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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (1)
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Morocco
-
Marrakech Morocco (2)
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
Rabat Morocco (1)
-
Rehamna (1)
-
-
Tunisia (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
South Africa
-
Murchison greenstone belt (1)
-
Transvaal region (1)
-
-
-
-
Anglesey (1)
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains
-
Gorny Altai (1)
-
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Gorny Altai (1)
-
-
Buryat Russian Federation (1)
-
Far East
-
Mongolia (1)
-
-
Himalayas
-
Lesser Himalayas (1)
-
Mount Everest (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Jharkhand India (1)
-
Northeastern India
-
Arunachal Pradesh India (1)
-
-
Rajasthan India
-
Udaipur India (1)
-
-
Sikkim India (1)
-
Singhbhum shear zone (1)
-
-
-
Main Boundary Fault (1)
-
Main Central Thrust (1)
-
Middle East
-
Iran (1)
-
Turkey
-
Antalya Turkey (1)
-
-
-
Sayan
-
Eastern Sayan (2)
-
Western Sayan (1)
-
-
Siberian fold belt (1)
-
Siberian Platform (1)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
New South Wales Australia (1)
-
Queensland Australia (3)
-
South Australia
-
Flinders Ranges (1)
-
Gawler Craton (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Otago New Zealand (1)
-
Otago Schist (1)
-
-
-
Caledonides (2)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick (2)
-
Nova Scotia
-
Cobequid Fault (1)
-
-
-
Meguma Terrane (1)
-
Ontario
-
Sudbury igneous complex (1)
-
-
Quebec
-
Abitibi County Quebec
-
Chibougamau Quebec (4)
-
Val d'Or Quebec (3)
-
-
Dore Lake Complex (1)
-
Eastern Townships (1)
-
Gaspe Peninsula (2)
-
Noranda Quebec (2)
-
Sigma Mine (1)
-
Temiscamingue County Quebec
-
Rouyn Quebec (2)
-
-
-
-
Labrador Trough (1)
-
Stikinia Terrane (1)
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia (2)
-
Canadian Cordillera (3)
-
Manitoba
-
Flin Flon Manitoba (3)
-
Snow Lake Manitoba (1)
-
-
Northwest Territories
-
Yellowknife Northwest Territories (2)
-
-
Yukon Territory
-
Kluane Lake (1)
-
-
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Guadeloupe (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Russian Federation
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Gorny Altai (1)
-
-
Buryat Russian Federation (1)
-
Maksyutov Complex (1)
-
Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Kola Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Siberian Platform (1)
-
Voronezh Russian Federation
-
Voronezh Anteclise (1)
-
-
-
Urals
-
Southern Urals
-
Maksyutov Complex (1)
-
-
-
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Eastern Alps
-
Austroalpine Zone (1)
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Otztal Alps (1)
-
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French Alps (1)
-
Western Alps
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Dauphine Alps
-
Belledonne Massif (1)
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Pelvoux Massif (1)
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Maritime Alps (1)
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Mont Blanc (1)
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Savoy Alps (1)
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-
-
Central Europe
-
Austria
-
Tyrol Austria (1)
-
-
Switzerland
-
Ticino Switzerland (1)
-
-
-
Lapland (1)
-
Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Kola Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Pyrenees
-
French Pyrenees (2)
-
Querigut Massif (1)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Central Iberian Zone (1)
-
Iberian pyrite belt (1)
-
Portugal (2)
-
Spain
-
Andalusia Spain
-
Alpujarride Complex (1)
-
Nevado-Filabride Complex (1)
-
-
Betic Cordillera (1)
-
Betic Zone (1)
-
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines (1)
-
Calabria Italy
-
Sila Massif (1)
-
-
Liguria Italy (1)
-
Sardinia Italy (1)
-
-
-
Voronezh Russian Federation
-
Voronezh Anteclise (1)
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Alpes-Maritimes France (1)
-
Ariege France
-
Querigut Massif (1)
-
-
Armorican Massif (3)
-
Aude France (1)
-
Brittany (1)
-
Central Massif
-
Montagne Noire (1)
-
-
Cevennes (1)
-
Corsica (2)
-
Dauphine Alps
-
Belledonne Massif (1)
