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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Uganda (1)
-
-
Libyan Desert (1)
-
North Africa
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
-
Sahel (1)
-
West Africa
-
Niger (1)
-
Nigeria
-
Niger Delta (1)
-
-
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Bahrain (1)
-
Qatar (1)
-
Saudi Arabia (2)
-
Yemen
-
Aden Yemen (1)
-
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Bohaiwan Basin (1)
-
Hebei China (1)
-
Jiangsu China
-
Taihu Lake (1)
-
-
Jilin China (1)
-
Shaanxi China
-
Xi'an China (1)
-
-
Shanghai China (2)
-
Songliao Basin (1)
-
Yangtze Delta (2)
-
-
Indonesia (1)
-
Thailand
-
Bangkok Thailand (1)
-
Chao Phraya River (1)
-
-
-
Ganges River (1)
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Bangladesh (1)
-
Bengal (1)
-
Ganges Delta (1)
-
Ganges River basin (1)
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India (1)
-
Bhagirathi River (1)
-
Delhi India (1)
-
Haryana India (1)
-
Karnataka India
-
Bellary India (1)
-
Bijapur India (1)
-
Gulbarga India (1)
-
-
Kolar India (2)
-
Maharashtra India (1)
-
Tamil Nadu India
-
Chennai India (1)
-
-
Uttar Pradesh India (1)
-
West Bengal India (2)
-
Yamuna River (1)
-
-
-
Middle East
-
Cyprus (1)
-
Iran
-
Elburz (1)
-
-
Israel (1)
-
Turkey
-
Ankara Turkey (1)
-
Eskisehir Turkey (1)
-
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Gulf of Mexico (1)
-
North Sea (1)
-
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia (1)
-
New Zealand (1)
-
-
Barton Springs (4)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
Nova Scotia (1)
-
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta (2)
-
-
-
Chalk Aquifer (10)
-
Columbia River (1)
-
developing countries (1)
-
Europe
-
Adriatic region (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Croatia (1)
-
Greece
-
Greek Macedonia
-
Salonika Greece (1)
-
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Gibraltar (1)
-
Portugal
-
Lisbon Portugal (1)
-
-
-
Italy (1)
-
Macedonia
-
Greek Macedonia
-
Salonika Greece (1)
-
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Central Massif (1)
-
Herault France
-
Lodeve France (1)
-
-
Puy-de-Dome France (1)
-
-
Ireland (1)
-
Scandinavia
-
Denmark (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Berkshire England (1)
-
Cambridge England (3)
-
Cambridgeshire England (1)
-
Cheshire England (2)
-
Dorset England (1)
-
East Anglia
-
Norfolk England
-
Norwich England (2)
-
-
-
Essex England (1)
-
Hampshire England (1)
-
London Basin (6)
-
London England (8)
-
Nottinghamshire England
-
Nottingham England (1)
-
-
Shropshire England (1)
-
Surrey England (1)
-
Yorkshire England
-
Sheffield England (1)
-
-
-
Scotland (2)
-
Wales
-
Glamorgan Wales
-
Cardiff Wales (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Huanghua Depression (1)
-
Indian Ocean
-
Arabian Sea
-
Persian Gulf (1)
-
-
Bay of Bengal (1)
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Maldive Islands (1)
-
-
International Ocean Discovery Program
-
Expedition 359
-
IODP Site U1465 (1)
-
-
-
Loch Lomond (1)
-
Mediterranean region (1)
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
East Mediterranean
-
Adriatic Sea (1)
-
-
-
Mexico
-
Baja California Mexico (1)
-
Chihuahua Mexico (2)
-
-
Midlands (3)
-
Mirror Lake (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (1)
-
Appalachians
-
Appalachian Plateau (1)
-
-
Basin and Range Province (2)
-
Great Plains
-
Northern Great Plains (1)
-
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
-
-
Rio Grande (3)
-
San Andreas Fault (1)
-
San Juan Basin (1)
-
San Pedro Valley (2)
-
South America
-
Chile
-
Santiago Chile (1)
-
-
-
Thames River (1)
-
United States
-
Albuquerque Basin (1)
-
Arizona
-
Cochise County Arizona (1)
-
Maricopa County Arizona
-
Phoenix Arizona (2)
-
-
-
Atlantic Coastal Plain (3)
-
California
-
Central California (1)
-
Fresno County California (1)
-
Imperial County California (1)
-
Los Angeles Basin (1)
-
Los Angeles County California
-
Long Beach California (1)
-
Los Angeles California (2)
-
-
Northern California (1)
-
Orange County California (1)
-
San Diego County California (1)
-
San Fernando Valley (1)
-
San Joaquin Valley (3)
-
Santa Clara County California (1)
-
Southern California (3)
-
Ventura County California
-
Simi Valley California (1)
-
-
-
Colorado (1)
-
Columbia Plateau (1)
-
Connecticut River (1)
-
Florida
-
Broward County Florida (1)
-
Miami-Dade County Florida
-
