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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Angola
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paleomagnetism (2)
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U/Pb (2)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
Flandrian (1)
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upper Holocene (2)
-
-
lower Quaternary (1)
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Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Lisan Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (3)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Asmari Formation (2)
-
lower Tertiary (2)
-
Neogene
-
Ipururo Formation (1)
-
Miocene
-
lower Miocene
-
Aquitanian (1)
-
Burdigalian (1)
-
-
middle Miocene
-
Badenian (1)
-
-
upper Miocene
-
Messinian
-
Messinian Salinity Crisis (4)
-
-
Tortonian (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
Cimmerian (2)
-
lower Pliocene (1)
-
upper Pliocene (1)
-
-
upper Neogene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian (1)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Carrizo Sand (1)
-
Claiborne Group (2)
-
Cook Mountain Formation (1)
-
Yegua Formation (1)
-
-
upper Eocene (1)
-
-
Oligocene
-
Frio Formation (1)
-
lower Oligocene
-
Stampian (1)
-
-
middle Oligocene (3)
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
Vicksburg Group (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (3)
-
K-T boundary (3)
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-
Midway Group (1)
-
-
Wilcox Group (3)
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-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Comanchean
-
Paluxy Formation (1)
-
Rodessa Formation (1)
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Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
-
Logan Canyon Formation (1)
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Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
Pinda Formation (1)
-
-
Aptian
-
lower Aptian (1)
-
Shuaiba Formation (1)
-
-
Barremian (3)
-
Burro Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cedar Mountain Formation (1)
-
Christopher Formation (1)
-
Hauterivian (1)
-
Lagoa Feia Formation (2)
-
McMurray Formation (2)
-
Neocomian (1)
-
Paluxy Formation (1)
-
Rodessa Formation (1)
-
Speeton Clay (1)
-
Thamama Group (1)
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
Urgonian (1)
-
-
Macae Formation (5)
-
Mancos Shale (1)
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Middle Cretaceous (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Campanian (3)
-
Cenomanian (7)
-
Coniacian (3)
-
Dawson Canyon Formation (1)
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Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (1)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (1)
-
Woodbine Formation (2)
-
-
K-T boundary (3)
-
Maestrichtian (8)
-
Mesaverde Group (1)
-
Santonian (3)
-
Senonian (9)
-
Turonian (5)
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (3)
-
-
Vraconian (1)
-
-
Jurassic
-
Arapien Shale (1)
-
Carmel Formation (2)
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Lower Jurassic
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middle Liassic (1)
-
Pliensbachian (2)
-
Sinemurian (1)
-
Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (1)
-
-
upper Liassic (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bathonian (1)
-
Callovian (6)
-
Dogger (1)
-
Summerville Formation (1)
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-
Norphlet Formation (8)
-
Posidonia Shale (1)
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Upper Jurassic
-
Arab Formation (1)
-
Bossier Formation (1)
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Cotton Valley Group (2)
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Entrada Sandstone (3)
-
Fulmar Formation (2)
-
Hanifa Formation (1)
-
Haynesville Formation (5)
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Kimmeridge Clay (1)
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Kimmeridgian
-
lower Kimmeridgian (1)
-
upper Kimmeridgian (1)
-
-
Morrison Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian (5)
-
Portlandian (1)
-
Sarayaquillo Formation (1)
-
Schuler Formation (1)
-
Smackover Formation (10)
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Tithonian (3)
-
Volgian (2)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (2)
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middle Mesozoic (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (3)
-
Pucara Group (1)
-
Triassic
-
Hallstatt Limestone (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (4)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (1)
-
Ladinian (1)
-
Muschelkalk (4)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (4)
-
Sherwood Sandstone (1)
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Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (1)
-
Chinle Formation (3)
-
Keuper (6)
-
Norian (1)
-
Rhaetian
-
Penarth Group (1)
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-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
-
Wingate Sandstone (3)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian (4)
-
Middle Cambrian (1)
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-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (2)
-
-
Mabou Group (3)
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Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (1)
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Lower Mississippian
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Macumber Formation (1)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (1)
-
-
-
Upper Mississippian (1)
-
Windsor Group (3)
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Cumberland Group (4)
-
Joggins Formation (4)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (2)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Paradox Formation (4)
-
-
Upper Pennsylvanian (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (2)
-
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian
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Elk Point Group (1)
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Mahantango Formation (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (2)
-
Onondaga Limestone (1)
-
Prairie Evaporite (3)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Honaker Trail Formation (1)
-
Horton Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Middle Ordovician (2)
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Castile Formation (1)
-
Gharif Formation (1)
-
Hutchinson Salt Member (1)
-
Kaibab Formation (1)
-
Khuff Formation (2)
-
Lower Permian
-
