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NARROW
Format
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Journal
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Section
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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East Africa
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Ethiopia
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Wallo Ethiopia (1)
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Kenya
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Lake Magadi (1)
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Lake Natron (1)
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Sudan (1)
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Tanzania
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Olduvai Gorge (1)
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East African Lakes
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Nile River (1)
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Atlas Mountains
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Egypt
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Morocco
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Tafilalt (2)
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Southern Africa
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middle Eocene
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upper Eocene
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Oligocene
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Bembridge Marls (1)
-
Fontainebleau Sandstone (1)
-
Krosno Beds (1)
-
lower Oligocene (6)
-
-
Paleocene
-
Clayton Formation (3)
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (6)
-
K-T boundary (11)
-
-
Midway Group (1)
-
Porters Creek Formation (1)
-
Ravenscrag Formation (1)
-
upper Paleocene (3)
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (4)
-
Renova Formation (2)
-
White River Group (1)
-
-
Shahejie Formation (1)
-
-
-
Dalradian (2)
-
Laurentide ice sheet (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Colorado Group (1)
-
Comanchean
-
Trinity Group (1)
-
-
Dakota Formation (2)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
upper Albian (5)
-
-
Aptian
-
Shuaiba Formation (1)
-
-
Barremian (8)
-
Berriasian (2)
-
Cedar Mountain Formation (1)
-
Christopher Formation (1)
-
Crato Formation (2)
-
Mannville Group (1)
-
McMurray Formation (2)
-
Speeton Clay (1)
-
Trinity Group (1)
-
Valanginian (3)
-
Wealden (2)
-
-
Mancos Shale (2)
-
Middle Cretaceous (5)
-
Nenjiang Formation (1)
-
Qingshankou Formation (1)
-
Santana Formation (3)
-
Toolebuc Formation (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (2)
-
Belly River Formation (2)
-
Campanian
-
Dinosaur Park Formation (6)
-
lower Campanian (1)
-
upper Campanian (2)
-
-
Carlile Shale (1)
-
Castlegate Sandstone (2)
-
Cenomanian
-
upper Cenomanian (3)
-
-
Demopolis Chalk (1)
-
Djadokhta Formation (1)
-
Eutaw Formation (3)
-
Fox Hills Formation (1)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Group (2)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (1)
-
Prairie Bluff Chalk (1)
-
-
Hell Creek Formation (6)
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (2)
-
Judith River Formation (4)
-
Kanguk Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (11)
-
La Luna Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian
-
lower Maestrichtian (1)
-
upper Maestrichtian (4)
-
-
Niobrara Formation (2)
-
Oldman Formation (3)
-
Pierre Shale (5)
-
Point Loma Formation (1)
-
Ripley Formation (1)
-
Rock Springs Formation (1)
-
Saint Mary River Formation (1)
-
Santonian (5)
-
Senonian (24)
-
Smoky Hill Chalk Member (2)
-
Turonian
-
lower Turonian (2)
-
middle Turonian (1)
-
-
Two Medicine Formation (3)
-
-
Weald Clay (1)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (3)
-
Jurassic
-
Aztec Sandstone (1)
-
Carmel Formation (1)
-
Fernie Formation (2)
-
Ferrar Group (1)
-
Kirkpatrick Basalt (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (2)
-
lower Liassic (3)
-
middle Liassic (3)
-
Pliensbachian (7)
-
Sinemurian (3)
-
Toarcian
-
lower Toarcian (2)
-
-
upper Liassic (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (1)
-
Bajocian (3)
-
Bathonian (2)
-
Callovian (3)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (1)
-
Oxford Clay (2)
-
Posidonia Shale (2)
-
Solnhofen Limestone (3)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Brushy Basin Member (2)
-
Entrada Sandstone (1)
-
Kimmeridge Clay (1)
-
Kimmeridgian (2)
-
Morrison Formation (4)
-
Oxfordian
-
middle Oxfordian (1)
-
-
Portlandian (3)
-
Salt Wash Sandstone Member (1)
-
Tithonian (3)
-
Volgian (2)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (1)
-
Maiolica Limestone (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (2)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Nugget Sandstone (1)
-
Triassic
-
Chanares Formation (2)
-
