1)
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Central America
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Panama (1)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces
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Tetrapoda
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Reptilia
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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dinosaurs
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climate change (1)
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Europe
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igneous rocks
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glasses
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pyroclastics
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Indian Ocean
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intrusions (1)
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Invertebrata
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Insecta
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Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita (7)
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Brachiopoda
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Inarticulata
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Bryozoa (3)
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Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Gastropoda
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Hyolithes (2)
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Porifera
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Demospongea (18)
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Protista
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Rotaliina
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Cassidulinacea
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Cibicidoides (1)
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Textulariina
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Lituolacea
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Trochammina (1)
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Radiolaria (12)
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Tintinnidae
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Vermes
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isotopes
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (5)
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lava (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (1)
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Shuaiba Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Lameta Formation (1)
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Viking Formation (1)
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Great Valley Sequence (1)
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Jurassic
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Lower Jurassic
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Dunlin Group (1)
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Middle Jurassic
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Bajocian
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Upper Jurassic
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Bossier Formation (1)
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Haynesville Formation (1)
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Morrison Formation (1)
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Oxfordian (2)
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Kunga Group (1)
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Sandilands Formation (1)
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Statfjord Formation (1)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Induan (1)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
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Upper Triassic
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Norian (1)
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Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
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metals
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calcium (1)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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germanium (3)
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lead
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Pb-210 (1)
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rare earths
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
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North America
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Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
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-
Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 113
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ODP Site 689 (1)
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Leg 182
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ODP Site 1129 (1)
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ODP Site 1131 (1)
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oceanography (2)
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oil and gas fields (2)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (3)
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Pacific Ocean
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Coral Sea
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Great Barrier Reef (1)
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West Pacific
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paleoclimatology (8)
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paleoecology (22)
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paleontology (15)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian
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Atdabanian (1)
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Tommotian (3)
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Middle Cambrian (8)
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Upper Cambrian
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Furongian (2)
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Wilberns Formation (1)
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Carboniferous
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Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
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Fort Payne Formation (1)
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-
-
Pennsylvanian
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Morrowan
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Bloyd Formation (1)
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-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
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Carbondale Formation (1)
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Desmoinesian (2)
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Staunton Formation (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Virgilian (1)
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-
-
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Devonian
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Lower Devonian
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Lochkovian (1)
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Middle Devonian
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Givetian (1)
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Ludlowville Formation (1)
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Ishbel Group (1)
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Knox Group (1)
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lower Paleozoic
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Cape Phillips Formation (1)
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Ordovician
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Kindblade Formation (1)
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Middle Ordovician
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Chazyan (1)
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Upper Ordovician
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Hirnantian (2)
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Red River Formation (1)
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Vinini Formation (1)