Miami Florida (1)
-
-
-
Floridan Aquifer (1)
-
Georgia (1)
-
Gila River (1)
-
High Plains Aquifer (2)
-
Illinois (1)
-
Illinois Basin (1)
-
Indiana (2)
-
Kansas
-
Johnson County Kansas (1)
-
Kansas River (1)
-
Kiowa County Kansas (1)
-
Pratt County Kansas (1)
-
Reno County Kansas (1)
-
Stafford County Kansas (1)
-
-
Kentucky (1)
-
Magothy Aquifer (1)
-
Maryland
-
Prince Georges County Maryland (1)
-
-
Midwest (1)
-
Minnesota (1)
-
Nevada
-
Clark County Nevada
-
Las Vegas Nevada (2)
-
-
Las Vegas Valley (1)
-
-
New Hampshire (1)
-
New Jersey (1)
-
New Mexico (1)
-
Ohio (1)
-
Oregon
-
Wasco County Oregon (1)
-
Willamette Valley (1)
-
-
Pecos River (1)
-
Pennsylvania
-
Bradford County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Greene County Pennsylvania (2)
-
Pittsburgh coal basin (2)
-
Sullivan County Pennsylvania (1)
-
-
Raritan Bay (1)
-
South Carolina
-
Savannah River Site (2)
-
-
Southwestern U.S. (1)
-
Texas
-
Balcones fault zone (5)
-
Bell County Texas (1)
-
Brazos River (1)
-
Burleson County Texas (1)
-
Comal County Texas (1)
-
Edwards Aquifer (8)
-
Edwards Plateau (1)
-
El Paso County Texas
-
El Paso Texas (2)
-
-
Hays County Texas (2)
-
Kinney County Texas (3)
-
Travis County Texas (2)
-
Trinity Aquifer (3)
-
Uvalde County Texas (2)
-
Val Verde County Texas (1)
-
Williamson County Texas (1)
-
-
Utah
-
Hill Air Force Base (1)
-
-
Washington (1)
-
West Virginia
-
Marion County West Virginia (1)
-
Monongalia County West Virginia (1)
-
-
-
-
commodities
-
bitumens (1)
-
brines (2)
-
construction materials
-
cement materials (1)
-
-
energy sources (2)
-
geothermal energy (4)
-
oil and gas fields (2)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
shale gas (2)
-
-
-
water resources (36)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon (1)
-
halogens
-
bromine
-
bromide ion (1)
-
-
chlorine
-
chloride ion (6)
-
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (2)
-
-
isotope ratios (2)
-
isotopes
-
stable isotopes
-
D/H (2)
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
metals
-
alkaline earth metals
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
arsenic (1)
-
-
nitrogen (1)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
-
-
fossils
-
bacteria
-
coliform bacteria (1)
-
-
Invertebrata
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera (1)
-
-
-
microfossils (1)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (2)
-
Pleistocene (3)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (2)
-
Ellensburg Formation (1)
-
Frenchman Springs Member (1)
-
Saddle Mountains Basalt (1)
-
Wanapum Basalt (1)
-
-
Pliocene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian
-
London Clay (3)
-
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Yegua Formation (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene
-
upper Paleocene
-
Thanetian (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Comanchean
-
Buda Limestone (1)
-
Trinity Group (1)
-
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Trinity Group (1)
-
-
Lower Greensand (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Buda Limestone (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (1)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (1)
-
-
Sherwood Sandstone (2)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Keuper (1)
-
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Mississippian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian
-
Marcellus Shale (1)
-
-
-
Ordovician
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
-
-
Precambrian (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (1)
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
-
dolomite (1)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (1)
-
-
-
oxides
-
hydroxides (1)
-
-
silicates
-
framework silicates
-
silica minerals
-
quartz (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (1)
-
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (1)
-
smectite (1)
-
-
illite (1)
-
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Uganda (1)
-
-
Libyan Desert (1)
-
North Africa
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
-
Sahel (1)
-
West Africa
-
Niger (1)
-
Nigeria
-
Niger Delta (1)
-
-
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Bahrain (1)
-
Qatar (1)
-
Saudi Arabia (2)
-
Yemen
-
Aden Yemen (1)
-
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Bohaiwan Basin (1)
-
Hebei China (1)
-
Jiangsu China
-
Taihu Lake (1)
-
-
Jilin China (1)