Charlie Lake Formation (1)
-
Liard Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Bunter
-
Voltzia Sandstone (2)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
Spathian (2)
-
Thaynes Formation (1)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (2)
-
Doig Formation (1)
-
Ladinian (2)
-
Muschelkalk (1)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (3)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian
-
Ischigualasto Formation (1)
-
-
Chinle Formation (2)
-
Molteno Formation (2)
-
Norian (4)
-
Pardonet Formation (1)
-
Rhaetian (2)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic
-
Yixian Formation (4)
-
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
Yanshanian (2)
-
-
MIS 2 (1)
-
MIS 3 (1)
-
MIS 5 (3)
-
MIS 7 (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Bedford Shale (1)
-
Berea Sandstone (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Conasauga Group (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Atdabanian (2)
-
Kinzers Formation (2)
-
Poleta Formation (1)
-
Rome Formation (1)
-
Shady Dolomite (1)
-
Terreneuvian
-
Fortunian (3)
-
-
Tommotian (2)
-
Zabriskie Quartzite (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (40)
-
Flathead Sandstone (1)
-
Marjum Formation (1)
-
Wheeler Formation (3)
-
-
Pioche Shale (2)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Eau Claire Formation (1)
-
Furongian (3)
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
-
Potsdam Sandstone (4)
-
Wilberns Formation (1)
-
Wonewoc Formation (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Albert Formation (1)
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (6)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Bear Gulch Limestone Member (1)
-
Boone Formation (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Chouteau Limestone (1)
-
Cuyahoga Formation (2)
-
Fort Payne Formation (2)
-
Kinderhookian (1)
-
Osagian (1)
-
Tournaisian
-
upper Tournaisian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (7)
-
-
Ramp Creek Formation (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian
-
Golconda Formation (1)
-
-
Meramecian
-
Saint Louis Limestone (1)
-
-
Pennington Formation (1)
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
-
Namurian (4)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Francis Creek Shale (2)
-
Herrin Coal Member (1)
-
Joggins Formation (2)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
Caseyville Formation (1)
-
-
Mansfield Formation (1)
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Atokan (1)
-
Carbondale Formation (1)
-
Desmoinesian
-
Wewoka Formation (1)
-
-
Moscovian (4)
-
Staunton Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Cisco Group (1)
-
Gzhelian (1)
-
Holder Formation (2)
-
Virgilian
-
Lawrence Formation (1)
-
Shawnee Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Stephanian (4)
-
Westphalian (4)
-
-
-
Catskill Formation (1)
-
Cow Head Group (1)
-
Devonian
-
Genesee Group (1)
-
Hunsruck Shale (2)
-
Keg River Formation (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Dittonian (1)
-
Emsian (3)
-
Lochkovian (2)
-
Oriskany Sandstone (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Dundee Limestone (1)
-
Eifelian (7)
-
Givetian (8)
-
Hamilton Group (5)
-
Jeffersonville Limestone (1)
-
Ludlowville Formation (1)
-
Moscow Formation (3)
-
Onondaga Limestone (2)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (3)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (2)
-
Frasnian (3)
-
Huron Member (1)
-
Ohio Shale (2)
-
West Falls Formation (1)
-
-
-
Ellis Bay Formation (1)
-
Horton Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (3)
-
-
middle Paleozoic (3)
-
Ordovician
-
Catoche Formation (1)
-
Gualcamayo Formation (1)
-
Lexington Limestone (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (2)
-
Beekmantown Group (2)
-
Floian (1)
-
Ibexian (1)
-
Manitou Formation (1)
-
Tremadocian (3)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (1)
-
Meguma Group (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Bromide Formation (2)
-
Darriwilian (2)
-
Decorah Shale (1)
-
Galena Dolomite (2)
-
Llanvirnian (1)
-
Platteville Formation (1)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (5)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (3)
-
Bighorn Dolomite (1)
-
Caradocian
-
Borrowdale Volcanic Group (1)
-
-
Cincinnatian
-
Maysvillian (1)
-
Richmondian (2)
-
-
Fairview Formation (3)
-
Hirnantian (4)
-
Katian (12)
-
Kope Formation (5)
-
Lorraine Group (1)
-
Maquoketa Formation (1)
-
Mohawkian (1)
-
Sandbian (2)
-
Trentonian (4)
-
Wufeng Formation (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Guadalupian
-
Tansill Formation (1)
-
-
Hughes Creek Shale (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Barakar Stage (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Kungurian (1)
-
-
Wolfcampian
-
Hueco Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Maokou Formation (1)