Al Khlata Formation (2)
-
-
Rotliegendes (2)
-
Upper Permian
-
Kazanian (1)
-
Salado Formation (1)
-
Tatarian (1)
-
Zechstein (31)
-
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Salina Group (2)
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-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Pictou Group (2)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (1)
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Precambrian
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Archean (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
-
Bitter Springs Formation (2)
-
Kunyang Group (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic (3)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Ediacaran (1)
-
Riphean (2)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (1)
-
Roan Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
extrusive rocks (1)
-
igneous rocks
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plutonic rocks
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gabbros (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (2)
-
-
glasses (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
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granulites (1)
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metasedimentary rocks (1)
-
-
ophiolite (2)
-
turbidite (22)
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
-
calcite (6)
-
dolomite (3)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
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carnallite (1)
-
halite (14)
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sylvite (1)
-
-
fluorides
-
fluorite (1)
-
-
-
hydrates (1)
-
silicates
-
framework silicates
-
silica minerals
-
quartz (2)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
zircon group
-
zircon (1)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (1)
-
-
clay minerals
-
smectite (2)
-
-
illite (2)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
anhydrite (15)
-
barite (4)
-
celestine (1)
-
gypsum (13)
-
mirabilite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
galena (2)
-
pyrite (1)
-
sphalerite (4)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (5)
-
Africa
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Central Africa
-
Angola
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Cuanza Basin (3)
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Cuanza-Sul Angola (1)
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Congo (1)
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Congo Democratic Republic
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Shaba Congo Democratic Republic (1)
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Gabon (3)
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Congo Basin (1)
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East Africa
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Zambia (2)
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Nile River (1)
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North Africa
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Algeria (7)
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Atlas Mountains
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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High Atlas (4)
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Egypt
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Nile Delta (5)
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Sinai Egypt (1)
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Ghadames Basin (1)
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Maghreb (3)
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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High Atlas (4)
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Rif (1)
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Taourirt Morocco (1)
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Tunisia (14)
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Sahara (1)
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Southern Africa
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Namibia
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Walvis Bay Namibia (1)
-
-
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West Africa
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Ivory Coast (1)
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Nigeria
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Niger Delta (4)
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Arctic Ocean
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Alpha Cordillera (1)
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Barents Sea (7)
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Chukchi Sea (1)
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Kara Sea (1)
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Norwegian Sea
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Haltenbanken (1)
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Jan Mayen Ridge (1)
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Voring Plateau (1)
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Arctic region
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Greenland (1)
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Russian Arctic (1)
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Asia
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Arabian Peninsula
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Arabian Shield (1)
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Kuwait (1)
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Oman
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Qatar (1)
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Saudi Arabia
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United Arab Emirates
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Dubai (1)
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Yemen (2)
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Central Asia
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Caspian Depression (2)
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Kazakhstan
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Karachaganak Field (1)
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Far East
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China
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Heilongjiang China
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Daqing Field (1)
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Hubei China
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Jianghan Basin (1)