-
Shaanxi China
-
Xi'an China (1)
-
-
Shanghai China (2)
-
Songliao Basin (1)
-
Yangtze Delta (2)
-
-
Indonesia (1)
-
Thailand
-
Bangkok Thailand (1)
-
Chao Phraya River (1)
-
-
-
Ganges River (1)
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Bangladesh (1)
-
Bengal (1)
-
Ganges Delta (1)
-
Ganges River basin (1)
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India (1)
-
Bhagirathi River (1)
-
Delhi India (1)
-
Haryana India (1)
-
Karnataka India
-
Bellary India (1)
-
Bijapur India (1)
-
Gulbarga India (1)
-
-
Kolar India (2)
-
Maharashtra India (1)
-
Tamil Nadu India
-
Chennai India (1)
-
-
Uttar Pradesh India (1)
-
West Bengal India (2)
-
Yamuna River (1)
-
-
-
Middle East
-
Cyprus (1)
-
Iran
-
Elburz (1)
-
-
Israel (1)
-
Turkey
-
Ankara Turkey (1)
-
Eskisehir Turkey (1)
-
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Gulf of Mexico (1)
-
North Sea (1)
-
-
-
atmosphere (1)
-
Australasia
-
Australia (1)
-
New Zealand (1)
-
-
bacteria
-
coliform bacteria (1)
-
-
bitumens (1)
-
brines (2)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
Nova Scotia (1)
-
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta (2)
-
-
-
carbon (1)
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (2)
-
Pleistocene (3)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (2)
-
Ellensburg Formation (1)
-
Frenchman Springs Member (1)
-
Saddle Mountains Basalt (1)
-
Wanapum Basalt (1)
-
-
Pliocene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian
-
London Clay (3)
-
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Yegua Formation (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene
-
upper Paleocene
-
Thanetian (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
climate change (5)
-
conservation (2)
-
construction materials
-
cement materials (1)
-
-
continental shelf (1)
-
crust (1)
-
crystal chemistry (1)
-
dams (5)
-
data processing (6)
-
deformation (10)
-
diagenesis (1)
-
earthquakes (8)
-
ecology (2)
-
education (1)
-
energy sources (2)
-
engineering geology (8)
-
environmental geology (1)
-
Europe
-
Adriatic region (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Croatia (1)
-
Greece
-
Greek Macedonia
-
Salonika Greece (1)
-
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Gibraltar (1)
-
Portugal
-
Lisbon Portugal (1)
-
-
-
Italy (1)
-
Macedonia
-
Greek Macedonia
-
Salonika Greece (1)
-
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Central Massif (1)
-
Herault France
-
Lodeve France (1)
-
-
Puy-de-Dome France (1)
-
-
Ireland (1)
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Scandinavia
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Denmark (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
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Berkshire England (1)
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Cambridge England (3)
-
Cambridgeshire England (1)
-
Cheshire England (2)
-
Dorset England (1)
-
East Anglia
-
Norfolk England
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Norwich England (2)
-
-
-
Essex England (1)
-
Hampshire England (1)
-
London Basin (6)
-
London England (8)
-
Nottinghamshire England
-
Nottingham England (1)
-
-
Shropshire England (1)
-
Surrey England (1)
-
Yorkshire England
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Sheffield England (1)
-
-
-
Scotland (2)
-
Wales
-
Glamorgan Wales
-
Cardiff Wales (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
faults (14)
-
folds (1)
-
foundations (4)
-
fractures (15)
-
geochemistry (3)
-
geodesy (3)
-
geomorphology (1)
-
geophysical methods (15)
-
geothermal energy (4)
-
government agencies (1)
-
ground water (149)
-
heat flow (3)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (2)
-
-
hydrogeology (24)
-
hydrology (20)
-
igneous rocks
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (1)
-
-
-
-
Indian Ocean
-
Arabian Sea
-
Persian Gulf (1)
-
-
Bay of Bengal (1)
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Maldive Islands (1)
-
-
Invertebrata
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera (1)
-
-
-
isotopes
-
stable isotopes
-
D/H (2)
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
land subsidence (18)
-
land use (9)
-
marine installations (1)
-
Mediterranean region (1)
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
East Mediterranean
-
Adriatic Sea (1)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Comanchean
-
Buda Limestone (1)
-
Trinity Group (1)
-
