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shock waves
Seismic Location of the 4 August 2020 Beirut Port Chemical Explosion
Shock effects in feldspars: An overview
ABSTRACT Feldspars are the dominant mineral in the crust of most terrestrial planetary bodies, including Earth, Earth’s moon, and Mars, as well as in asteroids, and thus in meteorites. These bodies have experienced large numbers of hypervelocity impact events, and so it is important to have a robust understanding of the effects of shock waves exerted on feldspars. However, due to their optical complexity and susceptibility to weathering, feldspars are underutilized as shock barometers and indicators of hypervelocity impact. Here, we provide an overview of the work done on shocked feldspars so far, in an effort to better frame the current strengths and weaknesses of different techniques, and to highlight some gaps in the literature.
Comparison of stress orientation indicators in Chicxulub’s peak ring: Kinked biotites, basal PDFs, and feather features
ABSTRACT During hypervelocity impacts, target rocks are subjected to shock wave compression with high pressures and differential stresses. These differential stresses cause microscopic shear-induced deformation, which can be observed in the form of kinking, twinning, fracturing, and shear faulting in a range of minerals. The orientation of these shear-induced deformation features can be used to constrain the maximum shortening axis. Under the assumption of pure shear deformation, the maximum shortening axis is parallel to the maximum principal axis of stress, σ 1 , which gives the propagation direction of the shock wave that passed through a rock sample. In this study, shocked granitoids cored from the uppermost peak ring of the Chicxulub crater (International Ocean Discovery Program [IODP]/International Continental Drilling Project [ICDP] Expedition 364) were examined for structures formed by shearing. Orientations of kink planes in biotite and basal planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz were measured with a U-stage and compared to a previous study of feather feature orientations in quartz from the same samples. In all three cases, the orientations of the shortening axis derived from these measurements were in good agreement with each other, indicating that the shear deformation features all formed in an environment with similar orientations of the maximum principal axis of stress. These structures formed by shearing are useful tools that can aid in understanding the deformational effects of the shock wave, as well as constraining shock wave propagation and postshock deformation during the cratering process.
Empirical Acoustic Source Model for Chemical Explosions in Air
Tracing shock-wave propagation in the Chicxulub crater: Implications for the formation of peak rings
Compressive–tensile rock markings
Hydrodynamic role of groundwater in bolide impact: Evidence from the Kentland structure, Indiana, USA
ABSTRACT The extremely important role of groundwater has been largely overlooked in studies of meteorite and comet impact processes. Beyond the radius of plasma generation, impacts can produce massive shattering in saturated porous rocks. Fluid pressure rise reduces rock strength and facilitates hydrofracture, to produce intraformational monomict breccias, faulting, and generation of mobile polymict breccia slurries. Decompression of a deep “transient” crater accounts for complex central uplift and gravitational collapse of tremendous slide blocks that in turn cause injection and ejection of fluidized breccia. As pore fluid pressures equilibrate, frictional strength increases, and the structural form is locked into stability. Evidence is reported here for Kentland, Indiana, where quarry rocks display relatively low pressure-temperature (elastic to ductile transition, 100 kb–100 °C) impact phases of the model of D. Stöffler. Breccias include monomict, polymict, mixed polymict-fault, and conventional fault types. The monomict breccias are associated with aquifer beds and formed by pervasive shockwave transmission on impact. Polymict breccias are derived from all rock types and formed from late stage injection-ejection pseudoviscous slurries. These processes can apply to similar impacts like Wells Creek, Flynn Creek, Decaturville, Sierra Madre, and many others.