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Qaidam Basin (1)
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Shandong China (1)
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Xinjiang China
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Kuqa Depression (6)
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Yunnan China (2)
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Vietnam (1)
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Himalayas (2)
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Gujarat India (1)
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Pakistan
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Punjab Pakistan
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Salt Range (2)
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Potwar Plateau (2)
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation (2)
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Lena Basin (1)
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Middle East
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Cyprus (2)
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Iran
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Elburz (2)
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Iraq (1)
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Israel (4)
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Turkey
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Anatolia (1)
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Zagros (17)
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Sakhalin Russian Federation
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Sakhalin (1)
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Siberia (3)
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Siberian Platform (1)
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Tibetan Plateau (1)
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Tien Shan (1)
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Turanian Platform (1)
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Yakutia Russian Federation (1)
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Yenisei Basin (1)
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-
associations (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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East Atlantic (2)
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North Atlantic
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Baltimore Canyon Trough (1)
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Bay of Biscay (4)
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Caribbean Sea
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Cayman Trough (1)
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Yucatan Basin (1)
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Celtic Sea (1)
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English Channel (1)
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Faeroe-Shetland Basin (1)
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Georges Bank (1)
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Georges Bank basin (1)
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Gulf of Cadiz (2)
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Gulf of Guinea (2)
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Gulf of Mexico
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Alaminos Canyon (3)
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Atwater Valley (8)
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Campeche Bank (1)
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Campeche Scarp (1)
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Challenger Knoll (1)
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De Soto Canyon (7)
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Eugene Island Block 330 Field (1)
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Ewing Bank (4)
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Florida Escarpment (1)
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Garden Banks (4)
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Mississippi Canyon (13)
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Mississippi Fan (4)
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Orca Basin (1)
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Sigsbee Escarpment (8)
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Viosca Knoll (1)
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Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1)
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Jeanne d'Arc Basin (2)
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North Sea
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Norwegian Channel (1)
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Valhall Field (1)
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Viking Graben (1)
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Northeast Atlantic (3)
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Northwest Atlantic
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Hibernia Field (1)
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Rockall Trough (1)
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Scotian Shelf (4)
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Scotian Slope (2)
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South Atlantic
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Espirito Santo Basin (4)
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Lower Congo Basin (8)
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Santos Basin (18)
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Southeast Atlantic (1)
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Faeroe Islands (1)
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Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1)
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Atlantic region (2)
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Australasia
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Australia
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Amadeus Basin (3)
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Northern Territory Australia
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Gosses Bluff (1)
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South Australia
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Flinders Ranges (3)
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Western Australia
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Canning Basin (1)
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Carnarvon Basin (1)
