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Rio Grande
Geoelectric evidence for a wide spatial footprint of active extension in central Colorado
Late Quaternary fluvial environments at Abo Arroyo, New Mexico, U.S.A.: response to millennial-scale climate change
Modern sand provenance and transport across the western Gulf of Mexico margin
Reconstructing the erosional and tectonic record of Laramide contraction to Rio Grande rift extension, southern Indio Mountains, western Texas, USA
Global sea-level rise increased during the twentieth century from 1.5 to 3.0 mm/yr and is expected to at least double over the next few decades. The Western Louisiana and Texas coast is especially vulnerable to sea-level rise due to low gradients, high subsidence, and depleted sediment supply. This Memoir describes the regional response of coastal environments to variable rates of sea-level rise and sediment supply during Holocene to modern time. It is based on results from more than six decades of research focused on coastal and nearshore stratigraphic records. The results are a wake-up call for those who underestimate the potential magnitude of coastal change over decadal to centennial time scales, with dramatic changes caused by accelerated sea-level rise and diminished sediment supply.
Quantifying bankfull flow width using preserved bar clinoforms from fluvial strata
Detecting fault zone characteristics and paleovalley incision using electrical resistivity: Loma Blanca Fault, New Mexico
Late Paleozoic Ice-Age rhythmites in the southernmost Paraná Basin: A sedimentological and paleoenvironmental analysis
Pleistocene to recent geomorphic and incision history of the northern Rio Grande gorge, New Mexico: Constraints from field mapping and cosmogenic 3 He surface exposure dating
Revisiting levees in southern Texas using Love-wave multichannel analysis of surface waves with the high-resolution linear Radon transform
Evolution of ancient Lake Alamosa and integration of the Rio Grande during the Pliocene and Pleistocene
From Pliocene to middle Pleistocene time, a large lake occupied most of the San Luis Valley above 2300 m elevation (7550 ft) in southern Colorado. This ancient lake accumulated sediments of the Alamosa Formation (Siebenthal, 1910), for which the lake is herein named. The existence of this lake was first postulated in 1822 and proven in 1910 from well logs. At its maximum extent of nearly 4000 km 2 , it was one of the largest high-altitude lakes in North America, similar to but larger than Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico. Lake Alamosa persisted for ~3 m.y., expanding and contracting and filling the valley with sediment until ca. 430 ka, when it overtopped a low sill and cut a deep gorge through Oligocene volcanic rocks in the San Luis Hills and drained to the south. As the lake drained, nearly 100 km 3 (81 × 10 6 acre-ft or more) of water coursed southward and flowed into the Rio Grande, entering at what is now the mouth of the Red River. The key to this new interpretation is the discovery of ancient shoreline deposits, including spits, barrier bars, and lagoon deposits nestled among bays and in backwater positions on the northern margin of the San Luis Hills, southeast of Alamosa, Colorado. Alluvial and lacustrine sediment nearly filled the basin prior to the lake's overflow, which occurred ca. 430 ka as estimated from 3 He surface-exposure ages of 431 ± 6 ka and 439 ± 6 ka on a shoreline basalt boulder, and from strongly developed relict calcic soils on barrier bars and spits at 2330–2340 m (7645–7676 ft), which is the lake's highest shoreline elevation. Overtopping of the lake's hydrologic sill was probably driven by high lake levels at the close of marine oxygen-isotope stage (OIS) 12 (452–427 ka), one of the most extensive middle Pleistocene glacial episodes on the North American continent. Hydrologic modeling of stream inflow during full-glacial-maximum conditions suggests that Lake Alamosa could fill at modern precipitation amounts if the mean annual temperature were just 5 °C (10 °F) cooler, or could fill at modern temperatures with 1.5 times current mean annual precipitation. Thus, during pluvial epochs the lake would rise to successively higher levels owing to sedimentation; finally during OIS 12, the lake overflowed and spilled to the south. The integration of the upper (Colorado) and lower (New Mexico) reaches of the Rio Grande expanded the river's drainage basin by nearly 18,000 km 2 and added recharge areas in the high-altitude, glaciated San Juan Mountains, southern Sawatch Range, and northern Sangre de Cristo Mountains. This large increase in mountainous drainage influenced the river's dynamics downstream in New Mexico through down-cutting and lowering of water tables in the southern part of the San Luis Valley.