-
Pelvoux Massif (1)
-
-
Finistere France (1)
-
French Alps (1)
-
French Pyrenees (2)
-
Hautes-Alpes France (1)
-
Haute-Savoie France
-
Savoy Alps (1)
-
-
Hautes-Pyrenees France (2)
-
Isere France (1)
-
Morbihan France (1)
-
Pyrenees-Atlantiques France (1)
-
-
Ireland
-
Galway Ireland
-
Connemara (1)
-
Galway Granite (1)
-
-
-
Maritime Alps (1)
-
Scandinavia
-
Finland
-
North Savo Finland
-
Kuopio Finland (1)
-
-
-
Norway
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Sor-Trondelag Norway
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Trondheim Norway (1)
-
-
-
-
United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
-
Cornwall England (1)
-
-
Scotland (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Henderson Mine (1)
-
Kings River (1)
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
West Mediterranean (1)
-
-
Meseta (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Blue Ridge Province (1)
-
Northern Appalachians (2)
-
Piedmont (2)
-
-
Belt Basin (1)
-
Canadian Shield
-
Flin Flon Belt (1)
-
Slave Province (4)
-
Southern Province (1)
-
Superior Province
-
Abitibi Belt (9)
-
Quetico Belt (3)
-
Wabigoon Belt (1)
-
-
-
Grenville Front (1)
-
Humber Zone (1)
-
Kootenay Arc (1)
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (3)
-
-
Omineca Belt (1)
-
Purcell Mountains (1)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Northern Rocky Mountains (1)
-
Selkirk Mountains (1)
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Absaroka Range
-
Beartooth Mountains (1)
-
-
Uinta Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Shuswap Complex (1)
-
Yukon-Tanana Terrane (1)
-
-
Rand Mountains (1)
-
Ruby Mountains (1)
-
Ruby Range (1)
-
Russian Platform (1)
-
Sierra Nevada (4)
-
South Island (1)
-
United States
-
California
-
Central California (1)
-
Humboldt County California (1)
-
Inyo County California
-
Inyo Mountains (1)
-
-
Kern County California (1)
-
Los Angeles County California (2)
-
Melones Fault (2)
-
Mono County California (1)
-
Northern California (2)
-
Riverside County California (1)
-
Salton Sea (1)
-
San Bernardino County California (1)
-
San Gabriel Mountains (1)
-
Sierra County California (2)
-
Southern California (2)
-
Tulare County California (1)
-
-
Coeur d'Alene mining district (1)
-
Colorado
-
Moffat County Colorado (1)
-
-
Idaho
-
Lemhi County Idaho
-
Blackbird mining district (1)
-
-
-
Maine
-
Franklin County Maine (1)
-
Kennebec County Maine (1)
-
Penobscot Bay (1)
-
-
Maryland
-
Frederick County Maryland (1)
-
Washington County Maryland (1)
-
-
Massachusetts
-
Berkshire County Massachusetts (1)
-
Franklin County Massachusetts (2)
-
Hampden County Massachusetts (2)
-
Hampshire County Massachusetts (2)
-
-
Montana (1)
-
Nevada
-
Elko County Nevada
-
East Humboldt Range (1)
-
-
-
New England (2)
-
New Mexico
-
Mora County New Mexico (1)
-
Picuris Range (1)
-
Rio Arriba County New Mexico (2)
-
Tusas Mountains (1)
-
-
North Carolina
-
Franklin County North Carolina (1)
-
Wake County North Carolina (1)
-
-
Pennsylvania
-
Chester County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Montgomery County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Philadelphia County Pennsylvania
-
Philadelphia Pennsylvania (3)
-
-
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Absaroka Range
-
Beartooth Mountains (1)
-
-
Uinta Mountains (1)
-
-
Utah
-
Daggett County Utah (1)
-
-
Vermont
-
Windsor County Vermont (2)
-
-
-
Yuba River (2)
-
-
commodities
-
barite deposits (1)
-
metal ores
-
antimony ores (1)
-
cobalt ores (1)
-
copper ores (12)
-
gold ores (15)
-
lead ores (2)
-
lead-zinc deposits (1)
-
nickel ores (1)
-
polymetallic ores (4)
-
pyrite ores (1)
-
silver ores (3)
-
uranium ores (1)
-
zinc ores (7)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (14)
-
mineral exploration (7)
-
mineral resources (3)
-
placers (1)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (3)
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (1)
-
-
isotope ratios (3)
-
isotopes
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (3)
-
D/H (1)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (3)
-
S-34/S-32 (3)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
large-ion lithophile elements (1)
-
Lu/Hf (1)
-
metals
-
alkaline earth metals
