- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Kenya (2)
-
Tanzania (2)
-
-
Madagascar (2)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Central Asia (2)
-
Far East
-
Burma (5)
-
Cambodia (1)
-
China
-
Yunnan China
-
Ailao Shan (2)
-
-
-
Thailand (5)
-
Vietnam (4)
-
-
Himalayas (1)
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Afghanistan (1)
-
Nepal (1)
-
Pakistan (1)
-
-
Southeast Asia (2)
-
Sri Lanka (1)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
New South Wales Australia (3)
-
Queensland Australia (1)
-
Tasmania Australia (2)
-
Victoria Australia (1)
-
-
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Baffin Island (1)
-
Maritime Provinces
-
Nova Scotia
-
Cape Breton Island (1)
-
-
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland (1)
-
-
Ontario (1)
-
Quebec (1)
-
-
Nunavut
-
Baffin Island (1)
-
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia (1)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
-
Europe
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Greek Thrace
-
Rhodope Greece (1)
-
-
-
-
Thrace
-
Greek Thrace
-
Rhodope Greece (1)
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Armorican Massif (1)
-
Central Massif (2)
-
-
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Madagascar (2)
-
-
North America
-
Rocky Mountains
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Bitterroot Range (1)
-
-
-
-
Red River (1)
-
South America
-
Brazil
-
Mato Grosso Brazil (1)
-
-
Colombia (1)
-
-
United States
-
Kansas (1)
-
Montana
-
Granite County Montana (1)
-
Judith Basin County Montana (1)
-
Missoula County Montana (1)
-
Ravalli County Montana (1)
-
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Bitterroot Range (1)
-
-
-
-
commodities
-
brines (1)
-
corundum deposits (3)
-
diamond deposits (5)
-
garnet deposits (1)
-
gems (34)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (8)
-
mineral exploration (4)
-
mineral resources (1)
-
nonmetal deposits (6)
-
ornamental materials (1)
-
placers
-
stream placers (1)
-
-
ruby (42)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
hydrogen (1)
-
isotope ratios (5)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (4)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
-
-
metals
-
alkali metals
-
potassium (1)
-
sodium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium (1)
-
-
chromium (5)
-
gallium (1)
-
gold (1)
-
iron (1)
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
-
platinum group
-
platinum (1)
-
-
titanium (1)
-
-
noble gases
-
helium (1)
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (4)
-
-
sulfur (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (1)
-
U/Pb (5)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Iron Age (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
Middle Ages (1)
-
Neolithic (1)
-
upper Holocene
-
Roman period (1)
-
-
-
-
Stone Age
-
Neolithic (1)
-
Paleolithic (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Oligocene (2)
-
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous (1)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Permian (2)
-
-
Phanerozoic (1)
-
Precambrian (2)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (1)
-
gabbros
-
norite (1)
-
-
granites
-
charnockite (2)
-
-
lamprophyres (1)
-
pegmatite (5)
-
syenites (2)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites (1)
-
-
-
porphyry (1)
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (2)
-
-
glasses
-
obsidian (1)
-
-
-
-
ophiolite (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (2)
-
eclogite (2)
-
gneisses (2)
-
granulites (2)
-
lapis lazuli (1)
-
marbles (9)
-
metasedimentary rocks (1)
-
metasomatic rocks
-
skarn (3)
-
-
schists
-
chlorite schist (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (1)
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
-
dawsonite (1)
-
malachite (1)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (1)
-
-
fluorides
-
fluorite (1)
-
topaz (2)
-
-
-
minerals (1)
-
native elements
-
diamond (1)
-
-
organic minerals
-
amber (1)
-
-
oxides
-
aluminum oxides (1)
-
baddeleyite (1)
-
corundum (26)
-
diaspore (2)
-
hercynite (2)
-
hydroxides (1)
-
magnesium oxides (2)
-
magnetite (1)
-
periclase (1)
-
sapphire (24)
-
spinel (6)
-
spinel group (1)
-
titanium oxides (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
turquoise (1)
-
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
aenigmatite group
-
sapphirine (4)
-
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
pargasite (2)
-
-
-
jade (2)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
diopside (2)
-
fassaite (1)
-
jadeite (2)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
sanidine (1)
-
-
plagioclase
-
anorthite (2)
-
-
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
amethyst (1)
-
carnelian (1)
-
quartz (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group
-
almandine (1)
-
andradite (1)
-
grossular (1)
-
pyrope (2)
-
-
kyanite (1)
-
olivine group
-
olivine (1)
-
peridot (2)
-
-
sillimanite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (1)
-
-
topaz (2)
-
zircon group
-
zircon (5)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
aquamarine (2)
-
emerald (5)
-
tourmaline group (3)
-
-
sheet silicates
-
margarite (1)
-
mica group
-
phlogopite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (5)
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Kenya (2)
-
Tanzania (2)
-
-
Madagascar (2)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Central Asia (2)
-
Far East
-
Burma (5)
-
Cambodia (1)
-
China
-
Yunnan China
-
Ailao Shan (2)
-
-
-
Thailand (5)
-
Vietnam (4)
-
-
Himalayas (1)
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Afghanistan (1)
-
Nepal (1)
-
Pakistan (1)
-
-
Southeast Asia (2)
-
Sri Lanka (1)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
New South Wales Australia (3)
-