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New Zealand (1)
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barite deposits (2)
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bitumens (6)
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brines (13)
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Canada
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Arctic Archipelago (10)
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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New Brunswick
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Moncton Basin (2)
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Nova Scotia
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Cape Breton Island (3)
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Cumberland County Nova Scotia
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Joggins Fossil Cliffs (3)
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Sable Island (2)
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Meguma Terrane (1)
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Labrador (1)
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Newfoundland (5)
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Ontario (1)
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Mackenzie Mountains (1)
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Nunavut
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Sverdrup Basin (8)
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Sverdrup Islands
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Axel Heiberg Island (8)
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Queen Elizabeth Islands
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Sverdrup Basin (8)
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Sverdrup Islands
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Axel Heiberg Island (8)
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Western Canada
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Alberta
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Alberta Basin (1)
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Athabasca Oil Sands (2)
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Manitoba (1)
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Northwest Territories
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Mackenzie Delta (1)
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Saskatchewan (1)
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carbon
-
C-13 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (12)
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C-14 (2)
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organic carbon (2)
-
-
Caribbean region
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West Indies
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Antilles
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Greater Antilles
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Cuba (1)
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Bahamas (1)
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Caspian Sea (1)
-
Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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Flandrian (1)
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upper Holocene (2)
-
-
lower Quaternary (1)
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Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Lisan Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (3)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Asmari Formation (2)
-
lower Tertiary (2)
-
Neogene
-
Ipururo Formation (1)
-
Miocene
-
lower Miocene
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Aquitanian (1)
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Burdigalian (1)
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middle Miocene
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Badenian (1)
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-
upper Miocene
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Messinian
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Messinian Salinity Crisis (4)
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Tortonian (1)
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-
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Pliocene
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Cimmerian (2)
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lower Pliocene (1)
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upper Pliocene (1)
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-
upper Neogene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
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Eocene
-
lower Eocene
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Ypresian (1)
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middle Eocene
-
Carrizo Sand (1)
-
Claiborne Group (2)
-
Cook Mountain Formation (1)
-
Yegua Formation (1)
-
-
upper Eocene (1)
-
-
Oligocene
-
Frio Formation (1)
-
lower Oligocene
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Stampian (1)
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-
middle Oligocene (3)
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upper Oligocene (1)
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Vicksburg Group (1)
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Paleocene
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lower Paleocene
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Danian (3)
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K-T boundary (3)
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Midway Group (1)
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Wilcox Group (3)
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-
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Central America
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Guatemala (1)
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Honduras (1)
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clay mineralogy (2)
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climate change (1)
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conservation (2)
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continental drift (3)
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continental shelf (29)
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continental slope (33)
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crust (25)
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crystal chemistry (1)
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crystal growth (1)
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data processing (69)