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
bismuth (1)
-
gold (1)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
-
-
lead (1)
-
rare earths (2)
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (3)
-
-
silicon (1)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (3)
-
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (6)
-
K/Ar (2)
-
Lu/Hf (1)
-
paleomagnetism (3)
-
Pb/Pb (1)
-
Rb/Sr (1)
-
U/Pb (6)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene (1)
-
upper Eocene (1)
-
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (1)
-
-
Dalradian (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (1)
-
-
Middle Cretaceous (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Senonian (1)
-
Turonian (1)
-
-
-
Franciscan Complex (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic (1)
-
-
Orocopia Schist (1)
-
Triassic (2)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (2)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Murphy Marble (1)
-
Poleta Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian (3)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Uralian (1)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Gile Mountain Formation (2)
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Glenarm Series (2)
-
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Tremadocian
-
Halifax Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian (1)
-
-
Shoo Fly Complex (2)
-
Silurian
-
Waterville Formation (1)
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Calaveras Formation (2)
-
-
Waits River Formation (2)
-
Wissahickon Formation (3)
-
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Amisk Group (1)
-
Blake River Group (2)
-
Neoarchean (1)
-
-
Flinton Group (1)
-
Kisseynew Complex (1)
-
Missi Group (2)
-
Purcell System (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic (1)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Infracambrian (1)
-
-
Ortega Group (3)
-
Paleoproterozoic (3)
-
-
-
Vadito Group (2)
-
Wyman Formation (1)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
diorites
-
quartz diorites (1)
-
-
gabbros (3)
-
granites
-
leucogranite (3)
-
-
lamprophyres (1)
-
monzonites (1)
-
pegmatite (2)
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (1)
-
peridotites (1)
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
dacites (1)
-
glasses (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
tuff (2)
-
-
rhyolites (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (5)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (2)
-
eclogite (1)
-
gneisses
-
biotite gneiss (1)
-
granite gneiss (2)
-
-
marbles
-
ophicalcite (1)
-
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (1)
-
metadacite (1)
-
metagranite (3)
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metagraywacke (2)
-
metapelite (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (6)
-
migmatites (3)
-
mylonites
-
blastomylonite (1)
-
ultramylonite (1)
-
-
phyllites (1)
-
quartzites (4)
-
schists
-
greenschist (1)
-
greenstone (4)
-
-
slates (4)
-
-
ophiolite (5)
-
-
minerals
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
cobaltite (1)
-
-
minerals (6)
-
native elements
-
graphite (1)
-
-
oxides
-
hematite (1)
-
magnetite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
monazite (2)
-
xenotime (1)
-
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
actinolite (1)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
plagioclase (1)
-
-
scapolite group
-
scapolite (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
quartz (7)
-
-
zeolite group (1)
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group (4)
-
kyanite (4)
-
sillimanite (2)
-
staurolite (4)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (1)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (6)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
allanite (1)
-
-
pumpellyite group
-
pumpellyite (1)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
cordierite (2)
-
tourmaline group (2)
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (2)
-
-
clay minerals (1)
-
illite (2)
-
mica group
-
biotite (5)
-
muscovite (4)
-
phengite (1)
-
-
serpentine group
-
serpentine (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
barite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (1)
-
