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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
-
East Africa
-
Malawi (1)
-
-
North Africa
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Algeria
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Ahaggar (1)
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Atlas Mountains
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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High Atlas (1)
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Egypt (1)
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
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-
Sahara (3)
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (2)
-
Gariep Belt (1)
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Kaapvaal Craton (2)
-
Namibia (2)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (1)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (1)
-
Mpumalanga South Africa
-
Barberton Mountain Land (1)
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Transvaal region (2)
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Zimbabwe (1)
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West Africa
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Burkina Faso (1)
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Cameroon (1)
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Ghana (1)
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Alexander Terrane (1)
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Arctic region
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Svalbard
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Asia
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Amur Russian Federation
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Arabian Peninsula
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Far East
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China
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Indian Peninsula
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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Lena Basin (1)
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Middle East
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Cyprus
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Iran (1)
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Turkey
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Russian Pacific region (1)
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Sakhalin Russian Federation
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Siberia (2)
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Zabaykalskiy Russian Federation
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Atlantic Ocean
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TAG hydrothermal field (1)
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North Atlantic
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Australasia
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Ontario
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Quebec
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Northwest Territories (4)
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Cascade Range (1)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Kuril Islands
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-
-
Siberian Platform
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Tunguska (1)
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Zabaykalskiy Russian Federation
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Copperbelt (1)
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Europe
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Alps
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Central Europe
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Czech Republic
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Germany
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Poland
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Pyrenees (1)
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Southern Europe
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Greece
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Greek Macedonia
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Sterea Ellas
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Iberian Peninsula
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Spain
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Andalusia Spain
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Aragon Spain
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Teruel Spain (1)
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Calatayud-Teruel Basin (1)
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Castilla y Leon Spain
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Catalonia Spain
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Italy
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Macedonia
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Western Europe
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France
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United Kingdom
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Canadian Shield
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Texas
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polymetallic ores (9)
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mineral deposits, genesis (83)
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mineral exploration (26)
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placers (2)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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iodine (1)
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hydrogen
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deuterium (3)
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isotope ratios (31)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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stable isotopes
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deuterium (3)
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Ne-22/Ne-20 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (36)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
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S-34/S-32 (14)
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metals
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alkaline earth metals
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aluminum (2)
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lead
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nitrogen
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noble gases
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argon
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helium
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neon
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (36)
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selenium (1)
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silicon
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sulfur
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fossils
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Invertebrata
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Cyprididae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Phacopida (1)
-
-
-
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Orthida (2)
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Pentamerida (1)
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Rhynchonellida (2)
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Strophomenida (2)
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-
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Bryozoa (2)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Scleractinia (2)
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-
-
-
Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (4)
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-
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia (4)
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Cephalopoda
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Coleoidea
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Belemnoidea
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Belemnitidae (1)
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-
-
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Gastropoda (2)
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Rostroconchia (2)
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Porifera
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Demospongea (3)
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Stromatoporoidea (2)
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (1)
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Radiolaria (6)
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Silicoflagellata (1)
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Vermes (1)
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Metazoa (1)
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microfossils
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Conodonta (1)
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Fusulinina
