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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Antarctica
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snow
Drone applications in hydrogeophysics: Recent examples and a vision for the future
ABSTRACT Relationships between the weather and earthquakes have been suspected for over 2400 yr. However, scientific evidence to support such relationships has grown only since the 1980s. Because faults in Earth’s crust are generally regarded as critically stressed, small changes in stress and pore-fluid pressure brought about by rainfall, snow, and atmospheric pressure and temperature variations have all been proposed to modulate seismicity at local and regional scales. Elastic static stress changes as low as 0.07 kPa and pore-fluid pressure changes as low as 0.5 kPa have been proposed to naturally trigger earthquakes. In the UK, the spatial distributions of onshore earthquakes and rainfall are highly nonuniform and may be related; the wetter and most naturally seismically active areas occur on the west side of the country. We found significant spatial and temporal relationships between rainfall amount and the number of earthquakes for 1980–2012, suggesting larger volumes of rainfall promote earthquake nucleation. Such relationships occur when human-induced seismicity is included or excluded, indicating that meteorological conditions can also modulate seismicity induced by subsurface anthropogenic activities such as coal mining. No significant relationships were observed for monthly time lags, suggesting that the triggering effect of rainfall in the UK is near-instantaneous or occurs within 1 mo. With global climate changing rapidly and extreme weather events occurring more frequently, it is possible that some global regions may also experience changes in the spatial and temporal occurrence of earthquakes in response to changes in meteorologically induced stress perturbations.
Natural Halogen Emissions to the Atmosphere: Sources, Flux, and Environmental Impact
Decadal Response of Dokriani Glacier using High-resolution Hydrological Data, Indian Himalaya
Triple Oxygen Isotope Systematics in the Hydrologic Cycle
A critical analysis on the uncertainty computation in ground-penetrating radar-retrieved dry snow parameters
Long-term nivation rates, Cathedral Massif, northwestern British Columbia
Sonapani Glacier Recession over a Century from 1906-2016, Chandra Basin, Himachal Himalaya
Abstract We report on a decade of fieldwork designed to determine the conditions required for erosion of Mars-like gully channels in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV) of Antarctica. We have outlined the major factors in the morphological evolution of gullies in the Inland Mixed Zone of the MDV: (1) the distribution of ice sources; (2) the temporal aspects of ice melting; and (3) the relative significance of melting events in gullies. We show that significant erosion of gully channels can be achieved if geometrical and environmental conditions combine to concentrate ice where it can rapidly melt. In contrast, annual melting of surface ice and snow deposits during late-season discharge events contribute to transport of water, but flux rarely surpasses the infiltration capacity of the active layer. These small discharge events do not erode channels of significant width. Even when the flux is sufficient to carve a c. 10–20 cm deep channel during late summer (January–February) runoff, these small channels seldom persist through multiple seasons, because they are seasonally muted and filled with aeolian deposits. We briefly discuss the application of these results to the study of gully systems on Mars. Supplementary material: Eight videos showing activity and events are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3935992
Models of temperature, entropy production and convective airflow in caves
Abstract Three major problems in cave micrometeorology are analysed: the concept of the temperature of a cave and its phenomenology; the internal energy flows and consequent local entropy production; and a non-hydrostatic physical model of the underground convective air circulation. A cave’s temperature is rich in information, but it is often difficult to obtain because it requires experimental accuracies to be pushed beyond the reach of common external meteorological instruments to detect a variety of factors, such as thermal sedimentation, seasonal variations and the effects of external morphology. Energy flow has an essential role in estimating the sensitivity of a cave to external inputs. A model for evaluating the local entropy production is developed. Entropy seems to be the most basic parameter, explaining both the sensitivity of the environment and its tendency to form complex structures. Analysis of the second-order terms of convective air circulation is more complex than expected; nevertheless, only such an analysis is able to explain the behaviours (e.g. continuity in the airflow) that cannot be predicted by the first-order models.