-
Deep Sea Drilling Project
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IPOD
-
Leg 50
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DSDP Site 415 (1)
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DSDP Site 416 (1)
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Leg 41
-
DSDP Site 370 (1)
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Leg 42A
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DSDP Site 371 (1)
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deformation (134)
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diagenesis (22)
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earthquakes (7)
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economic geology (48)
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Europe
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Astrakhan Russian Federation (1)
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Pannonian Basin
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Ebro Basin (1)
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Ionian Zone (1)
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Italy
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Romania
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Volga River (1)
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Western Europe
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France
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Scandinavia
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Northern Norway (1)
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Troms Norway (1)
-
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
Bristol Channel (1)
-
England
-
Dorset England (1)
-
East Midlands (1)
-
Wessex Basin (1)
-
-
Scotland
-
Moray Firth (1)
-
-
-
-
Wadden Sea
-
Wadden Zee (1)
-
-
-
-
evaporite deposits (1)
-
faults (263)
-
fluorspar deposits (1)
-
folds (158)
-
foliation (2)
-
fractures (19)
-
geochemistry (7)
-
geochronology (3)
-
geomorphology (7)
-
geophysical methods (409)
-
geosynclines (1)
-
geothermal energy (1)
-
glacial geology (1)
-
glossaries (1)
-
ground water (6)
-
heat flow (19)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (2)
-
-
ichnofossils
-
Thalassinoides (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
gabbros (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (2)
-
-
glasses (1)
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (14)
-
-
Indian Ocean
-
Arabian Sea
-
Persian Gulf (6)
-
-
Great Australian Bight (1)
-
Red Sea
-
Gulf of Aqaba (1)
-
Gulf of Suez (4)
-
-
Timor Sea
-
Bonaparte Gulf basin (1)
-
-
-
intrusions (18)
-
Invertebrata
-
Echinodermata
-
Crinozoa
-
Crinoidea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Gastropoda (1)
-
-
Porifera (1)
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globigerinidae
-
Globigerinoides (1)
-
-
Globorotaliidae
-
Globorotalia (1)
-
-
-
Orbitoidacea
-
Amphistegina (1)
-
-
Rotaliacea
-
Heterostegina (1)
-
-
-
Textulariina
-
Lituolacea
-
Orbitolinidae
-
Orbitolina (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
isostasy (7)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (2)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (3)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (12)
-
D/H (2)
-
O-18/O-16 (15)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (3)
-
S-34/S-32 (6)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (5)
-
-
-
land subsidence (2)
-
lava (1)
-
lineation (1)
-
magmas (3)
-
mantle (7)
-
maps (5)
-
marine geology (14)
-
Mediterranean region (5)
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
East Mediterranean
-
Adriatic Sea (1)
-
Aegean Sea (1)
-
Eratosthenes Seamount (1)
-
Levantine Basin (5)
-
-
Mediterranean Ridge (1)
-
West Mediterranean
-
Alboran Sea (2)
-
Balearic Basin (1)
-
Gulf of Lion (5)
-
Ligurian Sea (1)
-
Valencia Trough (2)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Comanchean
-
Paluxy Formation (1)
-
Rodessa Formation (1)
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
-
Logan Canyon Formation (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
Pinda Formation (1)
-
-
Aptian
-
lower Aptian (1)
-
Shuaiba Formation (1)
-
-
Barremian (3)
-
Burro Canyon Formation (1)
-
Cedar Mountain Formation (1)
-
Christopher Formation (1)
-
Hauterivian (1)
-
Lagoa Feia Formation (2)
-
McMurray Formation (2)
-
Neocomian (1)
-
Paluxy Formation (1)
-
Rodessa Formation (1)
-
Speeton Clay (1)
-
Thamama Group (1)
-
Travis Peak Formation (1)
-
Urgonian (1)
-
-
Macae Formation (5)
-
Mancos Shale (1)
-
Middle Cretaceous (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Campanian (3)
-
Cenomanian (7)
-
Coniacian (3)
-
Dawson Canyon Formation (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (1)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (1)
-
Woodbine Formation (2)
-
-
K-T boundary (3)
-
Maestrichtian (8)
-
Mesaverde Group (1)
-
Santonian (3)
-
Senonian (9)
-
Turonian (5)
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (3)
-
-
Vraconian (1)
-
-
Jurassic
-
Arapien Shale (1)
-
Carmel Formation (2)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
middle Liassic (1)
-
Pliensbachian (2)
-
Sinemurian (1)
-
Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (1)
-
-
upper Liassic (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bathonian (1)
-
Callovian (6)
-
Dogger (1)
-
Summerville Formation (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (8)
-
Posidonia Shale (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Arab Formation (1)
-
Bossier Formation (1)
-
Cotton Valley Group (2)
-
Entrada Sandstone (3)
-
Fulmar Formation (2)
-
Hanifa Formation (1)
-
Haynesville Formation (5)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (1)
-
Kimmeridgian
-
lower Kimmeridgian (1)
-
upper Kimmeridgian (1)
-
-
Morrison Formation (1)
-
Oxfordian (5)
-
Portlandian (1)
-
Sarayaquillo Formation (1)
-
Schuler Formation (1)
-
Smackover Formation (10)
-
Tithonian (3)
-
Volgian (2)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (2)
-
middle Mesozoic (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (3)
-
Pucara Group (1)
-
Triassic
-
Hallstatt Limestone (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (4)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (1)
-
Ladinian (1)
-
Muschelkalk (4)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (4)
-
Sherwood Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (1)
-
Chinle Formation (3)
-
Keuper (6)
-
Norian (1)
-
Rhaetian
-
Penarth Group (1)
-
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
-
Wingate Sandstone (3)
-
-
metal ores
-
base metals (1)
-
copper ores (4)
-
lead ores (3)
-
lead-zinc deposits (5)
