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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Angola
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Cuanza Basin (1)
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Congo (2)
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Chad Basin (1)
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East Africa
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Kenya
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Kenya Rift valley (1)
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East African Lakes
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East African Rift (1)
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North Africa
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Algeria (1)
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Egypt
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Morocco (2)
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Southern Africa
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Barberton greenstone belt (1)
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Zimbabwe (1)
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West Africa
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Arctic Ocean
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Asia
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Ontario
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Okhotsk-Chukchi volcanic belt (1)
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Omolon Block (1)
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Sette-Daban Range (1)
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Stony Tunguska River (1)
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Volga region (1)
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Yakutia Russian Federation
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commodities
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mineral deposits, genesis (34)
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mineral exploration (40)
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mineral resources (14)
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nonmetal deposits (2)
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oil and gas fields (60)
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petroleum
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natural gas
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shale oil (6)
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phosphate deposits (1)
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placers
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potash (1)
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tight sands (1)
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water resources (3)
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elements, isotopes
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boron
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B-11/B-10 (1)
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (11)
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organic carbon (3)
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chemical ratios (3)
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halogens
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chlorine (1)
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iodine
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I-129 (1)
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hydrogen
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deuterium (1)
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incompatible elements (1)
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isotope ratios (17)
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isotopes
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I-129 (1)
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stable isotopes
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B-11/B-10 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (11)
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deuterium (1)
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (3)
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S-33/S-32 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (4)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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metals
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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aluminum (1)
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gold (4)
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platinum ores (6)
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precious metals (4)
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rare earths
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
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scandium (1)
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yttrium (1)
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rhenium (1)
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silver (1)
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vanadium (1)
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nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (3)
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silicon (1)
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sulfur
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S-33/S-32 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (4)
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trace metals (1)
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fossils
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bacteria (1)
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Invertebrata
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Mollusca
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Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Goniatites (1)
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-
-
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Protista
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Foraminifera (1)
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Vermes
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Annelida (1)
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microfossils
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Conodonta (2)
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palynomorphs
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miospores
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pollen (1)
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Plantae
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algae
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diatoms (1)
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nannofossils (1)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae (1)
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geochronology methods
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Ar/Ar (3)
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K/Ar (1)
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U/Pb (3)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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upper Holocene (1)
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Pleistocene (5)
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Tertiary
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lower Tertiary (1)
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Maikop Series (4)
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middle Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
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Miocene
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lower Miocene
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Aquitanian (1)
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Burdigalian (1)
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middle Miocene (2)
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Sarmatian (1)
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Surma Group (1)
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upper Miocene
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Messinian
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Messinian Salinity Crisis (1)
-
-
-
-
Pliocene
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middle Pliocene (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
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Eocene
-
middle Eocene
-
Cockfield Formation (1)
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Yegua Formation (1)
-
-
upper Eocene (2)
-
-
Oligocene
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Frio Formation (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (1)
-
-
-
Tyonek Formation (1)
-
Wilcox Group (1)
-
-
Shahejie Formation (1)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Blairmore Group (1)
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Chonta Formation (1)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Agrio Formation (1)
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Albian (3)
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Aptian
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lower Aptian (1)
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Shuaiba Formation (1)
-
-
Berriasian (1)
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Lagoa Feia Formation (1)
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Mannville Group (1)
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McMurray Formation (1)
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Neocomian (3)
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Oriente Group (1)
-
Thamama Group (1)
-
Valanginian (1)
-
Yingcheng Formation (1)
-
Zubair Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Blackhawk Formation (1)
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Cenomanian (2)
-
Coniacian (1)
-
Ghareb Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian (3)
-
Niobrara Formation (1)
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Senonian (2)
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Turonian (2)
-
Vivian Formation (1)
-
-
-
Franciscan Complex (1)
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Jurassic
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Bazhenov Formation (2)
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Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (1)
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Toarcian (2)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
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Aalenian (1)
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Bajocian
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Brent Group (1)
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Rannoch Formation (1)
-
-
-
Upper Jurassic
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Hanifa Formation (1)