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Kazanian (1)
-
Lopingian (1)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
Tatarian (1)
-
Zechstein (2)
-
-
Wellington Formation (1)
-
Yates Formation (1)
-
-
Read Bay Formation (1)
-
Road River Formation (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (3)
-
Rhuddanian (3)
-
Telychian (2)
-
-
Qalibah Formation (1)
-
Wenlock
-
Homerian (1)
-
Sheinwoodian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Racine Dolomite (1)
-
Roberts Mountains Formation (1)
-
Rochester Formation (1)
-
-
Niagaran (2)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow
-
Gorstian (1)
-
-
Pridoli (2)
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (1)
-
-
Woodford Shale (1)
-
-
Phanerozoic (25)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Neoarchean (1)
-
Warrawoona Group (1)
-
-
Changcheng System (1)
-
Chuar Group (1)
-
Gunflint Iron Formation (2)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Great Oxidation Event (1)
-
Lewisian (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (2)
-
Newland Limestone (1)
-
-
Miette Group (2)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (3)
-
Dengying Formation (4)
-
Doushantuo Formation (11)
-
Ediacaran (65)
-
Otavi Group (1)
-
Tonian (2)
-
Torridonian (1)
-
Vendian (23)
-
Wilpena Group (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (5)
-
Sinian
-
Dengying Formation (4)
-
Doushantuo Formation (11)
-
-
Windermere System (1)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
granites (2)
-
granodiorites (2)
-
pegmatite (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites (1)
-
basalts
-
flood basalts (1)
-
-
dacites (2)
-
melilitite (1)
-
nephelinite (1)
-
phonolites (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
ignimbrite (3)
-
scoria (1)
-
tuff (8)
-
welded tuff (1)
-
-
-
-
ophiolite (2)
-
volcanic ash (6)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
metabentonite (1)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
eclogite (1)
-
marbles (2)
-
metasedimentary rocks (6)
-
metavolcanic rocks (1)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (1)
-
-
quartzites (2)
-
schists (2)
-
slates (1)
-
-
ophiolite (2)
-
turbidite (8)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
micrometeorites (1)
-
stony meteorites
-
achondrites
-
lunar meteorites (1)
-
-
chondrites
-
ordinary chondrites
-
L chondrites (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
-
aragonite (22)
-
calcite (31)
-
dolomite (2)
-
ikaite (1)
-
malachite (1)
-
siderite (6)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (6)
-
-
-
hydrates (1)
-
iron minerals (3)
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
metabentonite (1)
-
minerals (1)
-
native elements
-
diamond (1)
-
graphite (1)
-
-
organic minerals
-
amber (16)
-
-
oxalates
-
weddellite (2)
-
whewellite (1)
-
-
oxides
-
ferrihydrite (1)
-
goethite (3)
-
hematite (5)
-
hydroxides (1)
-
iron oxides (7)
-
limonite (1)
-
magnetite (2)
-
spinel (1)
-
titanium oxides (1)
-
titanomagnetite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (6)
-
hydroxylapatite (1)
-
monazite (1)
-
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates (1)
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
-
-
silica minerals
-
chalcedony (2)
-
opal
-
opal-A (2)
-
opal-CT (2)
-
-
quartz
-
alpha quartz (1)
-
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
larnite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (1)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (6)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chamosite (1)
-
chlorite (2)
-
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (9)
-
montmorillonite (2)
-
smectite (2)
-
-
illite (4)
-
mica group
-
biotite (1)
-
glauconite (3)
-
-
serpentine group
-
berthierine (2)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (1)
-
barite (1)
-
gypsum (5)
-
jarosite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
iron sulfides (4)
-
pyrite (26)
-
-
-
Primary terms
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absolute age (25)
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academic institutions (3)
-
Africa
-
East Africa
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Ethiopia
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Wallo Ethiopia (1)
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Kenya
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Lake Magadi (1)
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Tanzania
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Olduvai Gorge (1)
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East African Lakes
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East African Rift (1)
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North Africa
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Atlas Mountains
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Egypt