-
strontium ores (1)
-
zinc ores (4)
-
-
metals
-
alkaline earth metals
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (5)
-
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (3)
-
-
rare earths (1)
-
zinc (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
granulites (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks (1)
-
-
metamorphism (1)
-
metasomatism (2)
-
Mexico
-
Campeche Mexico (1)
-
Coahuila Mexico (2)
-
La Popa Basin (10)
-
Nuevo Leon Mexico (4)
-
Sierra Madre Oriental (4)
-
Trans-Mexican volcanic belt (1)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (14)
-
mineral resources (1)
-
mineralogy (2)
-
Mohorovicic discontinuity (4)
-
mud volcanoes (4)
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (3)
-
Appalachians
-
Appalachian Plateau (5)
-
Central Appalachians (1)
-
Northern Appalachians (1)
-
Valley and Ridge Province (2)
-
-
Basin and Range Province (2)
-
Canadian Shield
-
Grenville Province (1)
-
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (59)
-
Humber Zone (1)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains (1)
-
-
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1)
-
Western Interior
-
Western Interior Seaway (1)
-
-
Williston Basin (1)
-
-
ocean basins (2)
-
Ocean Drilling Program
-
Leg 160 (1)
-
Leg 161 (1)
-
Leg 210 (1)
-
-
ocean floors (32)
-
oceanography (25)
-
oil and gas fields (76)
-
orogeny (24)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (15)
-
-
Pacific Ocean
-
North Pacific
-
Bering Sea (1)
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Okhotsk Sea (1)
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
Okhotsk Sea (1)
-
-
-
-
paleoclimatology (8)
-
paleoecology (1)
-
paleogeography (30)
-
paleomagnetism (2)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian (4)
-
Middle Cambrian (1)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (2)
-
-
Mabou Group (3)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Macumber Formation (1)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean
-
upper Visean (1)
-
-
-
Upper Mississippian (1)
-
Windsor Group (3)
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Cumberland Group (4)
-
Joggins Formation (4)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (2)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Paradox Formation (4)
-
-
Upper Pennsylvanian (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (2)
-
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian
-
Elk Point Group (1)
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Mahantango Formation (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (2)
-
Onondaga Limestone (1)
-
Prairie Evaporite (3)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Honaker Trail Formation (1)
-
Horton Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Middle Ordovician (2)
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Castile Formation (1)
-
Gharif Formation (1)
-
Hutchinson Salt Member (1)
-
Kaibab Formation (1)
-
Khuff Formation (2)
-
Lower Permian
-
Al Khlata Formation (2)
-
-
Rotliegendes (2)
-
Upper Permian
-
Kazanian (1)
-
Salado Formation (1)
-
Tatarian (1)
-
Zechstein (31)
-
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Salina Group (2)
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Pictou Group (2)
-
-
-
palynomorphs (1)
-
paragenesis (7)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
shale gas (1)
-
-
-
petrology (5)
-
Phanerozoic (1)
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
nannofossils
-
Discoasteridae (1)
-
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Lycopsida (1)
-
-
-
plate tectonics (91)
-
pollution (1)
-
potash (1)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Bitter Springs Formation (2)
-
Kunyang Group (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic (3)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Ediacaran (1)
-
Riphean (2)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (1)
-
Roan Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
-
reefs (3)
-
remote sensing (15)
-
reservoirs (1)
-
roads (1)
-
rock mechanics (5)
-
salt deposits (1)
-
sea water (2)
-
sea-floor spreading (11)
-
sea-level changes (27)
-
sedimentary petrology (15)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
chalk (6)
-
dolostone (9)
-
grainstone (4)
-
limestone
-
calcarenite (2)
-
coquina (2)
-
micrite (1)
-
microbialite (1)
-
-
packstone (3)
-
wackestone (2)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
evaporites
-
salt (123)
-
-
-
clastic rocks
-
black shale (4)
-
claystone (2)
-
conglomerate (5)
-
eolianite (1)
-
fanglomerate (1)
-
marl (3)
-
mudstone (16)
-
red beds (4)
-
sandstone (53)
-
shale (25)
-
siltstone (3)
-
-
coal (3)
-
oil sands (1)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
bedding plane irregularities
-
ripple marks (1)
-
-
biogenic structures
-
bioherms (1)
-
bioturbation (2)
-
oncolites (1)
-
-
planar bedding structures
-
bedding (6)
-
cross-laminations (1)
-
cross-stratification (1)
-
laminations (1)
-
sand bodies (2)
-
-
secondary structures
-
stylolites (2)
-
-
soft sediment deformation
-
slump structures (1)
-
-
-
sedimentation (91)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
clay (3)
-
mud (1)
-
ooze (1)
-
sand (6)
-
-
marine sediments (7)
-
-
slope stability (1)
-
South America
-
Andes
-
Eastern Cordillera (4)
-
Subandean Belt (1)
-
-
Argentina
-
Neuquen Argentina (1)
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Neuquen Basin (1)
-
-
Brazil
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Pelotas Basin (1)
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Sergipe-Alagoas Basin (1)
-
-
Colombia
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Bogota Colombia (2)
-
Magdalena Valley (1)
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Sabana de Bogota (1)
-
-
Guajira Peninsula (1)
-
Peru (3)
-
Venezuela (1)
-
-
springs (1)
-
stratigraphy (41)
-
structural analysis (16)
-
structural geology (128)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (6)
-
-
symposia (4)
-
tectonics
-
neotectonics (16)
-
salt tectonics (826)
-
-
tectonophysics (5)
-
underground installations (1)
-
United States
-
Alabama
-
Mobile Bay (2)
-
-
Alaska (1)
-
Allegheny Front (1)
-
Arkansas (3)
-
Atlantic Coastal Plain (1)
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Book Cliffs (1)
-
California (1)
-
Colorado (7)
-
Colorado Plateau (6)
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Delaware Basin (1)
-
Eastern U.S. (1)
-
Florida (3)
-
Kansas
-
Reno County Kansas (1)
-
-
Louisiana
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Cameron Parish Louisiana (1)
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Evangeline Parish Louisiana (1)
