Abstract Geomechanics has a marked impact on the safe and sustainable use of the subsurface. This Special Publication contains contributions detailing the latest efforts in present-day in situ stress characterization, prediction and modelling from the borehole to plate-tectonic scale. A particular emphasis is on the uncertainties that are often associated with data and models.

Abstract This volume showcases recent geological, geophysical and geochemical research on the Carboniferous Bowland Shale Formation. The Bowland Shale is a relatively thick and extensive Palaeozoic black shale unit with a long history of debate and controversy in the UK. The Bowland Shale is proven in many of the key Carboniferous basins in the Midlands, northern England and North Wales, and represents a significant, near-continuous temporal record spanning 16 Myr including the important mid-Carboniferous boundary (Mississippian–Pennsylvanian). Since the first geological surveys in the late nineteenth century, the Bowland Shale has been of interest for a variety of reasons, including the search for Irish-type Pb–Zn base metal mineral deposits, and as a source rock in conventional hydrocarbon systems. In the mid-2000s, attention turned to the Bowland Shale as a target for unconventional hydrocarbon extraction, shale gas, following success in the USA. This placed the Bowland Shale at the centre of a series of interconnected controversies and debates from the local to national scale. The geological credibility of the purported shale gas resource in the UK was – and continues to be – highly contentious. This volume contributes to a more updated view of the Bowland Shale, covering topics such as sedimentary, geochemical and physical properties and processes, basin-forming events, hydrocarbon prospectivity, mineralization and heat and fluid flow in the subsurface. The volume also includes a field guide to some of the key localities in the UK. With the benefit of hindsight offered by the latest generation of research, the early regional shale gas assessments failed to attach sufficient weight to the compositional heterogeneity, structural complexity, compartmentalization and highly variable exhumation, erosion and palaeo-heat flow history of the Bowland Shale. The following topics are identified as promising avenues for future research beyond shale gas: (1) the role of the Bowland Shale in the context of mineral systems; (2) the role of the Bowland Shale as a cap rock in the Lower Carboniferous limestone geothermal play and potentially as an analogue of CO 2 or radioactive waste storage in the UK; and (3) pathways and mechanisms for weathering, alteration and trace element release from the Bowland Shale into the surface and/or subsurface environment.

Abstract The UK National Geological Repository (UKNGR) is the largest collection of British geoscience samples, with 16 m ‘specimens’, including 600 km of drillcore. Samples are available for study/subsampling by commercial organizations and researchers. Data, reports and publications must be returned. Raw data are available after 2 years. The scientific method requires published results to be repeatable, necessitating the archiving of samples. Re-purposing samples for new research saves money and time and thereby reduces risk. The National Geological Repository (NGR) has cost over £200 bn to collect and the cost of a single deep cored borehole would be outside the funding of most research projects, so the operation of an NGR makes financial sense. Many of the boreholes have been extensively characterized, so new research can build on the wealth of published data. The NGR has been at the forefront of international efforts to utilize digitization and the World Wide Web to improve the impact of the collections. Geographical information system (GIS) access was provided to the onshore borehole collection in 2000, and GIS access and text searching were added to the other collections over the next 10 years. This was followed by high-resolution images of the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS) cores, petrological thin-sections, and images, stereo anaglyphs and 3D-digital models of British-type fossils.

Abstract Since 1975, the European Commission has supported research in the field of radioactive waste management and geological disposal through the Euratom Research and Training Programme. During the first two community programmes (1975–85), the research activities focused on basic knowledge, feasibility and safety assessments of such geological disposal repositories. It was during this first decade of collaborative research activities that the site characterization, preliminary design studies and the application for authorization to construct the first underground research laboratory, the High Activity Disposal Experimental Site facility, took place.