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Fusulinidae (1)
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problematic microfossils (1)
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palynomorphs
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acritarchs (2)
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miospores
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pollen (2)
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-
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Plantae
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algae
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calcareous algae (1)
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Coccolithophoraceae (1)
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diatoms (7)
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nannofossils (1)
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Bryophyta (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Sphenopteris (1)
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Lycopsida (1)
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Sphenopsida
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Equisetales (1)
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Sphenopteris (1)
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-
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Dicotyledoneae (1)
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Monocotyledoneae
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Cyperaceae (1)
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-
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Gymnospermae
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Bennettitales (1)
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Coniferales (1)
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Dadoxylon (1)
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Pteridospermae (1)
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-
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (1)
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prokaryotes (1)
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thallophytes (7)
-
-
geochronology methods
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Ar/Ar (6)
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fission-track dating (1)
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K/Ar (11)
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Pb/Pb (1)
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racemization (1)
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Rb/Sr (2)
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Th/U (2)
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U/Pb (6)
-
-
geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene (5)
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Pleistocene (2)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Challis Volcanics (1)
-
Florissant Lake Beds (1)
-
Lincoln Creek Formation (2)
-
lower Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
-
Hemphillian (1)
-
Miocene
-
Ash Hollow Formation (1)
-
Barstovian (1)
-
Barstow Formation (1)
-
Clarendonian (1)
-
Crater Flat Tuff (1)
-
lower Miocene (1)
-
middle Miocene (2)
-
upper Miocene (1)
-
Valentine Formation (1)
-
-
Ogallala Formation (1)
-
Pliocene (5)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Dammam Formation (1)
-
middle Eocene
-
Lutetian (1)
-
-
upper Eocene (1)
-
-
Oligocene
-
Fontainebleau Sandstone (2)
-
lower Oligocene
-
Sannoisian (1)
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Stampian (1)
-
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (1)
-
-
-
-
upper Tertiary (1)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (1)
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Barremian (1)
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Berriasian (1)
-
Lagoa Feia Formation (1)
-
Mowry Shale (1)
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Speeton Clay (1)
-
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Middle Cretaceous (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
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Cenomanian (3)
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Coniacian (1)
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Maestrichtian (1)
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Santonian (1)
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Senonian (4)
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Turonian (3)
-
-
-
Franciscan Complex (1)
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Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic (1)
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bajocian
-
Brent Group (2)
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-
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Hanifa Formation (1)
-
Morrison Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian (3)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (1)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
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Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
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Spathian (1)
-
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Middle Triassic
-
Doig Formation (1)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (1)
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Upper Triassic
-
Baldonnel Formation (1)
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Carnian (1)
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-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian
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Yudoma Series (1)
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Middle Cambrian (1)
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Mount Read Volcanics (1)
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Upper Cambrian (2)
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Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (1)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Harrodsburg Limestone (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Fort Payne Formation (2)
-
Kayak Shale (1)
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Lodgepole Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (1)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Meramecian
-
Saint Louis Limestone (2)
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Sainte Genevieve Limestone (1)
-
Salem Limestone (1)
-
Warsaw Formation (2)
-
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
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Hermosa Group (1)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Bashkirian (1)
-
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Marble Falls Group (1)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Allegheny Group (1)
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Breathitt Formation (1)
-
Kanawha Formation (1)
-
-
Pottsville Group (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Missourian
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Kansas City Group (1)
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Lansing Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (2)
-
-
Chattanooga Shale (1)
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian (5)
-
Middle Devonian
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Givetian (1)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Popovich Formation (2)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian
-
Wabamun Group (1)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (1)
-
-
-
Upper Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Hanson Creek Formation (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Conococheague Formation (1)
-
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Eureka Quartzite (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Ellenburger Group (1)
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Manitou Formation (1)
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Prairie du Chien Group (1)
-
Shakopee Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Blackriverian (1)
-
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Montoya Group (1)
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Pogonip Group (1)
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Upper Ordovician
-
Cincinnatian
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Richmondian (1)
-
-
Fish Haven Dolomite (1)
-
Hirnantian (1)
-
-
Vinini Formation (2)
-
-
Permian
-
Guadalupian
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Seven Rivers Formation (1)
-
Tansill Formation (1)
-
Wordian (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
-
Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cisuralian
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Kungurian (1)
-
-
Qixia Formation (1)
-
Wolfcampian (1)
-
-
Park City Formation (2)
-
Phosphoria Formation (3)
-
Yates Formation (1)
-
-
Pilot Shale (2)
-
Road River Formation (1)
-
Shawangunk Formation (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery (1)
-
Tuscarora Formation (1)
-
Wenlock (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Roberts Mountains Formation (5)
-
-
Upper Silurian (1)