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Iberville Parish Louisiana (1)
-
Plaquemines Parish Louisiana (1)
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Washington Parish Louisiana (1)
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Winn Parish Louisiana (1)
-
Winnfield salt dome (5)
-
-
Mississippi
-
Clarke County Mississippi (2)
-
George County Mississippi (1)
-
Greene County Mississippi (1)
-
Harrison County Mississippi (1)
-
Jackson County Mississippi (1)
-
Perry County Mississippi (1)
-
Stone County Mississippi (1)
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Wayne County Mississippi (1)
-
-
Mississippi Delta (1)
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Mississippi River (1)
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New Jersey (2)
-
New Mexico (1)
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New York (3)
-
Paradox Basin (9)
-
Pennsylvania
-
Lackawanna County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Lawrence County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Luzerne County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Lycoming County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Tioga County Pennsylvania (1)
-
-
Sevier orogenic belt (3)
-
Susquehanna River (1)
-
Texas
-
Brazos County Texas (1)
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Duval County Texas (1)
-
East Texas (3)
-
East Texas Basin (6)
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East Texas Field (3)
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Freestone County Texas (1)
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Galveston County Texas
-
Galveston Island (2)
-
-
Liberty County Texas (1)
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Madison County Texas (1)
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Rusk County Texas (1)
-
Shelby County Texas (1)
-
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains (1)
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Uncompahgre Uplift (1)
-
Utah
-
Arches National Park (3)
-
Canyonlands National Park (4)
-
Garfield County Utah (1)
-
Grand County Utah
-
Moab Utah (2)
-
-
Juab County Utah (2)
-
Millard County Utah (1)
-
San Juan County Utah (7)
-
San Rafael Swell (2)
-
Sanpete County Utah (1)
-
Sevier County Utah (2)
-
Sevier Desert (1)
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Utah County Utah (1)
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Wasatch Plateau (1)
-
Wayne County Utah (1)
-
-
-
USSR (1)
-
waste disposal (3)
-
well-logging (16)
-
-
rock formations
-
Ara Group (1)
-
Deccan Traps (1)
-
Difunta Group (1)
-
Ekofisk Formation (1)
-
Huqf Supergroup (1)
-
Louann Salt (23)
-
Nubian Sandstone (1)
-
Potrerillos Formation (4)
-
Semail Ophiolite (3)
-
Wilcox Formation (1)
-
-
sedimentary rocks
-
flysch (1)
-
molasse (1)
-
oolite (2)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
chalk (6)
-
dolostone (9)
-
grainstone (4)
-
limestone
-
calcarenite (2)
-
coquina (2)
-
micrite (1)
-
microbialite (1)
-
-
packstone (3)
-
wackestone (2)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
evaporites
-
salt (123)
-
-
-
clastic rocks
-
black shale (4)
-
claystone (2)
-
conglomerate (5)
-
eolianite (1)
-
fanglomerate (1)
-
marl (3)
-
mudstone (16)
-
red beds (4)
-
sandstone (53)
-
shale (25)
-
siltstone (3)
-
-
coal (3)
-
oil sands (1)
-
-
siliciclastics (14)
-
turbidite (22)
-
volcaniclastics (1)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
boudinage (1)
-
burrows (1)
-
channels (11)
-
mounds (1)
-
sedimentary structures
-
bedding plane irregularities
-
ripple marks (1)
-
-
biogenic structures
-
bioherms (1)
-
bioturbation (2)
-
oncolites (1)
-
-
planar bedding structures
-
bedding (6)
-
cross-laminations (1)
-
cross-stratification (1)
-
laminations (1)
-
sand bodies (2)
-
-
secondary structures
-
stylolites (2)
-
-
soft sediment deformation
-
slump structures (1)
-
-
-
-
sediments
-
oolite (2)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
clay (3)
-
mud (1)
-
ooze (1)
-
sand (6)
-
-
marine sediments (7)
-
-
siliciclastics (14)
-
turbidite (22)
-
volcaniclastics (1)
-
-
soils
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paleosols (3)
-
GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
salt tectonics
Geoscientist-driven machine learning-assisted fault interpretation: A case study from Atlanta Field to demonstrate the impact of fault labeling on the fault prediction cube Available to Purchase
Coupling of X-ray fluorescence and strontium isotopes to track the influence of brine in continental deposits: study of Oligocene sediments in the Digne area (SE basin, France) Available to Purchase
Role of the pre-orogenic rifting and preexisting Mesozoic salt tectonics on the deformation of the Southern Atlas front of Tunisia Available to Purchase
Early extensional salt tectonics controls deep-water sediment dispersal Available to Purchase
Our seismic data are a kind of digital palimpsest: a manuscript written on imperfectly erased reused paper that contains multiple overlapping layers of writing. Each layer of writing has its own story; it may be fresh and distinct, easy to read, or broken up into fragments and faded into near invisibility. In our processing we typically pay the most attention to the data layer that we plan to use for imaging, and ignore the others to the extent that we can get away with doing so. The deeper layers become “noise”. However, the better we can understand the various layers of the data, the better we can turn each layer into either additional useful signal or structured (i.e. predictable) noise. Preserving the structure of the noise is important. It allows us to do better, possibly much better, than we could by treating it as Gaussian random noise. For random noise the best we can typically do is stacking. While stacking is a powerful tool, its noise-suppression abilities are effective only up to a point. Each incremental increase in the stack size N costs the same to acquire, yet results in ever less S/N improvement. Even worse, noise in real data often contains statistical outliers that will dominate over the noise-suppression power of stack as N becomes large. We can damage our data at every step of the process from acquisition to final delivered product. If you are not checking for problems, you may be unaware that anything is amiss. The next game-changing improvement in our ability to guide business decisions by producing higher-quality Earth images may only happen if we can treat our seismic data with greater scientific rigor than has been standard practice. The goal of this book is to teach you the skills that you will need to do that.