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Permian
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Ecca Group (1)
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Guadalupian (1)
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Lower Permian
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Leonardian (1)
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Maokou Formation (1)
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Park City Formation (1)
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Upper Permian
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Lopingian
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Changhsingian (1)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
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Vryheid Formation (1)
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Road River Formation (1)
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Silurian
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Lower Silurian
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Llandovery (2)
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Wenlock
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Homerian (1)
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-
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Middle Silurian
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Racine Dolomite (1)
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Roberts Mountains Formation (1)
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Niagaran (1)
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Upper Silurian
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Ludlow (1)
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-
-
upper Paleozoic
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Dwyka Formation (1)
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Woodford Shale (1)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (4)
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miospores
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Classopollis (1)
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petroleum
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shale oil (2)
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petrology (1)
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phosphate deposits (1)
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Plantae
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algae
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Chlorophyta
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Chlorophyceae
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Tasmanites (1)
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Chrysophyta (2)
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Coccolithophoraceae (2)
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diatoms (14)
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nannofossils (2)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Compositae (1)
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Monocotyledoneae
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales
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Araucariaceae
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Araucaria (1)
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Cycadales (1)
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plate tectonics (1)
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Precambrian
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Neoproterozoic
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Ediacaran (2)
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Vendian (3)
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problematic fossils
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reefs (7)
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sea-level changes (4)
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sedimentary structures
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sedimentation (8)
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marine sediments (4)
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peat (2)
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silicon
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Si-29 (1)
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soils (1)
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South America
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Precordillera (1)
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Southern Ocean
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spectroscopy (1)
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thermal waters (3)
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United States
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Texas
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Tombigbee River (1)
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Virginia
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Washington
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
spicules
Syn- and post-depositional influences on reservoir quality of the Aptian Dariyan Formation, eastern Persian Gulf Available to Purchase
FAUNA AND SEDIMENTS AS ARCHIVES OF LATE HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE (RASDHOO ATOLL LAGOON, MALDIVES, INDIAN OCEAN) Available to Purchase
Comparison of silica diagenesis between the lower Cambrian and lower Silurian shale reservoirs in the middle–upper Yangtze platform (southern China) Available to Purchase
Taphonomy of exceptional sponge preservation in the Hirnantian Anji Biota, China Available to Purchase
Timing of mass redeposition of sponge spicules from the peri-Tethyan shelf into the deep Carpathian Basin and their relation to mid-Cretaceous global sea level changes Available to Purchase
Revisiting the phosphorite deposit of Fontanarejo (central Spain): new window into the early Cambrian evolution of sponges and the microbial origin of phosphorites Open Access
New vauxiid sponges from the Chengjiang Biota and their evolutionary significance Available to Purchase
Exceptional preservation of two new early rossellid sponges: the dominant species in the Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) Anji Biota of China Available to Purchase
10 Grain Association, Petrography, and Lithofacies Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT This chapter analyzes the different lithofacies of the Vaca Muerta Formation using macroscopic observations, standard microscopy textural studies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and presents them in a paleo-environmental and a sequence stratigraphic context. Microfacies-scale analyses in the Vaca Muerta Formation reveal a wide range of sedimentary and diagenetic processes that are essential for the understanding of this heterogeneous self-sourced unconventional reservoir. Seventeen of the more representative lithofacies in the Vaca Muerta Formation are described based on textures, grain type, and matrix composition. XRD data indicate that most of the mudstones microfacies show quartz–feldspar values above 40%, carbonate between 20% and 40%, clay lower than 35%, and total organic carbon (TOC) between 2% and 8%. Porosity of crushed rock samples shows common values between 10% and 16%. Porosity observed in SEM can be divided into interparticle, intraparticle, and organic-hosted type. Coccoliths are commonly found as calcareous fecal pellets that can make up to 35% of the rock volume. Pores within pellets range from hundreds of nanometers to more than 5 μm. Lateral and vertical distribution of lithofacies is controlled by the sedimentary environments and the systems tracts. Transgressive systems tracts (TST) show an enrichment in siliceous particles, the highest TOC values, and abundant organic-hosted porosity. Highstand systems tracts (HST) are carbonate rich, with lower TOC values and interparticle and intraparticle porosity. Comparison of the lithological-dependent characteristics from the Vaca Muerta Formation with other well-known unconventional plays shows that the Vaca Muerta Formation shares many characteristics with the Oxfordian–Tithonian Haynesville/Bossier Shale and the Cenomanian–Turonian Eagle Ford Shale, such as lithofacies, grains composition, mineralogical composition, diagenesis, percentage of TOC, porosity volume, and pore types.