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Arkansas Novaculite (1)
-
-
Woodford Shale (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (5)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Amisk Group (1)
-
Blake River Group (3)
-
Neoarchean (6)
-
Paleoarchean
-
Hooggenoeg Formation (1)
-
-
Warrawoona Group (3)
-
-
Brockman Iron Formation (1)
-
Fortescue Group (1)
-
Gunflint Iron Formation (3)
-
Hamersley Group (2)
-
Missi Group (1)
-
Sokoman Formation (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Damara System (2)
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McNamara Group (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Apache Group (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Ediacaran (5)
-
Riphean
-
upper Riphean (1)
-
-
Vendian (2)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Wollaston Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
-
-
Vindhyan (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
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agglutinates (1)
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igneous rocks
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carbonatites (1)
-
plutonic rocks
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diabase (1)
-
diorites
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quartz diorites (1)
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tonalite (1)
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trondhjemite (1)
-
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gabbros (1)
-
granites
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adamellite (1)
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monzogranite (1)
-
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granodiorites (3)
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monzonites (1)
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pegmatite (1)
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quartz monzonite (1)
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syenites (1)
-
ultramafics
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peridotites
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dunite (3)
-
-
-
-
porphyry
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vitrophyre (1)
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volcanic rocks
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andesites (4)
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basalts (7)
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dacites
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dacite porphyry (1)
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glasses
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pitchstone (1)
-
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komatiite (1)
-
pyroclastics
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ash-flow tuff (2)
-
hyaloclastite (2)
-
ignimbrite (1)
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pumice (1)
-
tuff (8)
-
welded tuff (2)
-
-
rhyolites (9)
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trachytes (1)
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vitrophyre (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (3)
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volcanic ash (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (2)
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gneisses (1)
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hornfels (1)
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listwanite (1)
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marbles (3)
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metaigneous rocks
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meta-andesite (1)
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metabasalt (1)
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metadacite (1)
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metakomatiite (1)
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serpentinite (5)
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metasedimentary rocks (3)
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metasomatic rocks
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fenite (1)
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propylite (1)
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serpentinite (5)
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skarn (7)
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metavolcanic rocks (4)
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phyllonites (1)
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quartzites (2)
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schists
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greenstone (3)
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slates (2)
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ophiolite (3)
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turbidite (4)
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minerals
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arsenides
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arsenopyrite (3)
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gersdorffite (1)
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carbonates
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ankerite (1)
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aragonite (5)
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calcite (12)
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dawsonite (1)
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dolomite (4)
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magnesian calcite (2)
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halides
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fluorides
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fluorite (5)
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topaz (1)
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-
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minerals (7)
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native elements
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graphite (2)
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oxides
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cassiterite (1)
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gibbsite (1)
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hematite (3)
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hollandite (1)
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hydroxides
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oxyhydroxides (1)
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iron oxides (1)
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limonite (1)
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specularite (1)
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uraninite (4)
-
-
phosphates
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apatite (3)
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florencite (1)
-
goyazite (1)
-
monazite (2)
-
xenotime (1)
-
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
aegirine (1)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
sanidine (1)
-
-
plagioclase
-
oligoclase (1)
-
-
-
silica minerals
-
chalcedony (10)
-
cristobalite (2)
-
jasper (1)
-
moganite (1)
-
opal
-
opal-A (5)
-
opal-CT (1)
-
-
quartz
-
alpha quartz (1)
-
-
tridymite (1)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (1)
-
clinoptilolite (1)
-
-
-
iron silicates (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group (1)
-
olivine group
-
olivine (2)
-
-
titanite group
-
malayaite (1)
-
-
topaz (1)
-
zircon group
-
zircon (6)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
axinite group (1)
-
epidote group
-
epidote (1)
-
-
vesuvianite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates (1)
-
sheet silicates
-
clay minerals
-
allophane (1)
-
kaolinite (6)
-
smectite (4)
-
-
illite (6)
-
mica group
-
muscovite (1)
-
-
palygorskite (2)
-
sericite (2)
-
serpentine group
-
serpentine (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (4)
-
anhydrite (2)
-
barite (4)
-
gypsum (3)
-
jarosite (2)
-
-
sulfides
-
arsenopyrite (3)
-
galena (1)
-
gersdorffite (1)
-
gudmundite (1)
-
marcasite (1)
-
molybdenite (1)
-
pyrite (10)
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pyrrhotite (1)
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sphalerite (2)
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stibnite (1)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfantimonites
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tetrahedrite (1)
-
-
sulfarsenites
-
tennantite (1)
-
-
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (1)
-
-
vanadates (1)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (19)
-
Africa
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Central Africa
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Congo Democratic Republic (1)
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-
East Africa
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Malawi (1)
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North Africa
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Algeria