Queensland Australia (1)
-
Tasmania Australia (2)
-
Victoria Australia (1)
-
-
-
brines (1)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Baffin Island (1)
-
Maritime Provinces
-
Nova Scotia
-
Cape Breton Island (1)
-
-
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland (1)
-
-
Ontario (1)
-
Quebec (1)
-
-
Nunavut
-
Baffin Island (1)
-
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia (1)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Iron Age (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
Middle Ages (1)
-
Neolithic (1)
-
upper Holocene
-
Roman period (1)
-
-
-
-
Stone Age
-
Neolithic (1)
-
Paleolithic (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Oligocene (2)
-
-
-
-
corundum deposits (3)
-
crust (2)
-
crystal chemistry (4)
-
crystal growth (3)
-
crystal structure (2)
-
crystallography (1)
-
data processing (1)
-
diamond deposits (5)
-
Europe
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Greek Thrace
-
Rhodope Greece (1)
-
-
-
-
Thrace
-
Greek Thrace
-
Rhodope Greece (1)
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Armorican Massif (1)
-
Central Massif (2)
-
-
-
-
faults (2)
-
gems (34)
-
geochemistry (6)
-
hydrogen (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (1)
-
gabbros
-
norite (1)
-
-
granites
-
charnockite (2)
-
-
lamprophyres (1)
-
pegmatite (5)
-
syenites (2)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites (1)
-
-
-
porphyry (1)
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (2)
-
-
glasses
-
obsidian (1)
-
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (7)
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Madagascar (2)
-
-
intrusions (2)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (4)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
-
-
magmas (3)
-
mantle (4)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous (1)
-
-
metals
-
alkali metals
-
potassium (1)
-
sodium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium (1)
-
-
chromium (5)
-
gallium (1)
-
gold (1)
-
iron (1)
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
-
platinum group
-
platinum (1)
-
-
titanium (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (2)
-
eclogite (2)
-
gneisses (2)
-
granulites (2)
-
lapis lazuli (1)
-
marbles (9)
-
metasedimentary rocks (1)
-
metasomatic rocks
-
skarn (3)
-
-
schists
-
chlorite schist (1)
-
-
-
metamorphism (10)
-
metasomatism (4)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (8)
-
mineral exploration (4)
-
mineral resources (1)
-
mineralogy (2)
-
minerals (1)
-
noble gases
-
helium (1)
-
-
nonmetal deposits (6)
-
North America
-
Rocky Mountains
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Bitterroot Range (1)
-
-
-
-
orogeny (2)
-
oxygen
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (4)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Permian (2)
-
-
paragenesis (1)
-
petrology (1)
-
Phanerozoic (1)
-
placers
-
stream placers (1)
-
-
plate tectonics (4)
-
Precambrian (2)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks (1)
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
evaporites (3)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
black shale (1)
-
-
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
alluvium (1)
-
-
-
South America
-
Brazil
-
Mato Grosso Brazil (1)
-
-
Colombia (1)
-
-
spectroscopy (3)
-
sulfur (1)
-
tectonics
-
neotectonics (1)
-
-
United States
-
Kansas (1)
-
Montana
-
Granite County Montana (1)
-
Judith Basin County Montana (1)
-
Missoula County Montana (1)
-
Ravalli County Montana (1)
-
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Bitterroot Range (1)
-
-
-
-
sedimentary rocks
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks (1)
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
evaporites (3)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
black shale (1)
-
-
-
-
sediments
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
alluvium (1)
-
-
-
ruby
A Method for Detrital Corundum Characterization in Sediments: Case Study of the Gem Mountain Mine Placer Sapphire Deposit (Rock Creek, Montana, USA)
Fluid Inclusion and Titanite U-Pb Age Constraints on the Yuanjiang Ruby Mineralization in the Ailao Shan-Red River Metamorphic Belt, Southwest China
Trace Element Geochemistry and Mineral Inclusions Constraints on the Petrogenesis of a Marble–Hosted Ruby Deposit in Yunnan Province, China
Geochemistry of pink corundum-bearing feldspathic gneiss, Frenchvale quarry, Cape Breton Island, Canada: metamorphism of albitised, Fe-poor clastic rocks
From shell beads in the Palaeolithic and stone beads in the Neolithic to beautiful artificial gems in modern times, the history of gems has roughly paralleled that of humans. In the beginning, myths and folklore about the healing properties of gemstones dominated the story. Today, the story is about scientific techniques making larger or more colourful gems and newly discovered mineral deposits revealing gemstone treasures. In the western world the written history of precious and semiprecious stones begins with the On Stones of the Greek philosopher and naturalist Theophrastus ( ca . 315 BC) followed by the Natural History of the Roman historian Pliny (77 AD), which was the standard work on gems and minerals for more than a thousand years. The gemstones of the Old Testament and those of ancient East Asia tell their separate stories. Following a brief summary of these early works, this paper continues with individual descriptions of the major gems and semiprecious stones, focusing on their two most important attributes – colour and hardness – as well as where they are found. This is followed by a brief discussion of altered gems and a summary of modern interactions of gems and man. This paper concludes with some personal experiences of the author and a brief introduction to the geology of gem deposits.