We investigated a Plio-Pleistocene alluvial succession in the Albuquerque Basin of the Rio Grande rift in New Mexico using geomorphic, stratigraphic, sedimentologic, geochronologic, and magnetostratigraphic data. New 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age determinations and magnetic-polarity stratigraphy refine the ages of the synrift Santa Fe Group. The Pliocene Ceja Formation lies on the distal hanging-wall ramp across much of the Albuquerque Basin. The Ceja onlapped and buried a widespread, Upper Miocene erosional paleosurface by 3.0 Ma. Sediment accumulation rates in the Ceja Formation decreased after 3.0 Ma and the Ceja formed broad sheets of amalgamated channel deposits that prograded into the basin after ca. 2.6 Ma. Ceja deposition ceased shortly after 1.8 Ma, forming the Llano de Albuquerque surface. Deposition of the Sierra Ladrones Formation by the ancestral Rio Grande was focused near the eastern master fault system before piedmont deposits (Sierra Ladrones Formation) began prograding away from the border faults between 1.8 and 1.6 Ma. Widespread basin filling ceased when the Rio Grande began cutting its valley, shortly after 0.78 Ma. Although the Albuquerque Basin is tectonically active, the development of through-going drainage of the ancestral Rio Grande, burial of Miocene unconformities, and coarsening of upper Santa Fe Group synrift basin fill were likely driven by climatic changes. Valley incision was approximately coeval with increased northern- hemisphere climatic cyclicity and magnitude and was also likely related to climatic changes. Asynchronous progradation of coarse-grained, margin-sourced detritus may be a consequence of basin shape, where the basinward tilting of the hanging wall promoted extensive sediment bypass of coarse-grained, margin-sourced sediment across the basin.
Discrepancies among previous models of the geometry of the Albuquerque Basin motivated us to develop a new model using a comprehensive approach. Capitalizing on a natural separation between the densities of mainly Neogene basin fill (Santa Fe Group) and those of older rocks, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) geophysical model of syn-rift basin-fill thickness that incorporates well data, seismic-reflection data, geologic cross sections, and other geophysical data in a constrained gravity inversion. Although the resulting model does not show structures directly, it elucidates important aspects of basin geometry. The main features are three, 3–5-km-deep, interconnected structural depressions, which increase in size, complexity, and segmentation from north to south: the Santo Domingo, Calabacillas, and Belen subbasins. The increase in segmentation and complexity may reflect a transition of the Rio Grande rift from well-defined structural depressions in the north to multiple, segmented basins within a broader region of crustal extension to the south. The modeled geometry of the subbasins and their connections differs from a widely accepted structural model based primarily on seismic-reflection interpretations. Key elements of the previous model are an east-tilted half-graben block on the north separated from a west-tilted half-graben block on the south by a southwest-trending, scissor-like transfer zone. Instead, we find multiple subbasins with predominantly easterly tilts for much of the Albuquerque Basin, a restricted region of westward tilting in the southwestern part of the basin, and a northwesterly trending antiform dividing subbasins in the center of the basin instead of a major scissor-like transfer zone. The overall eastward tilt indicated by the 3D geophysical model generally conforms to stratal tilts observed for the syn-rift succession, implying a prolonged eastward tilting of the basin during Miocene time. An extensive north-south synform in the central part of the Belen subbasin suggests a possible path for the ancestral Rio Grande during late Miocene or early Pliocene time. Variations in rift-fill thickness correspond to pre-rift structures in several places, suggesting that a better understanding of pre-rift history may shed light on debates about structural inheritance within the rift.