cobaltite (1)
-
galena (1)
-
stibnite (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (14)
-
Africa
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (1)
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Morocco
-
Marrakech Morocco (2)
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
Rabat Morocco (1)
-
Rehamna (1)
-
-
Tunisia (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
South Africa
-
Murchison greenstone belt (1)
-
Transvaal region (1)
-
-
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains
-
Gorny Altai (1)
-
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Gorny Altai (1)
-
-
Buryat Russian Federation (1)
-
Far East
-
Mongolia (1)
-
-
Himalayas
-
Lesser Himalayas (1)
-
Mount Everest (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Jharkhand India (1)
-
Northeastern India
-
Arunachal Pradesh India (1)
-
-
Rajasthan India
-
Udaipur India (1)
-
-
Sikkim India (1)
-
Singhbhum shear zone (1)
-
-
-
Main Boundary Fault (1)
-
Main Central Thrust (1)
-
Middle East
-
Iran (1)
-
Turkey
-
Antalya Turkey (1)
-
-
-
Sayan
-
Eastern Sayan (2)
-
Western Sayan (1)
-
-
Siberian fold belt (1)
-
Siberian Platform (1)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
New South Wales Australia (1)
-
Queensland Australia (3)
-
South Australia
-
Flinders Ranges (1)
-
Gawler Craton (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Otago New Zealand (1)
-
Otago Schist (1)
-
-
-
barite deposits (1)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick (2)
-
Nova Scotia
-
Cobequid Fault (1)
-
-
-
Meguma Terrane (1)
-
Ontario
-
Sudbury igneous complex (1)
-
-
Quebec
-
Abitibi County Quebec
-
Chibougamau Quebec (4)
-
Val d'Or Quebec (3)
-
-
Dore Lake Complex (1)
-
Eastern Townships (1)
-
Gaspe Peninsula (2)
-
Noranda Quebec (2)
-
Sigma Mine (1)
-
Temiscamingue County Quebec
-
Rouyn Quebec (2)
-
-
-
-
Labrador Trough (1)
-
Stikinia Terrane (1)
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia (2)
-
Canadian Cordillera (3)
-
Manitoba
-
Flin Flon Manitoba (3)
-
Snow Lake Manitoba (1)
-
-
Northwest Territories
-
Yellowknife Northwest Territories (2)
-
-
Yukon Territory
-
Kluane Lake (1)
-
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (3)
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Guadeloupe (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
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Tectono-Metamorphic Evolution of the Cretaceous Kluane Schist, Southwest Yukon
Stages of Formation of the South Altai Metamorphic Belt (Central Asia)
U–Pb zircon geochronology and implications of Cambrian plutonism in the Ellsworth belt, Maine
Rock Magnetic Signatures of the Dalma Formation in the Singhbhum Mobile Belt, Eastern India
Protolith nature and P – T evolution of Variscan metamorphic rocks from the Allahyarlu complex, NW Iran
Prograde polyphase regional metamorphism of pelitic rocks, NW of Jamshedpur, eastern India: constraints from textural relationship, pseudosection modelling and geothermobarometry
Abstract We studied the zircon U–Pb ages, Hf isotopes, and whole-rock and mineral chemistry of metagranitoids from the Subansiri region of the Eastern Himalaya to constrain their emplacement age, origin and geodynamic evolution. The investigated metagranitoids have high SiO 2 , Na 2 O + K 2 O, Rb, Zr and low Fe 2 O 3 , Nb, Ga/Al ratios with fractionated rare earth element patterns [(Ce/Yb) N = 6.46–42.15] and strong negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.16–0.44). They are peraluminous (molar A/CNK = 1.04–1.27) and calc-alkaline in nature, with normative corundum (1.04–3.61) and relatively high FeO t /MgO ratios in biotite ( c. 3.38), indicating their affinity with S-type granites. The time of emplacement of the Subansiri metagranitoids is constrained by zircon U–Pb ages between 516 and 486 Ma. The zircon grains have negative ε Hf ( t ) values ranging from −1.4 to −12.7 and yield crustal Hf model ages from 1.5 to 2.2 Ga, suggesting the occurrence of a major crustal growth event in the Proterozoic and re-melting of the crust during the early Paleozoic. The geochemical data in conjunction with the U–Pb ages and Hf isotope data suggest that the Subansiri metagranitoids were produced by partial melting of older metasedimentary rocks in the Indian passive margin.