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Oxfordian (1)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (2)
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Newark Supergroup (1)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Bunter (2)
-
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Middle Triassic
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Muschelkalk (1)
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Sherwood Sandstone (1)
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Upper Triassic
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Carnian (1)
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Mercia Mudstone (1)
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Norian (1)
-
-
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (1)
-
-
Paleozoic
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Ambo Group (1)
-
Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian (2)
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Middle Cambrian (1)
-
Upper Cambrian
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Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (1)
-
-
Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
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Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
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Meramecian
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Sainte Genevieve Limestone (1)
-
Salem Limestone (1)
-
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Morrowan (1)
-
-
Minturn Formation (1)
-
Wapanucka Limestone (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Stephanian (1)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian (1)
-
Middle Devonian
-
Dundee Limestone (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (2)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
-
Ramparts Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Domanik Formation (1)
-
Famennian (1)
-
Frasnian (1)
-
-
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (1)
-
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
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Saint George Group (1)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
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Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
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Wufeng Formation (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Ecca Group (2)
-
Lower Permian
-
Autunian (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Asselian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
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Zechstein (1)
-
-
Whitehill Formation (1)
-
-
Silurian
-
Bass Islands Dolomite (1)
-
Lower Silurian (3)
-
Niagaran (1)
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (1)
-
Bakken Formation (1)
-
Copacabana Group (1)
-
Shanxi Formation (1)
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Tarma Group (1)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (3)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Neoarchean (1)
-
Paleoarchean (2)
-
-
Onverwacht Group (1)
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Sioux Quartzite (1)
-
upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Huronian (2)
-
Mesoproterozoic (2)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Ediacaran (1)
-
Riphean
-
upper Riphean (1)
-
-
Vendian (11)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (1)
-
Hemlock Formation (1)
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Karelian (1)
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Rustenburg Layered Suite (1)
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-
Sinian (1)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
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extrusive rocks (1)
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igneous rocks
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carbonatites (4)
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feldspathoid rocks (1)
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hypabyssal rocks (1)
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kimberlite (4)
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picrite (1)
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plutonic rocks
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anorthosite (2)
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diabase (1)
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gabbros
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troctolite (1)
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granites
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alaskite (1)
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granosyenite (1)
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I-type granites (1)
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leucogranite (1)
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monzogranite (2)
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rapakivi (1)
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granodiorites (1)
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lamproite (2)
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lamprophyres (1)
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pegmatite (7)
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syenites
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albitite (1)
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granosyenite (1)
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nepheline syenite
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agpaite (1)
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syenite porphyry (1)
-
-
ultramafics
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peridotites
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dunite (3)
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harzburgite (1)
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pyroxenite (1)
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-
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porphyry (1)
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volcanic rocks
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andesites (1)
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basalts
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olivine basalt (1)
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tholeiite (1)
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trap rocks (2)
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komatiite (2)
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latite (1)
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phonolites (1)
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trachyandesites (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (3)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
eclogite (1)
-
gneisses
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granite gneiss (1)
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paragneiss (1)
-
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hornfels (1)
-
impactites
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impact breccia
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suevite (1)
-
-
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marbles (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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serpentinite (1)
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metasedimentary rocks
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paragneiss (1)
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-
metasomatic rocks
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greisen (2)
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (3)
-
schists
-
greenstone (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (3)
-
turbidite (5)
-
-
minerals
-
arsenates
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beudantite (1)
-
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arsenides (1)
-
bismuthides
-
michenerite (1)
-
-
carbonates
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ankerite (1)
-
calcite (1)
-
-
hydrates (1)
-
iron minerals (1)
-
minerals (1)
-
native elements
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carbonado (1)
-
diamond (4)
-
graphite (3)
-
-
oxides
-
cassiterite (1)
-
chrome spinel (2)
-
chromite (1)
-
gahnite (1)
-
goethite (1)
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ilmenite (2)
-
iron oxides (2)
-
magnetite (3)
-
niobates
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columbite (1)
-
pyrochlore (1)
-
-
perovskite (1)
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spinel (1)
-
-
phosphates
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apatite (7)
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fluorapatite (1)
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monazite (1)
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montebrasite (1)
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turquoise (1)
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xenotime (1)
-
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
arfvedsonite (1)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
diopside (1)
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spodumene (1)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
plagioclase (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
jasper (1)
-
opal
-
opal-A (1)
-
-
-
-
orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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garnet group
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almandine (1)
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andradite (1)
-
pyrope (2)
-
-
olivine group
-
olivine (1)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (2)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
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beryl (1)
-
tourmaline group
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schorl (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
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clay minerals
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kaolinite (4)
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smectite (2)
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illite (4)
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mica group
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biotite (2)
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muscovite (1)
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phlogopite (3)
-
-
serpentine group
-
berthierine (1)
-
serpentine (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (1)
-
anhydrite (1)
-
barite (2)
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beudantite (1)
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gypsum (1)
-
-
sulfides
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argentite (1)
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chalcopyrite (1)
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galena (1)