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Morocco
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Tafilalt (2)
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Southern Africa
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South Africa
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West Africa
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Antarctica
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Asia
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Far East
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Bunter
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Voltzia Sandstone (2)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
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Middle Triassic
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Upper Triassic
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Chinle Formation (2)
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Norian (4)
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upper Mesozoic
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Yixian Formation (4)
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Western Interior
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Ocean Drilling Program
-
Leg 143
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ODP Site 865 (2)
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Leg 167
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ODP Site 1019 (1)
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Leg 171B
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
preservation
The Ureocrinus bockschii bed of Trearne Quarry SSSI (Mississippian, Lower Carboniferous), north Ayrshire, Scotland Available to Purchase
Lithofacies and depositional model of organic-rich lacustrine mudstone: a case study of the second member of the Eocene Liushagang Formation in the Weixinan Sag, Beibuwan Basin, China Available to Purchase
A unique, far-travelled graptolite-bearing erratic pebble from the Lowestoft Till (Quaternary: Anglian Stage) of North Lopham, Norfolk Open Access
MULTI-PROXY PALEOENVIRONMENTAL AND PALEOECOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE FOREMOST FORMATION (UPPER CRETACEOUS, CAMPANIAN) OF ALBERTA Available to Purchase
Exceptionally preserved burrows of ichnogenus Asterosoma from the lower Silurian of south China: systematic ichnology, palaeoecology and implications for ecosystem recovery following the late Ordovician mass extinction Available to Purchase
Petroleum systems modelling in thick-skinned structures: an assessment of potential accumulations in the Axial Zone of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera Available to Purchase
FOSSILIZATION OF WELL-PRESERVED DEEP-SEA LANTERNFISH: A CASE STUDY FROM THE MIOCENE MOROZAKI GROUP, CHITA PENINSULA, SOUTHWEST JAPAN Available to Purchase
A new crinoid morphotaxon from the Silurian (Llandovery) of SW Scotland (Ayrshire) Available to Purchase
INSECT HERBIVORY ON FERNS FROM A MODERN MARSH LOWLAND LOCALITY, SOUTHERN BRAZIL: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERPRETING FOSSIL PLANT–INSECT INTERACTIONS Available to Purchase
NEOICHNOLOGY OF A MICROTIDAL CARBONATE INTERTIDAL ZONE: ABU DHABI, U.A.E. Available to Purchase
Sediment preservation and accretion rates of fluvial meander-belt deposits: variations with temporal scale and river size Open Access
Abstract The preservation and accretion rates of fluvial meander-belt deposits appear to vary with the time over which they are evaluated, but the drivers of this effect are not fully understood. Using channel trajectories tracking the temporal evolution of meandering rivers, constrained with data on past river planforms, a numerical model is used to simulate planform evolutions of meander-belt reaches that underwent different types of meander transformation behaviours and bend cutoffs. Sediment preservation and bar accretion rates are quantified for three hierarchies of depositional products: (i) accretion stages reflecting intervals of bend migration by a certain meander-transformation style, (ii) meander-belt segments encompassing multiple stages but no bend cutoffs and (iii) meander-belt segments that experienced one or multiple cutoffs. Results show that distinct power-law relationships between the accretion rate and the time of sedimentation exist for river systems of different magnitudes in scale. Within each order of magnitude in river-system size, a single power-law relationship fails to effectively capture all depositional hierarchies. Sediment preservation varies with the time over which it is computed, but systematic variations in accretion rates with time primarily portray an apparent dependency of river migration rates on time: these variations largely reflect the temporal resolution and timespan of the modelled examples, highlighting an inherent issue affecting studies of river evolutions.