Annual cycle of temperature and snowmelt runoff in Satluj River Basin using in situ data
Abstract Melting of snow and ice contributes a large amount of water to the streamflow in the Satluj River. During the winter season, there is low base flow in the river as compared to spring and summer. Temperature is one of the key factors which directly impacts snow and ice melting throughout the year. A substantial amount of snowmelt only occurs when all the snow in a pack reaches isothermal condition. It is therefore very important to know the duration of impact of temperature on snowmelt runoff. Since the Himalayas have very few stations observing hydrological as well as meteorological conditions, it is difficult to validate the snowmelt models and examine changes in small-scale features in river basins of the region. The present study examines the annual cycle and interannual variability of runoff in the Satluj Basin in the western Himalayas and documents the impact of temperature on snowmelt runoff of Satluj River using daily in situ data for the period 1982–2005. A multivariate regression model using precipitation and surface temperature has been developed to predict the discharge of Satluj River at a daily scale. It is seen that after every warm phase and cold phase of temperature, the impact persists for around one month and affects the snowmelt runoff during January, February and March at lower- and higher-elevation stations such as Bhakra and Kasol, respectively. The effect of a large fall and rise in temperature is noticed on snowmelt runoff measured at all the discharge stations, while a small temperature change does not affect the observed discharge at all the stations. The remote sensing and reanalysis data are consistent with in situ data in the basin, and there is no major change in peak month of discharge or the amplitude during two different periods at Rampur gauge station.
Temporal variations in snow albedo at glaciated upper elevation zone of an Eastern Himalayan river basin
Abstract Snow albedo is an important climate parameter as it governs the amount of solar energy absorbed by the snow and can be considered a major contributor to the surface radiation budget. The present study deals with the estimation of temporal variation of snow albedo at the upper elevation zone of glaciated Mago Basin of Arunachal Pradesh in eastern Himalaya. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Daily Snow Products (MOD10A1 and MYD10A1) at 500 m spatial resolution were used. Both the MODIS data for ten years (2003–13) and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection (ASTER) digital elevation model (DEM) of the study area were downloaded from NASA DAAC of NSIDC. The percentage area under different snow types (dry snow, wet snow, firn and ice) was determined by masking the upper elevation zone of the DEM into the albedo images. The average monthly slopes show a decreasing trend in area (%) of dry snow and wet snow and an increasing trend for firn and ice. Dry snow and wet snow cover percentages were observed to be decreasing, whereas firn and ice cover showed an increasing trend for most of the months. Firn dominated the type of snow, followed by ice then wet snow; the smallest area (%) was that of dry snow for the study period.
Abstract We describe a time series of meteorological parameters and surface energy balance components of a seasonal snow cover from an automatic weather station (4863 m a.s.l., 32.28° N, 77.58° E), for a winter season from 1 December 2012 to 30 March 2013, located on a moraine close to the equilibrium line altitude of Chhota Shigri glacier, Himachal Pradesh, India. The analysis shows that for over 80% of the time in winter, the snow surface was at a cooling phase. During late winter however, the surface had some positive residual energy which induced some melt during peak hours of the day. The net all-wave radiation was mostly negative during winter because of the high reflective property of snow and reduced incoming longwave radiation due to low cloud. The sensible heat flux heats the surface at night and enhances the cooling during day. The latent heat flux is always negative, showing that the surface is losing mass through sublimation processes (−0.83 mm w.e./day). A correlation between the energy fluxes and temperature shows a distinct relationship between fluxes. A comparison between the two studies performed on- and off-glacier reveals a significant difference in some parameters. A higher value (−1.08 mm/day) of sublimation rate at 4863 m a.s.l. shows that a large amount of energy available at the surface was used in sublimation processes. A comparatively lower albedo, relative humidity and net longwave radiation and higher latent heat flux, wind speed and net shortwave radiation yield a distinctive surface energy balance, highlighting the need for a large number of stations at different zones to achieve a coherent picture of energy balance in the region.