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Trinity Group (1)
-
-
Lower Greensand (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Buda Limestone (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (1)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter (1)
-
-
Sherwood Sandstone (2)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Keuper (1)
-
-
-
-
metals
-
alkaline earth metals
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
arsenic (1)
-
-
Mexico
-
Baja California Mexico (1)
-
Chihuahua Mexico (2)
-
-
nitrogen (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (1)
-
Appalachians
-
Appalachian Plateau (1)
-
-
Basin and Range Province (2)
-
Great Plains
-
Northern Great Plains (1)
-
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
-
-
ocean circulation (1)
-
oceanography (1)
-
oil and gas fields (2)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
-
paleoclimatology (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Mississippian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian
-
Marcellus Shale (1)
-
-
-
Ordovician
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
-
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
shale gas (2)
-
-
-
plate tectonics (1)
-
pollution (27)
-
Precambrian (1)
-
reclamation (5)
-
remote sensing (6)
-
reservoirs (8)
-
roads (1)
-
rock mechanics (2)
-
sea water (3)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
chalk (10)
-
dolostone (1)
-
limestone
-
calcarenite (1)
-
-
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
pumping
Dolomite formation in the Miocene Kardiva platform, Maldives archipelago: a tale of closed-system and open-system dolomitization by current pumping of seawater Available to Purchase
Influence of Anthropogenic Groundwater Unloading in Haouz Plain on the 8 September 2023 M w 6.8 Al Haouz, Morocco Earthquake Available to Purchase
Chloride in the Chalk aquifer of East Anglia, UK. Part 1: distribution of chloride in brackish and saline groundwater Available to Purchase
Long-term changes in Chalk groundwater quality in East Anglia, UK Available to Purchase
Could California's groundwater resource management lessons be beneficial to England? Available to Purchase
Operational strategies and well design for reservoir thermal energy storage (RTES) Available to Purchase
Multivariate Assessment of Groundwater Depletion and Recharge Prospect in a Sub-tropical Basin of Eastern India Available to Purchase
In Quest of Water: Humanity’s Epic Struggle Available to Purchase
Proposed Sequential Process to Identify Smaller Vulnerable Area from a Larger Area for Groundwater Modelling Studies using Groundwater Potential Zone and Stage of Groundwater Development Category Maps – A Study for Cheyyar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India Available to Purchase
Groundwater level monitoring of Danish chalk and limestone aquifers to survey trends in quantitative status and groundwater resources Available to Purchase
Abstract Chalk and limestone aquifers contribute one-third of the drinking water supply in Denmark, and one-sixth of that national groundwater resource is assessed as having a ‘Poor’ status in terms of the quantitative Water Framework Directive due to intensive abstraction. This paper describes the national groundwater level monitoring network with regard to the following three applications: (1) when used for the annual surveying and reporting of groundwater resources and impacts from climate and groundwater abstraction; (2) as part of real-time monitoring and modelling for daily and seasonal forecasting; and (3) for tracking long-term climate change impacts on groundwater levels. Groundwater level monitoring provides a particularly important indicator of abstraction pressure and sustainable balance compared with recharge. Many larger chalk and limestone groundwater bodies in Denmark are only monitored by local water companies and not represented in the national groundwater level network. This raises the concern that current national groundwater level monitoring does not fully support integrated modelling and assessment purposes for chalk and limestone groundwater bodies. This also implies that, for tracking long-term climate change and anthropogenic impacts on groundwater levels, the national groundwater monitoring network especially lacks long-term records with complete 30-year time-series for many intensively exploited large chalk and limestone aquifers.