New malacostracan crustaceans from the Lower Coal Measures (Langsettian, Carboniferous) north Lanarkshire, Scotland Open Access
Preservation of probable MIS 7 deglacial and nonglacial deposits near the edge of the Hudson Bay Lowland in Manitoba, Canada Open Access
Old Red Sandstone: continental sedimentation on the eroding Caledonian Orogen Available to Purchase
VERTEBRATE FOSSIL PERMINERALIZATION IN A SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXT: CAPSULES OF EARLY DIAGENESIS FROM SHALLOW-MARINE SILICICLASTICS (EOCENE, EGYPT) Available to Purchase
Bioturbation increases time averaging despite promoting shell disintegration: a test using anthropogenic gradients in sediment accumulation and burrowing on the southern California shelf Available to Purchase
The famous fish beds of Lebanon: the Upper Cretaceous Lagerstätten of Haqel, Hjoula, Nammoura and Sahel Aalma Open Access
The Burgess Shale lagerstätte at the Walcott Quarry, Yoho National Park, Canada Available to Purchase
Abstract The Walcott Quarry was discovered in 1909 by the Smithsonian Institute's Charles Doolittle Walcott (1850–1927). The Cambrian Burgess Shale (505 Ma, Miaolingian) crops out in the quarry and the lagerstätte is the nexus of ongoing vigorous debate about fossil preservation (including taphonomy and diagenesis), taxonomy, classification, phylogeny, and the origin of phyla and baupläne. Smithsonian Institute's field crews collected from 1909–24, and the quarry was subsequently expanded by Harvard University (1930), the Canadian Geological Survey (1966–67), and the Royal Ontario Museum (1992–2000). Approximately 250 000 fossils, including soft-bodied forms, have been collected, making the Walcott Quarry with exposures of the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, a significant geoheritage site and an important representation of the Cambrian Explosion.
The Town Creek locale of Jackson, Mississippi, USA: Charles Lyell (1797–1875), exemplary fossils and a subsurface volcano Available to Purchase
Abstract The Town Creek locale in Jackson, Mississippi exposes fossiliferous strata through stream erosion and provides evidence for stratal doming atop an extinct volcano. Charles Lyell (1797–1875) investigated the locale on his second visit to North America (1845–46) and concluded that Town Creek fossils were older than Vicksburg fossils, and that strata dipped westward from Jackson. In the 1850s, Mississippi's state geologist Eugene Hilgard (1833–1916) recognized the first volcanic doming evidence and correctly concluded that a ‘local upheaval’ had elevated the Jackson area. Subsequent research revealed an extinct volcano as Jackson Dome's source, explaining the strata dip and Lyell's observation that Jackson's Eocene fossils were older than Vicksburg fossils, later identified as Oligocene. The Jackson fossiliferous strata, known today as the Moodys Branch Formation, exquisitely preserves fossils that have contributed to numerous scientific investigations. The Town Creek locale was threatened in 2003 when a proposed flood control project would have inundated it. Scientists rallied for the preservation of the geologically and historically important Town Creek, and today it remains as a geoheritage site available to scientists and the public, with a state historical marker noting its geological importance. Long-term preservation of the locale is needed but not guaranteed.
The Milwaukee Formation (Givetian, Wisconsin): gone but not forgotten Available to Purchase
Abstract The Milwaukee Formation, a sequence of Givetian (Middle Devonian) marine strata deposited in what is now southeastern Wisconsin, USA, was recognized as preserving an exceptionally diverse biota of invertebrates, placoderms, and plants, when local cement companies mined the rock for the manufacture of hydraulic cement from 1876 to 1911. It is now recognized as containing one of North America's most diverse biotas of its age coming from a single formation, having roughly 250 species, 100 families, 16 phyla, and four kingdoms. Intense collecting has revealed the rich biodiversity that prevailed during the Devonian Period in what is now the Milwaukee area. When the cement mines shut down, the quarries were filled and what was already regarded as a localized series of outcrops became even more restricted. Today the formation is known almost exclusively from limited exposures in Estabrook Park and the adjoining Lincoln Park, in Milwaukee County, in the area once occupied by the cement quarries. These outcrops (the type locality) are protected by a Milwaukee County Park Ordinance that prohibits removing materials from the parks, thus enabling the type locality to remain intact for educational and non-destructive research purposes, while largely unstudied museum collections remain available for ongoing research.