Lithostratigraphy of the Prince Albert Formation (Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup) Available to Purchase
Resolution limits of fluid overpressures from mineralogy, porosity, and sonic velocity variations in North Sea mudrocks Available to Purchase
Multiscale Imaging and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Pore Characterization in Unconventional Carbonate Mudrocks of the Southern Midcontinent (USA): Mississippi Lime Play Available to Purchase
Petrophysical characterization and understanding of pore systems and producibility in unconventional reservoirs remains challenging when evaluating reservoir potential. This study’s main objective is to identify and evaluate the controls on petrophysical rock types in unconventional low porosity, low permeability carbonate reservoirs in Mississippian-aged rocks of the southern Midcontinent. Representative samples selected from cores in the study area are calcareous siltstones and grain-rich packstones to grainstones. Rock fabric, pore types, and pore structure of 23 samples were investigated using multiscale image analysis of optical micrographs and scanning electron microscope (SEM) mosaics. Petrographic observations and quantified pore parameters were correlated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) plug measurements of transverse relaxation times (T 2), pore size distribution, and porosity. Results indicate that pore structure, permeability, and NMR response are closely linked to the dominant pore types, pore sizes, and mineralogy, which are distinctive for specific rocks—allowing for petrophysical rock type (PRT) grouping. NMR signature geometry is distinct in each of these rock type groups. Complex mixed mineralogies in these rocks homogenizes porosity and permeability relationships among rocks of different depositional facies, making it difficult to define clear-cut correlative relationships between pore architecture, rock fabric, and petrophysical response. Petrographic assessment indicates that the primary cause of pore-scale heterogeneity and varying petrophysical response is related to postdepositional diagenesis, such as silicification, cementation, dissolution, and mineralization along pores and pore throats, which produce complicated pore systems and affects matrix permeability. These observations confirm that incorporating geologic information such as mineralogy, diagenesis, and pore types/pore architecture into rock typing workflows in carbonate mudrock reservoirs is critical to understanding petrophysical response. Additionally, the distinct geometries in each petrophysical rock type group establishes the viability of using NMR as a rock typing tool based on the correlative relationships between NMR response, pore types, and facies.
Impact of Upwelling On Heterozoan, Biosiliceous, and Organic-rich Deposits: Jurassic (oxfordian) Hanifa Formation, Saudi Arabia Available to Purchase
Microflora from Sauropod Coprolites and Associated Sediments of Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Lameta Formation of Nand-Dongargaon Basin, Maharashtra Available to Purchase
LITHISTID SPONGE-MICROBIAL REEF-BUILDING COMMUNITIES CONSTRUCT LAMINATED, UPPER CAMBRIAN (FURONGIAN) ‘STROMATOLITES' Available to Purchase
Cambrian microfossils from the Tethyan Himalaya Available to Purchase
Unconventional Gas-Oil Shale Microfabric Features Relating to Porosity, Storage, and Migration of Hydrocarbons Available to Purchase
Abstract There are a variety of pore types in unconventional resource mudstones and shales. The currently preferred method by geologists and petrophysicists is to examine and analyze these mudstones and shales by argonion and focused ion-beam milling to produce an ultrasmooth surface, coupled with observation under the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Potential issues with Ar-ion milled/FESEM preparation and imaging include (1) the small size of sample cubes for upscaling, (2) loss of structural fabric during the milling–imaging process, (3) fewer non-inorganic pore types observed than when observed with an unpolished surface, (4) analog use of pores from one shale to another, although the pore types and composition might differ, and (5) the creation of potential artifacts related to desiccation and rock expansion because of core retrieval and sample preparation. Conventional FESEM images obtained from freshly broken surfaces reveal much more textural detail than those obtained from ion-milled (polished) surfaces. Although conventional FESEM methodology may share some of the same limitations as Ar-ion beam-milled/FESEM technology, FESEM methodology should not be overlooked because it provides a more cost-effective and potentially more accurate analysis for estimating porosity and determining pore types and their distribution in shales. Comparison of FESEM images from ion-milled and fresh, non-ion-milled surfaces reveals that organic matter and internal organoporosity are best viewed on ion-milled surfaces, but shale microfabric and non-organoporosity is best viewed under non-milled surfaces. Complete FESEM imagery for shale characterization should include both types of analyses.