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primary structures
Depositional processes and environmental settings in rock shelters: the case of the prehistoric Oscurusciuto site (Southern Italy)
Oil and gas reside in reservoirs within peritidal and shallow subtidal lagoonal carbonate sediments across the globe. This is a zone of facies heterogeneity, controlled by changes in depositional energy, water depth, clastic influx, and evapotranspiration. Close proximity to evaporitic brine pools means that it is also an environment with the potential for dolomitization during shallow burial. As a result, the original pore system of carbonate sediment can become drastically altered prior to burial, such that reservoir properties may not be predictable from facies models alone. The Miocene Santanyí Limestone Formation, Mallorca, Spain, is well exposed and has undergone minimal burial and therefore presents an excellent opportunity to integrate sedimentology, facies architecture, and diagenesis to determine how porosity evolves within individual facies in the shallow subsurface. From here, the impact on pore type, pore volume, pore connectivity, and petrophysical anisotropy can be assessed. The Santanyí Limestone consists of pale mudstones and wackestones, rooted wacke-packstones, stratiform laminites, and skeletal and oolitic, cross-bedded grainstone. Thin-section analysis reveals a paragenetic pathway of grain micritization, followed by dissolution of aragonite, possibly by meteoric fluids associated with karstification. Subsequently, the unit underwent fracturing, compaction, recrystallization, cementation, dolomitization, and matrix dissolution to form vugs. Petrophysical analyses of 2.54-cm-diameter plugs indicate that these complex diagenetic pathways created petrophysical anisotropy [mean horizontal permeability (Kh)/vertical permeability (Kv) of whole formation = 3.4] and that measured parameters cannot be related directly to either geological facies or pore type. Instead, petrophysical data can be grouped according to the diagenetic pathways that were followed after deposition. The best reservoir quality (i.e., typical porosity 15 to >40% and permeability >100 mD) is associated with pale mudstones, stratiform laminites, and skeletal and oolitic grainstone that have undergone pervasive recrystallization or dolomitization. These rocks have the some of the lowest formation resistivity factor (FRF) values (<200) and thus the simplest pore system. The poorest reservoir properties ( k <10 mD) occur in mudstones and wackestones that have not been recrystallized and, hence, are dominated by a simple network of micropores (FRF <101). Skeletal and oolitic grainstones and rooted and brecciated wacke-packstones that have undergone some cementation and partial recrystallization have moderate reservoir properties and a high FRF (>>1000), reflecting a complex pore system of biomolds, vugs, and microporosity. Consequently, reservoir properties can be predicted based on their primary rock properties and the diagenetic pathway that they followed after deposition.
Primary Sedimentary Structures and MISS in Gulcheru Quartzite along SW Part of Cuddapah Basin
“Block-in-matrix” fabrics that lack shearing but possess composite cleavage planes: A sedimentary mélange origin for the Yuwan accretionary complex in the Ryukyu island arc, Japan
Resolving Structural Influences on Water-Retention Properties of Alluvial Deposits
Ice-wedge casts in Late Wisconsinan glaciofluvial deposits, southern Ontario, Canada
Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures—A New Category Within the Classification of Primary Sedimentary Structures—Discussion
Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures: A New Category within the Classification of Primary Sedimentary Structures
Dinosaur abundance was not declining in a “3 m gap” at the top of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana and North Dakota: Comment and Reply
Megaflute erosion surfaces and the initiation of turbidite channels
Microfabric study of fine-grained sediments; observations from the Amazon subaqueous delta
Bedforms in salt deposits of the Dead sea brines
Mud micro-washovers; an intertidal sedimentary structure indicating atmospheric exposure
Modele et facies de type contourite a la surface d'une ride sedimentaire edifiee par des courants issus de la veine d'eau mediterraneenne (ride du Faro, Golfe de Cadix)
Quantitative interpretation of ancient river systems in the Oneonta Formation, Catskill Magnafacies
The Oneonta Formation (Catskill Magnafacies) in south-central New York is composed of two lithofacies associations: (1) Medium- to very fine-grained, cross- and planar-stratified sandstone bodies, with bedsets (lithofacies) arranged into one or (usually) more erosively based storeys. Individual storeys generally have upward-fining lithofacies, also lateral-accretion bedding and channel fills: (2) Interbedded mudstones and erosively based sandstones with a diversity of primary sedimentary structures, calcareous concretions, plant remains and trace fossils. Upward-fining bedsets (lithofacies) are sheet-like or channel-filling, and are arranged in meter-scale lithofacies sequences. The sandstone bodies are interpreted as deposits of laterally migrating and aggrading single-channel (perennial) rivers. Vegetated point-bar tops were subjected to both sheet floods and chute-channel formation. Minor low-flow deposition occurred on bar surfaces. Quantitative reconstruction of bankfull channel geometry and hydraulics gives channel widths, mean depths and slopes of approximately 60 m., 2.5 m., and 10 −4 respectively: low reconstructed bend sinuosities (1.1 to 1.2) are supported by paleocurrent data, and help to explain the dominantly coarse-grained channel fills associated with chute cut-off. Sinuosity changes during lateral migration are documented quantitatively. The sandstone-mudstone lithofacies association is interpreted as overbank flood deposits, on levees, crevasse channels and splays, and flood basins. Plant and faunal activity, and soil-forming processes, were abundant. Periodic channel-belt diversions (avulsions) caused the meter-scale lithofacies sequences in this association, also the cyclicity of the two lithofacies associations. If avulsion frequency averaged about once per 10 3 years, floodplain deposition rates are estimated at about 2 × 10 −3 m/year.