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Ahaggar (1)
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Atlas Mountains
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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High Atlas (1)
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-
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Egypt (1)
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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High Atlas (1)
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-
-
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Sahara (3)
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Southern Africa
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Barberton greenstone belt (2)
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Gariep Belt (1)
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Kaapvaal Craton (2)
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Namibia (2)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (1)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (1)
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Mpumalanga South Africa
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Barberton Mountain Land (1)
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Transvaal region (2)
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Zimbabwe (1)
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West Africa
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Burkina Faso (1)
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Cameroon (1)
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Ghana (1)
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Mali (1)
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Mauritania
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Richat Mountain (1)
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Arctic region
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Svalbard
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Spitsbergen
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Nordaustlandet (1)
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Asia
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Amur Russian Federation
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Bureya Russian Federation (1)
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Arabian Peninsula
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Far East
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China
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Guizhou China (4)
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Hebei China
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Tianjin China (1)
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Jiangsu China
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Nanjing China (1)
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Jiangxi China (1)
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Xinjiang China
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Yunnan China
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Zhejiang China (1)
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Indonesia
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Java (1)
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Japan
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Kyushu
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Korea
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South Korea (1)
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-
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Godavari Valley (1)
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Gujarat India
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Karnataka India
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Madhya Pradesh India
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Satna India (1)
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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Turukhansk Russian Federation (1)
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Lena Basin (1)
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Middle East
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Cyprus
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Troodos Massif (1)
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Iran (1)
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Turkey
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Anatolia (1)
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Istanbul Turkey (1)
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Lake Van (1)
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Menderes Massif (1)
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Sea of Marmara region (1)
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Russian Pacific region (1)
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Sakhalin Russian Federation
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Kuril Islands
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Kunashir Island (1)
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Siberia (2)
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Siberian Platform
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Tunguska (1)
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Transbaikalia (1)
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Tunguska Basin (1)
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Verkhoyansk region (1)
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Zabaykalskiy Russian Federation
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Chita Russian Federation (1)
-
-
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Atlantic Ocean
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Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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TAG hydrothermal field (1)
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North Atlantic
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North Sea
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East Shetland Basin (1)
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Viking Graben (1)
-
-
TAG hydrothermal field (1)
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South Atlantic
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Argentine Basin (1)
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Santos Basin (2)
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Southwest Atlantic (2)
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-
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Australasia
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Australia
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Lachlan fold belt (2)
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New South Wales Australia (2)
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Northern Territory Australia
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HYC Deposit (1)
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Queensland Australia
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Drummond Basin (1)
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Mount Isa Australia (2)
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Mount Isa Inlier (2)
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South Australia
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Gawler Craton (1)
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Tasmania Australia
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Hellyer Deposit (1)
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Victoria Australia (1)
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Western Australia
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Hamersley Basin (1)
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Pilbara Craton (5)
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-
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New Zealand
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Lake Taupo (1)
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Taupo volcanic zone (6)
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Waimangu Field (1)
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Waiotapu New Zealand (1)
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Wairakei (1)
-
-
-
bacteria
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Bacillus (1)
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barite deposits (1)
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biogeography (3)
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bitumens (2)
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brines (3)
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Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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New Brunswick
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Saint John County New Brunswick
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Ontario
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Kenora District Ontario (1)
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Quebec
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Horne Mine (1)
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Labrador Trough (1)