Managing public water supply abstraction from a Chalk aquifer to minimize risk of deterioration of ecological status Available to Purchase
Abstract The Cam and Ely Ouse Chalk aquifer has been an important source of public water supply for over 100 years. In response to growing demand for water in the area in the 1970s and 1980 s, the National Rivers Authority developed the Lodes–Granta scheme to provide augmentation water to key rivers, subject to low flows. However, during the droughts in the late 1990s, the River Granta, which derives baseflow from the Chalk aquifer, was dry in some locations for several months. In response, the Environment Agency and Cambridge Water carried out investigations into the impacts of abstraction on the flow and ecology of the Granta and agreed to restrict abstraction from two operational groundwater sources during low flow periods. However, these abstraction restrictions could potentially result in a shortfall within the relevant public water supply zone under some climatic conditions and so Cambridge Water was considering increasing abstraction from an alternative source of groundwater within the catchment to retain the level of resilience of its supply. The Environment Agency was concerned that use of this abstraction could pose a risk of deterioration of the ecological status of the water body under the EU Water Framework Directive. This paper describes the investigations undertaken to assess the risk of deterioration and shows how these are being used to manage this risk going forward.
Groundwater control for construction projects in chalk Available to Purchase
Abstract Construction excavations and tunnels in chalk can encounter groundwater challenges, including high water flow rates, instability of excavations in weathered chalk and basal instability in overlying aquitards caused by high groundwater pressures in deeper chalk aquifers. In hydrogeological settings where the chalk has been exposed to periglacial weathering during the Quaternary Period the upper zones may be degraded to structureless chalk which can potentially be of very low hydraulic conductivity (putty chalk) or very high hydraulic conductivity (chalk bearings). In deeper, structured chalk groundwater flow tends to be concentrated along fissures associated with pre-existing geological structures such as bedding planes, flint beds or faults. A range of groundwater control strategies can be deployed, including open pumping, pre-drainage pumping, shallow and deep cut-off walls, ground treatment and, for tunnels and shafts, application of fluid counter pressures to exclude groundwater. The strategy appropriate to a given site must be selected based on a thorough understanding of the hydrogeological setting and chalk weathering profile. This requires a ground investigation of appropriate scope, using suitable techniques to characterize the chalk. Borehole geophysics can play a key role in identifying discrete zones of inflow.
The use of cover crops to reduce nitrate inputs to the Hampshire Chalk aquifer Available to Purchase
Abstract Nitrate concentrations in groundwater abstracted from the Hampshire Chalk have increased over the last 20 years. Concentrations at a public water supply are now close to or above the drinking water standard and additional treatment will be required. Investigations of land use and nitrate source apportionment indicate that the largest contributor of nitrate entering the chalk aquifer comes from arable agriculture. Modelling has shown that, under present land use conditions, nitrate concentrations will continue to rise until the latter half of the twenty-first century. South East Water have successfully engaged with land managers and have trialled the use of cover crops at two sites close to the public water supply. Cover crops retain nutrients in the soil and improve soil condition as an integral part of crop rotation. Trials included different crop mixtures such as a variety of Raphanus sativus (oil radish), Vicia sativa (common vetch) and Trifolium alexandrinum/Trifolium incarnatum (clover). Trials were calibrated using porous pot installations and water extracted from the pots was analysed throughout the cover crop growing season. Results indicate cover crops can reduce nitrate concentration losses to the subsurface by up to 80%. Widespread use of cover crops could reduce nutrient leaching to the aquifer and provide a sustainable solution to current groundwater quality issues.