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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
sapphire
Analysing the Luminescence of Gems Available to Purchase
Discussion of the paper by Galuskin and Galuskina (2003), “Evidence of the anthropogenic origin of the ‘Carmel sapphire’ with enigmatic super-reduced minerals” Available to Purchase
A Method for Detrital Corundum Characterization in Sediments: Case Study of the Gem Mountain Mine Placer Sapphire Deposit (Rock Creek, Montana, USA) Available to Purchase
Age determination of oriented rutile inclusions in sapphire and of moonstone from the Mogok metamorphic belt, Myanmar Available to Purchase
Rare sapphire-bearing syenitoid pegmatites and associated granitoids of the Hamedan region, Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, Iran: analysis of petrology, lithogeochemistry and zircon geochronology / trace element geochemistry Available to Purchase
Origin of corundum–tourmaline–phlogopite rocks from Badakhshan, northeastern Afghanistan: a new type of metasomatism associated with sapphire formation Available to Purchase
Geochemistry of pink corundum-bearing feldspathic gneiss, Frenchvale quarry, Cape Breton Island, Canada: metamorphism of albitised, Fe-poor clastic rocks Available to Purchase
Metacarbonate-hosted Spinel On Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada: Insights Into the Origin of Gem Spinel and Cobalt-Blue Spinel Available to Purchase
From shell beads in the Palaeolithic and stone beads in the Neolithic to beautiful artificial gems in modern times, the history of gems has roughly paralleled that of humans. In the beginning, myths and folklore about the healing properties of gemstones dominated the story. Today, the story is about scientific techniques making larger or more colourful gems and newly discovered mineral deposits revealing gemstone treasures. In the western world the written history of precious and semiprecious stones begins with the On Stones of the Greek philosopher and naturalist Theophrastus ( ca . 315 BC) followed by the Natural History of the Roman historian Pliny (77 AD), which was the standard work on gems and minerals for more than a thousand years. The gemstones of the Old Testament and those of ancient East Asia tell their separate stories. Following a brief summary of these early works, this paper continues with individual descriptions of the major gems and semiprecious stones, focusing on their two most important attributes – colour and hardness – as well as where they are found. This is followed by a brief discussion of altered gems and a summary of modern interactions of gems and man. This paper concludes with some personal experiences of the author and a brief introduction to the geology of gem deposits.