Tectono-metamorphic evolution of shallow crustal levels within active volcanic arcs. Insights from the exhumed Basal Complex of Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe, French West Indies)
New Insights into the Position and Geometry of the Main Central Thrust from Sikkim, Eastern Himalaya
Depositional Setting and Structural Evolution of the Archean Perseverance Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit, Matagami Mining District, Quebec, Canada
Geologic history of the Blackbird Co-Cu district in the Lemhi subbasin of the Belt-Purcell Basin
The Blackbird cobalt-copper (Co-Cu) district in the Salmon River Mountains of east-central Idaho occupies the central part of the Idaho cobalt belt—a northwest-elongate, 55-km-long belt of Co-Cu occurrences, hosted in grayish siliciclastic metasedimentary strata of the Lemhi subbasin (of the Mesoproterozoic Belt-Purcell Basin). The Blackbird district contains at least eight stratabound ore zones and many discordant lodes, mostly in the upper part of the banded siltite unit of the Apple Creek Formation of Yellow Lake, which generally consists of interbedded siltite and argillite. In the Blackbird mine area, argillite beds in six stratigraphic intervals are altered to biotitite containing over 75 vol% of greenish hydrothermal biotite, which is preferentially mineralized. Past production and currently estimated resources of the Blackbird district total ~17 Mt of ore, averaging 0.74% Co, 1.4% Cu, and 1.0 ppm Au (not including downdip projections of ore zones that are open downward). A compilation of relative-age relationships and isotopic age determinations indicates that most cobalt mineralization occurred in Mesoproterozoic time, whereas most copper mineralization occurred in Cretaceous time. Mesoproterozoic cobaltite mineralization accompanied and followed dynamothermal metamorphism and bimodal plutonism during the Middle Mesoproterozoic East Kootenay orogeny (ca. 1379–1325 Ma), and also accompanied Grenvilleage (Late Mesoproterozoic) thermal metamorphism (ca. 1200–1000 Ma). Stratabound cobaltite-biotite ore zones typically contain cobaltite 1 in a matrix of biotitite ± tourmaline ± minor xenotime (ca. 1370–1320 Ma) ± minor chalcopyrite ± sparse allanite ± sparse microscopic native gold in cobaltite. Such cobaltite-biotite lodes are locally folded into tight F 2 folds with axial-planar S 2 cleavage and schistosity. Discordant replacement-style lodes of cobaltite 2 -biotite ore ± xenotime 2 (ca. 1320–1270 Ma) commonly follow S 2 fractures and fabrics. Discordant quartz-biotite and quartz-tourmaline breccias, and veins contain cobaltite 3 ± xenotime 3 (ca. 1058–990 Ma). Mesoproterozoic cobaltite deposition was followed by: (1) within-plate plutonism (530–485 Ma) and emplacement of mafic dikes (which cut cobaltite lodes but are cut by quartz-Fe-Cu-sulfide veins); (2) garnet-grade metamorphism (ca. 151–93 Ma); (3) Fe-Cu-sulfide mineralization (ca. 110–92 Ma); and (4) minor quartz ± Au-Ag ± Bi mineralization (ca. 92–83 Ma). Cretaceous Fe-Cu-sulfide vein, breccia, and replacement-style deposits contain various combinations of chalcopyrite ± pyrrhotite ± pyrite ± cobaltian arsenopyrite (not cobaltite) ± arsenopyrite ± quartz ± siderite ± monazite (ca. 144–88 Ma but mostly 110–92 Ma) ± xenotime (104–93 Ma). Highly radiogenic Pb (in these sulfides) and Sr (in siderite) indicate that these elements resided in Mesoproterozoic source rocks until they were mobilized after ca. 100 Ma. Fe-Cu-sulfide veins, breccias, and replacement deposits appear relatively undeformed and generally lack metamorphic fabrics. Composite Co-Cu-Au ore contains early cobaltite-biotite lodes, cut by Fe-Cu-sulfide veins and breccias, or overprinted by Fe-Cu-sulfide replacement-style deposits, and locally cut by quartz veinlets ± Au-Ag ± Bi minerals.