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Nunavut
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Western Canada
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Alberta
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Athabasca Basin (3)
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British Columbia
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Canadian Rocky Mountains (2)
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Manitoba
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Snow Lake Manitoba (1)
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Northwest Territories (4)
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Saskatchewan
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Key Lake Deposits (1)
-
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (19)
-
organic carbon (2)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (5)
-
Pleistocene (2)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Challis Volcanics (1)
-
Florissant Lake Beds (1)
-
Lincoln Creek Formation (2)
-
lower Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
-
Hemphillian (1)
-
Miocene
-
Ash Hollow Formation (1)
-
Barstovian (1)
-
Barstow Formation (1)
-
Clarendonian (1)
-
Crater Flat Tuff (1)
-
lower Miocene (1)
-
middle Miocene (2)
-
upper Miocene (1)
-
Valentine Formation (1)
-
-
Ogallala Formation (1)
-
Pliocene (5)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Dammam Formation (1)
-
middle Eocene
-
Lutetian (1)
-
-
upper Eocene (1)
-
-
Oligocene
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Fontainebleau Sandstone (2)
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Deep Sea Drilling Project
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Leg 39
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inclusions
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fluid inclusions (35)
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Indian Ocean
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intrusions (32)
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Invertebrata
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Podocopida
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Cyprididae (1)
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Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Phacopida (1)
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Orthida (2)
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Strophomenida (2)
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Bryozoa (2)
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Cnidaria
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Scleractinia (2)
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Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (4)
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia (4)
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Cephalopoda
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Coleoidea
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Belemnitidae (1)
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Gastropoda (2)
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Rostroconchia (2)
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Porifera
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Demospongea (3)
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Hexactinellida (1)
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Stromatoporoidea (2)
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
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Radiolaria (6)
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Silicoflagellata (1)
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Vermes (1)
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-
isotopes
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Ar-38/Ar-36 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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stable isotopes
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Ar-38/Ar-36 (1)
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Ar-40/Ar-36 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (19)
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D/H (11)
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deuterium (3)
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O-18/O-16 (36)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (2)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (14)
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Si-29 (1)
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kaolin deposits (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (1)
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Franciscan Complex (1)
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Jurassic
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Upper Jurassic
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Hanifa Formation (1)
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Oxfordian (3)
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lower Mesozoic (1)
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Newark Supergroup (1)
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Triassic
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Charlie Lake Formation (1)
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Lower Triassic
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Middle Triassic
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Doig Formation (1)
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Moenkopi Formation (1)
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Upper Triassic
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metal ores
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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lead
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Mexico
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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noble gases
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helium
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neon
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nodules (4)
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North America
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Appalachian Basin (2)
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Basin and Range Province
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ocean floors (4)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (36)
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Pacific Ocean
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West Pacific
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Mississippian
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Harrodsburg Limestone (1)
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Lower Mississippian
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Fort Payne Formation (2)
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Lodgepole Formation (1)
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean (1)
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Upper Mississippian
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Meramecian
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Saint Louis Limestone (2)
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Salem Limestone (1)
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Warsaw Formation (2)
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Serpukhovian (1)
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-
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Pennsylvanian
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Hermosa Group (1)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Bashkirian (1)
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Marble Falls Group (1)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Allegheny Group (1)
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Breathitt Formation (1)
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Kanawha Formation (1)
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Pottsville Group (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Missourian
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Kansas City Group (1)
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Lansing Group (1)
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-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (2)
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Chattanooga Shale (1)
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Devonian
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Lower Devonian (5)
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Middle Devonian
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Givetian (1)
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Old Red Sandstone (1)
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Popovich Formation (2)
-
Upper Devonian
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Famennian
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Wabamun Group (1)
-
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Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (1)
-
-
-
Upper Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