Salt tectonics evolution in the Provençal Basin, Western Mediterranean Sea Open Access
Modeling mobile shales under contraction: Critical analyses of new analog simulations of shale tectonics and comparison with salt-bearing systems Open Access
Bogdo–Baskunchak Nature Reserve as a geoheritage site Available to Purchase
Abstract The Bogdo–Baskunchak Nature Reserve is a geoheritage site in the Caspian Depression, near the Lower Volga River. The Salt Lake Baskunchak and the Mount Big Bogdo with the gypsum field are the main objects of interest. Local legends about this place and the history of salt mining and trading, as well as geological exploration, make this geoheritage site special. This natural landscape is intact, as seen by the first scientific expeditions of the eighteenth century organized by the Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts in St Petersburg. Reports and papers about this area are associated with Pallas, Humboldt, Murchison, Eichwald, Auerbach, Pravoslavlev, Efremov and other scientists and expeditions. Extensive research and important discoveries were made in this area, mostly in mineralogy, stratigraphy, palaeontology, sedimentology, salt tectonics, and mining. This area reflects its long history of exploration and could be a good example of organizing the protection of geological landmarks and monuments in arid regions. In 1916, a Russian law was passed giving the government rights to organize reserves (zapovednik) for scientific and cultural purposes in the most remarkable natural areas. Only in recent decades have geological monuments in Russia become specially protected sites.
The influence of salt tectonics on the distribution of the Triassic Skagerrak Formation in the Ula Field, Norwegian North Sea Open Access
Present-day kinematics of the northwest Moroccan Atlantic Margin from GNSS data: west southwest extrusion at the western end of the High Atlas Available to Purchase
Introduction to Salt Basins Special Issue Volume 2: Evaporite precipitation, physical modeling, basin evolution in honor of Bruno Vendeville Available to Purchase
Salt welding during canopy advance and shortening in the Green Canyon area, northern Gulf of Mexico Available to Purchase
Interplay of downbuilding and gliding in salt-bearing rifted margins: Insights from analogue modeling and natural case studies Available to Purchase
Regional variability of onset and cessation of salt tectonics in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Southern North Sea subbasins Available to Purchase
Three-dimensional seismic classification of salt structure morphologies across the Southern North Sea Available to Purchase
Growth and evolution of salt canopies on a salt-detached slope: Insights from physical models Available to Purchase
Pleistocene Colorado River terraces in the canyonlands region (Utah, USA) record unsteady, transient incision and growth of the Cataract Canyon knickzone by salt tectonics Available to Purchase
The value of integrated core–CT–BHI data in characterizing aeolian dune geometries and effects of cross-cutting deformation bands: implications for permeability architecture Available to Purchase
Abstract Three-dimensional circumferential CT-scans have transformed how core is described and calibrated with borehole image (BHI) datasets to refine reservoir rock typing and facies description. This paper focuses on the value of circumferential CT-scans in the assessment of plug and bed-scale heterogeneities. It shows how careful re-orientation and calibration with borehole images can help unravel sandbody geometries and orientation, and the potential effects of cross-cutting deformation bands on permeability architecture and sweep efficiency. This is demonstrated using aeolian-dominated core examples, supported with circumferential CT-scans, minipermeability data, conventional logs and BHI data, taken from the Jurassic Norphlet Formation from producing fields in the Gulf of Mexico. The formation overlies Early Jurassic Louann Salt, and syn-depositional halokinesis significantly influenced depositional accommodation space, facies distribution, and preservation potential. Furthermore, deposition during active salt tectonics has resulted in complex deformation band networks within these clean sandstones. CT-scan density contrasts highlight stratification types and deformation bands not always visible on slabbed core. Furthermore, BHI re-orientated CT-scans provide high-resolution dip/azimuth data and aid aeolian bedset bounding surface definition, which is important for determining dune geometry and stacking patterns. Hence, an integrated approach using core, circumferential CT-scan and calibrated BHI has been essential for deciphering the complexity of these deposits.