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pyrite (2)
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pyrrhotite (1)
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sphalerite (1)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfantimonites
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pyrargyrite (1)
-
-
sulfarsenites
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proustite (1)
-
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (8)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Angola
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Cuanza Basin (1)
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-
Congo (2)
-
-
Chad Basin (1)
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East Africa
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Kenya
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Kenya Rift valley (1)
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-
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East African Lakes
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Lake Tanganyika (1)
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-
East African Rift (1)
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North Africa
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Algeria (1)
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Egypt
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Nile Delta (2)
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Sinai Egypt (1)
-
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Morocco (2)
-
-
Southern Africa
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Barberton greenstone belt (1)
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Botswana (2)
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Karoo Basin (3)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (2)
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Mpumalanga South Africa (1)
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Zimbabwe (1)
-
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West Africa
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Benue Valley (2)
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Burkina Faso (1)
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Nigeria
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Niger Delta (1)
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Sokoto Basin (1)
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-
-
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Arctic Ocean
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Barents Sea (3)
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East Siberian Sea (2)
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Laptev Sea (1)
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Norwegian Sea
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Haltenbanken (1)
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Voring Basin (1)
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Arctic region
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Greenland
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West Greenland (1)
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Russian Arctic
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Wrangel Island (1)
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Svalbard (1)
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asbestos deposits (1)
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Asia
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Altai Mountains
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Gorny Altai (1)
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Mongolian Altai (1)
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Altai Russian Federation
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Angara River (1)
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Arabian Peninsula
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Kuwait (2)
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United Arab Emirates
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Abu Dhabi (1)
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Baikal region (4)
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Central Asia
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Kazakhstan
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Kokchetav Kazakhstan
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Kokchetav Massif (1)
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Chukotka Russian Federation
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Chukchi Peninsula (1)
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Far East
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China
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Anhui China (1)
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Bohaiwan Basin (2)
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Chongqing China (1)
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Da Hinggan Ling (1)
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Xinjiang China
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Xizang China (1)
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Yangtze Platform (1)
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Indonesia
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Japan (1)
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Mongolia
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Philippine Islands
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Himalayas (2)
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Jharkhand India
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Karnataka India
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Chitradurga schist belt (1)
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Madhya Pradesh India
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Maharashtra India
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Northeastern India
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Assam India (3)
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Orissa India (3)
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West Bengal India
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Raniganj coal field (1)
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Indus Basin (4)
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Jammu and Kashmir
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Jammu (1)
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Pakistan
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Potwar Plateau (1)
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Indus River (1)
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Irkutsk Russian Federation (3)
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Turkey
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Zagros (2)
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Okhotsk-Chukchi volcanic belt (1)
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Russian Far East (1)
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Sakhalin Russian Federation
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Sayan
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Sette-Daban Range (1)
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Siberia (14)
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Siberian Platform
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
potential deposits
GEOSEISMIC CHARACTERISTICS, HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL AND RESOURCES OF THE NORTH KARA SEDIMENTARY BASIN Available to Purchase
MODERN METHODS OF QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE STRUCTURE OF HYDROCARBON RESOURCES OF LARGE PETROLEUM BASINS Available to Purchase
Geochemical and petrophysical characterization of potential gas shale reservoirs in the Lishu depression, southern Songliao Basin, northeastern China Available to Purchase
Machine learning applied to apatite compositions for determining mineralization potential Available to Purchase
Seismic Node Arrays for Enhanced Understanding and Monitoring of Geothermal Systems Open Access
A review of the Carboniferous shale gas potential of northern England: a data-based analysis of why it won't work Open Access
Abstract The recent shale gas revolution originated in the USA in the late 1990s with the exploration of the Carboniferous Barnett Shale in Texas. Success in a number of additional basins in North America, such as the Marcellus, Eagle Ford and Bakken basins, stimulated a search for similar opportunities elsewhere around the world. Among the shales and basins targeted by industry was the Carboniferous Bowland Shale (and equivalents) in northern England. The initial premise that the Barnett Shale represented an excellent analogue for the Bowland Shale led to over-optimistic reserve estimates that have since been shown to be largely incorrect. On the basis of visual inspection of wellbore cores, the Carboniferous Barnett and Bowland shales appear to be very similar. Unfortunately, it is there that the similarity ends. Research carried out for the UK Unconventional Hydrocarbons project has highlighted important differences adversely impacting prospectivity. These can be summarized as basin type/continuity and structural complexity. The total organic carbon, maturity, mineralogy and thickness of the Bowland Shale and equivalents are broadly similar to the successful US examples. Our conclusion is that the Bowland Shale in the UK does not represent a technically significant resource, and in hindsight did not merit the considerable industry and media attention that has been associated with it. One key learning is that fundamental research based on heritage data and modern analytical and modelling techniques should have preceded drilling and fracking operations in northern England.
Biomarker evidence for the depositional environment of basinal UK Mississippian mudstones Open Access
Abstract The regional character of organic matter types and depositional conditions of Pendleian, Brigantian and Arnsbergian mudstones between the Craven Basin and the Widmerpool Gulf was compared through interpretation of biomarker and pyrolysis data from 201 samples recovered from nine boreholes. The Carboniferous seaways have been determined to commonly host dysoxic conditions, enabling the preservation of a mixture of marine and terrestrial organic matter types. Photic zone anoxia, established by the presence of aryl isoprenoids, was determined to be persistent during ‘marine’ conditions represented by marine band, high-sea-level and carbonate facies. The observation and correlation of diasteranes and trisnorneohopane/trisnorhopane ratios within the samples and to other maturity parameters highlighted a significant clay mineral catalytic and/or hydrocarbon retention effect in the samples. This influenced both biomarkers and programmed pyrolysis thermal maturity indices such as T max , reducing the reliability of such results for interpreting the burial depth, and ultimately reserve potential.