Ore Petrography Using Megapixel X-Ray Imaging: Rapid Insights into Element Distribution and Mobilization in Complex Pt and U-Ge-Cu Ores
The first broad Russian experiment aimed at the study of the deep structure of Earth's crust and upper mantle by the common midpoint (CMP) method along the 1-EU geotraverse and cross-traverse 4B was realized in 1995–2008 in the territory of the East European Platform under the Russian Federal Program on Development of the State Geotraverse Network and Deep and Superdeep Boreholes. At the same time, the EGGI profile, geotraverses TATSEIS, ESRU 2003–2005, and DOBRE in Ukraine, as well as the system of profiles under the FIRE project in the adjacent territory of Finland were acquired. Integration of the existing geological maps and available geological (in the widest sense: structural, geochemical, geochronological, and so forth) data with results of geological interpretation of seismic images of the crust and upper mantle have led to a three-dimensional (3D) model of the deep crustal structure of the East European craton and a significant revision of previous ideas on the deep structure and Early Precambrian evolution of the region. In the geological interpretation of seismic data, we attached particular significance to the direct tracing of geological boundaries and fault zones recognized on the seismic-reflection pattern and the section of effective acoustic impedance toward the present-day surface and to their correlation with mapped geological and tectonic units. Comparison of the seismic image geometry with the geology of the eastern Fennoscandian Shield at the present-day erosion level shows that the reflection pattern matches the general trends of compositional layering, gneissic banding, and schistosity. The roughly homogeneous structural domains of the crust correspond to relatively large tectonic sheets, 3–5 km thick. Their inner structure commonly is not discernible in reflection patterns. The 3D model of deep structure in the Kola-Lapland region is based on correlation of tectonostratigraphic complexes depicted in the geological-tectonic map with structural subdivisions recognized as a result of interpretation of seismic crust images and their tracing to depth. In addition to the geological section along the 1-EU geotraverse, the model includes the section along the FIRE-4–4a profile that crosses the western part of the region studied in Finland. The 3D model shows the Paleoproterozoic tectonic structures (Lapland granulite-gneiss belt and its structural and evolutionary relationships with lower-crustal granulites, the structure and tectonic position of the Tana belt) and Archean tectonic structural units (the Central Kola granulite-gneiss belt, the Inari-Kola granite-greenstone domain, and the boundary zone between the Kola craton and the Belomorian orogen). The detailed 3D model of the crust and uppermost mantle in the Karelian-Belomorian region is also based on correlation between the exposed geological structure and geological interpretation of seismic images along the 1-EU geotraverse and cross-traverse 4B. The geological interpretation of the seismic crust image along the FIRE-1 profile serves as the additional basis for the Svecofennian accretionary orogen and its boundary with the Kola-Karelia continent. The model of the crust in the Karelian-Belomorian region contains the Paleoproterozoic tectonic structures (East Karelian imbricate thrust belt, Svecofennian accretionary orogen, and Onega Depression) and also Archean tectonic structures (Kuhmo-Segozero and Kovdozero microcontinents, and Chupa granulite-gneiss belt). The deep structure of the platform basement beneath the Moscow syneclise is an immediate extension of the Fennoscandian Shield. The basement structure in this area was controlled by Paleoproterozoic processes resulting in formation of the Lapland–Mid-Russia–South Baltia intracontinental orogen. The 3D model shows the marginal Totma and Aprelevka volcanic-sedimentary belts, and a synformal structure for the upper crust in the central domain of the orogen. The rock complexes of the Zubtsov-Diakonovo granulite-gneiss belt in the northwest and the Dmitrov-Galich belt in the southeast make up a distinctly outlined stage in the synform section. These complexes are