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Hanson Creek Formation (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
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Conococheague Formation (1)
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-
New Albany Shale (1)
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Ordovician
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Eureka Quartzite (1)
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Lower Ordovician
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Ellenburger Group (1)
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Manitou Formation (1)
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Prairie du Chien Group (1)
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Shakopee Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
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Blackriverian (1)
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Montoya Group (1)
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-
Upper Ordovician
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Cincinnatian
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Richmondian (1)
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Fish Haven Dolomite (1)
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Hirnantian (1)
-
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Vinini Formation (2)
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Permian
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Guadalupian
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Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
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Seven Rivers Formation (1)
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Tansill Formation (1)
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Wordian (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
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Cherry Canyon Formation (1)
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Cisuralian
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Kungurian (1)
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Qixia Formation (1)
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Wolfcampian (1)
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Park City Formation (2)
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Phosphoria Formation (3)
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Yates Formation (1)
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Pilot Shale (2)
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Road River Formation (1)
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Shawangunk Formation (1)
-
Silurian
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Lower Silurian
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Llandovery (1)
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Tuscarora Formation (1)
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Wenlock (1)
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Middle Silurian
-
Roberts Mountains Formation (5)
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Upper Silurian (1)
-
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upper Paleozoic
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Arkansas Novaculite (1)
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Woodford Shale (1)
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palynomorphs
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paragenesis (33)
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petroleum
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Plantae
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Bryophyta (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Lycopsida (1)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae
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Monocotyledoneae
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Cyperaceae (1)
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales (1)
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plate tectonics (5)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Amisk Group (1)
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Neoarchean (6)
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Paleoarchean
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Hooggenoeg Formation (1)
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Warrawoona Group (3)
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Brockman Iron Formation (1)
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Fortescue Group (1)
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Gunflint Iron Formation (3)
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Hamersley Group (2)
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Missi Group (1)
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Sokoman Formation (1)
-
upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Damara System (2)
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Mesoproterozoic
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Apache Group (1)
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Neoproterozoic
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Ediacaran (5)
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Riphean
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upper Riphean (1)
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Vendian (2)
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Paleoproterozoic
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Wollaston Group (1)
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Witwatersrand Supergroup (1)
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problematic fossils
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quartz crystal (2)
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reefs (4)
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remote sensing (3)
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sedimentary petrology (44)
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packstone (2)
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chemically precipitated rocks
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clastic rocks
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silicification
Quaternary periglacial silicifications in the Paris Basin
Characterization of silicification and dissolution zones by integrating borehole image logs and core samples: a case study of a well from the Brazilian pre-salt
Silicification of trilobites and biofilm from the Cambrian Weeks Formation, Utah: Evidence for microbial mediation of silicification: REPLY
Silicification of trilobites and biofilm from the Cambrian Weeks Formation, Utah: Evidence for microbial mediation of silicification: COMMENT
The physical volcanology of large-scale effusive and explosive silicic eruptions in southeastern Saurashtra, Deccan Traps
Silicification of trilobites and biofilm from the Cambrian Weeks Formation, Utah: Evidence for microbial mediation of silicification
Taphonomy of exceptional sponge preservation in the Hirnantian Anji Biota, China
New mechanism for forming thick granitic continental crust at Phanerozoic convergent margins
ABSTRACT Phanerozoic continental subduction zones have produced thick continental crust composed almost entirely of granitoid plutons. While ideas about how plutons form have evolved from models that envisioned large, highly molten magma bodies, the exact processes involved remain debated. Geochronology and seismology have led to the view that plutons form by incremental emplacement; stacked sills represent one type of incremental model whereby granitoids grow top-down by sills underplating their predecessor. Still, many questions remain unanswered, including why sill-like contacts are not often seen in more mature plutons, why the mafic residuum is not observed with many granitoid plutons, why some plutons are compositionally zoned (and others are not), and why geochemical characteristics of intrusions systematically change during magmatic cycles. Here, we propose a hypothesis for the construction of batholiths by amalgamation of plutons formed in a two-stage process. During stage 1, intermediate-composition sills underplate previous sills, forming a moving reaction zone mafic complex that produces a thickening granitoid as the process moves downward. The top of this mafic complex also releases a water-rich, low-temperature silicate liquid (LTSL), which begins ascent by reactive porous flow. During stage 2, the upward flux of LTSL further differentiates the overlying granitoids, increasing silica by 5%–10% and resulting in linear “mixing-like” behavior on Harker diagrams. Multiple plutons building downward in a magmatic cycle thicken the crust, leading to garnet gabbro mafic complexes forming at ~20 km depth. Their high density leads to delamination and net silicification of continental crust. The continuous flux of LTSL up through the arc crust can explain many geochemical spatial-temporal trends found in magmatic cycles, including Pb isotope evolution and increasing Fe 3+ , and provides a mechanism for addition of water to the upper crust, leading to sustained volcanism through time.