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quenching
Dendritic reidite from the Chesapeake Bay impact horizon, Ocean Drilling Program Site 1073 (offshore northeastern USA): A fingerprint of distal ejecta?
Platinum Group Element Enrichment of Natural Quenched Sulfide Solid Solutions, the Norilsk 1 Deposit, Russia
Effects of the dissolution of thermal barrier coating materials on the viscosity of remelted volcanic ash
The quench control of water estimates in convergent margin magmas
Mapping the distribution of melt during anatexis at the source area of crustal granites by synchrotron μ-XRF
Accurate predictions of microscale oxygen barometry in basaltic glasses using V K -edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy: A multivariate approach
CosmoELEMENTS
Magmatic versus phreatomagmatic fragmentation: Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence
The validity of plagioclase-melt geothermometry for degassing-driven magma crystallization
Solubility and solution mechanisms of chlorine and fluorine in aluminosilicate melts at high pressure and high temperature
Aluminosilicate melts and glasses at 1 to 3 GPa: Temperature and pressure effects on recovered structural and density changes
Experiments and models on H 2 O retrograde solubility in volcanic systems
Bubbles matter: An assessment of the contribution of vapor bubbles to melt inclusion volatile budgets
Anhydrite stability and the effect of Ca on the behavior of sulfur in felsic magmas
Abstract Exactly 100 years ago the great Canadian-born petrologist N. L. Bowen published two seminal works on the chemical differentiation of magmas in which he posed the basis for a physico-chemical understanding of the fractionation of crystals from melts in molten rock. A subsequent century of research and technological advances has enhanced our understanding of the physics and chemistry of magmatic systems and their temporal evolution. The image of sub-volcanic magmatic systems has evolved greatly in that time, from a simple ‘boiling vat’ concept of molten rock in which bubbles, crystals and melt separate gravitationally to a recognition that magma vats are relatively rare and that most magmatic systems spend much of their lifetime in a partially molten, or mushy, state. Real magmatic systems appear to be organized into a series of storage regions periodically connected by feeding structures transferring magma (and heat) at different fluxes. Magma fluxes between the different portions of this plumbing system, and the variation of the chemical and physical properties of magma as it rises through the crust, exert essential controls on the eruptive modalities of volcanoes and the geochemistry of their products. This book presents a collection of contributions that use petrology, geochemistry, geochronology and numerical modelling to identify the processes operating at different depths within magmatic systems and to characterize the fluxes of magma between them.
Abstract Understanding the magmatic processes that drive unrest at silicic calderas remains a major goal in Volcanology. Rabaul in Papua New Guinea is an exceptional location because after two decades of unrest and a peak in seismicity and deformation in 1983–85, eruptive activity began in 1994 and is still ongoing. A particularly large sub-Plinian eruption occurred from Tavurvur in October 2006. Whole-rock compositions are andesitic and reflect mixing/mingling between basaltic and dacitic magmas from the same system. The magmas that fed the 2006 eruption were stored at about 930°C, with 1–3 wt% H 2 O, 25–520 ppm CO 2 , and 50–2500 ppm SO 2 in the melt. Melt inclusions hosted in pyroxene, and plagioclase phenocrysts record fractional crystallization at ≤200 MPa under relatively dry and poorly oxidizing conditions. Magma mixing/mingling is expressed as heterogeneous glass compositions, strongly zoned phenocrysts, and mafic crystal aggregates. A textural maturation from fine, acicular to large, blocky crystal clots implies different relative ages of formation. Modelling the chemical zoning of plagioclase shows that mafic–silicic interactions started a couple of decades prior to the 2006 eruption and continued until days to weeks prior to eruption. Basaltic replenishments have been driving unrest and eruption at the Rabaul caldera since the 1970s. Supplementary material: Tables and figures reporting the composition of the Tavurvur 2006, Kombiu and 1.4 ka BP caldera samples and showing thermodynamic modelling with MELTS are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18816