underlain by gneiss-migmatite-amphibolite associations of the Bologoevo and Ivanovo-Sharya belts and are overlain by similar rocks of the Tver and Bukalovo belts. Lastly, the Kashin synformal granulite-gneiss belt is localized in the upper part of the section. The alternation of rocks of differing metamorphic grade clearly indicates the tectonic or tectonized stratigraphic character of the section in the Nelidovo synform. The crust sandwiched between the southward-plunging Totma and Aprelevka belts is characterized by rough layering. The reflections and boundaries of crustal sheets outlined in agreement with this pattern plunge southward beneath the Archean Sarmatia and Volgo-Uralia continental blocks. The deep crustal structure of the Voronezh Crystalline Massif is determined by a succession of geodynamic settings and Archean and Paleoproterozoic tectonic events that resulted in the formation of the Archean crust in the Kursk granite-greenstone domain and probably in the Khopior microcontinent, the Middle Paleoproterozoic East Voronezh orogen, and the Late Paleoproterozoic North Voronezh orogen. The 3D model applies particularly well to the Middle Paleoproterozoic East Voronezh orogen. The orogen is localized in the area of collision of the Kursk and Khopior microcontinents, which differ markedly in crustal structure and composition. The crocodile-type tectonic structure of the East Voronezh orogen is clear evidence for collisional compression. The countermotion of microcontinents resulted in the wedge-shaped structure of the Kursk microcontinent extending for 150 km, delamination of crust in the Khopior microcontinent, and counterdisplacement of tectonic sheets coherently thrust over and under the Kursk microcontinent. The tectonic structure of the central and western Volgo-Uralia continent to a depth of 15–20 km is characterized by sections of 3D models of effective density and magnetization. The second block of information on the Volgo-Uralia continent deep structure comes from results of seismic profiling along the TATSEIS, ESRU 2003–2005, and URSEIS geotraverses. The TATSEIS geotraverse crosses a significant part of the Volgo-Uralia continent from southeast to northwest. The seismic crust images along this geotraverse not only create the basis for interpretation of regional deep structure, but also robustly link the crustal models of the western and southeastern parts of the Volgo-Uralia continent. The data along the ESRU 2003–2005 geotraverse played an important role in ascertaining the deep structure of the Krasnoufimsk ovoid, which is overlapped by sedimentary fill of the Ural foredeep. Additional evidence was provided by the URSEIS geotraverse. The Archean crust, slightly modified in the Paleoproterozoic, which forms the East European Platform basement in the Volgo-Uralia continent, is made up of mafic granulites, khondalite, mafic-ultramafic intrusions, and granitoid plutons. The 3D model of the crust based on the TATSEIS geotraverse demonstrates the deep structure of the Vetluga synform in the Tokmov ovoid and of the interovoid domain. Ovoids play a crucial role in the Volgo-Uralia continent structure and occupy no less than 60% of the crust. In 3D representation, they are bowl-shaped blocks, round or oval in outline, and 300–600 km in diameter at the basement surface, and with a base at the level of the crust-mantle interface, i.e., at a depth of 60 km. The thickness of crust of the interovoid domain does not commonly exceed 50 km. Two types of elongated oval synforms are distinguished: the interovoid ovals (Verkhnevyatka, North Tatar, Almetevsk), up to 200–300 m long, with aspect ratio of 2:1–3:1, and the interovoid belts (Usovo, Vyatka, Kilmez, Elabuga-Bondyuga, Tuma-Penza, as well as Zhiguli-Pugachev homocline), 300–400 km in extent, with aspect ratio of 4:1–5:1. The bottom of the largest interovoid oval crossed by the TATSEIS profile reaches 25 km in depth. In crustal section, the structural elements of the interovoid domain are underlain or partly crosscut by acoustically transparent layers composed of the Bakaly-type granitoids. The lower crust of the interovoid domain is ~35 km in thickness and is composed of tectonic sheets plunging toward the northwestern end of the geotraverse and penetrating into the mantle.