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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Somali Republic (1)
-
Sudan (1)
-
Tanzania
-
Olduvai Gorge (1)
-
-
-
Kalahari Desert (1)
-
Namib Desert (1)
-
North Africa
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Tunisia (1)
-
-
Sahel (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Botswana (1)
-
Namibia (1)
-
South Africa (2)
-
-
West Africa
-
Niger (1)
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Nigeria (1)
-
-
-
Altiplano (1)
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Asia
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Far East
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China (1)
-
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Middle East
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Iran (2)
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Turkey
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Anatolia (1)
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-
-
Australasia
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Australia
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Officer Basin (1)
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South Australia
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Lake Eyre (2)
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Victoria Australia (1)
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Western Australia
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Eastern Goldfields (1)
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Yilgarn Craton (1)
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-
-
-
Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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Nova Scotia
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Cobequid Fault (1)
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Minas Basin (1)
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Western Canada
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Alberta (2)
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Manitoba (1)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Russian Federation
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Urals (1)
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Death Valley (3)
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Europe
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Germany
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Moscow Basin (1)
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Southern Europe
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Iberian Peninsula
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Spain
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Western Europe
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France
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Provence (1)
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United Kingdom
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England
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Scotland
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Green River basin (1)
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Mexico
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Murray Basin (1)
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Gulf Coastal Plain (2)
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United States
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Texas
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Potter County Texas
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Amarillo Texas (1)
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West Texas (3)
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Uinta Basin (1)
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Utah
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Carbon County Utah (1)
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Duchesne County Utah (1)
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Tooele County Utah
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Uintah County Utah (1)
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Western U.S. (2)
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Wyoming
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Carbon County Wyoming (1)
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Laramie Basin (2)
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Lincoln County Wyoming (2)
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Sweetwater County Wyoming (2)
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White Sands (1)
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commodities
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brines (8)
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evaporite deposits (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (5)
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petroleum
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natural gas (1)
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tight sands (1)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (3)
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C-14 (6)
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organic carbon (1)
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chemical ratios (1)
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halogens
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chlorine
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hydrogen
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D/H (1)
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isotope ratios (5)
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isotopes
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C-14 (6)
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (3)
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D/H (1)
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (4)
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S-34/S-32 (1)
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metals
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alkali metals
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potassium (1)
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sodium (2)
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alkaline earth metals
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calcium (1)
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magnesium (3)
-
-
-
nitrogen
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (4)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
-
-
fossils
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burrows (1)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Tetrapoda
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Mammalia
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Theria
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Eutheria
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Primates
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Hominidae (1)
-
-
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-
-
-
-
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ichnofossils (2)
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Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Ostracoda (2)
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Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Coleoptera (1)
-
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Exopterygota
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Isoptera (1)
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-
-
-
-
-
-
Mollusca (2)
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Protista
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Foraminifera (1)
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-
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microfossils
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Conodonta (1)
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-
Plantae
-
algae
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diatoms (1)
-
-
-
thallophytes (1)
-
tracks (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
optically stimulated luminescence (1)
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paleomagnetism (2)
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racemization (1)
-
Th/Th (1)
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Th/U (1)
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uranium disequilibrium (2)
-
-
geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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lower Holocene (1)
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middle Holocene (1)
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Neoglacial (1)
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upper Holocene (2)
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Pleistocene
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lower Pleistocene (1)
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upper Pleistocene (3)
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upper Quaternary (3)
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Tertiary
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middle Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
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Miocene (1)
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Ogallala Formation (1)
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Pliocene
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upper Pliocene (1)
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-
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Paleogene
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Eocene
-
Green River Formation (9)
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Lake Gosiute (3)
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Lake Uinta (1)
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middle Eocene
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Laney Shale Member (2)
-
-
Parachute Creek Member (1)
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Wilkins Peak Member (2)
-
-
Oligocene (1)
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Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
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Danian (1)
-
-
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Comanchean
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Norphlet Formation (2)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Smackover Formation (1)
-
-
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Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
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Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
Upper Triassic
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Carnian (1)
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Keuper (1)
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Mercia Mudstone (1)
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Norian (2)
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Rhaetian (1)
-
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian (1)
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Carboniferous
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Mississippian (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Moscovian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Guilmette Formation (1)
-
Middle Devonian (1)
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Rustler Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
Salado Formation (1)
-
Zechstein (1)
-
-
-
-
Precambrian
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (1)
-
Revett Quartzite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites (1)
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
pyroclastics
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tuff (3)
-
-
-
-
volcanic ash (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
listwanite (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
borates
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borax (1)
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colemanite (1)
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ulexite (1)
-
-
carbonates
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aragonite (1)
-
calcite (3)
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dolomite (4)
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hydromagnesite (2)
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magnesite (1)
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nahcolite (1)
-
trona (4)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
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halite (5)
-
-
-
minerals (3)
-
silicates
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framework silicates
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feldspar group (1)
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scapolite group (1)
-
silica minerals
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chalcedony (1)
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opal (1)
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quartz (2)
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zeolite group
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analcime (1)
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phillipsite (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
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chlorite group
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chlorite (1)
-
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clay minerals
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kaolinite (1)
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smectite (1)
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illite (2)
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magadiite (1)
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palygorskite (2)
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sepiolite (2)
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talc (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
epsomite (1)
-
gypsum (4)
-
mirabilite (1)
-
thenardite (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (8)
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Somali Republic (1)
-
Sudan (1)
-
Tanzania
-
Olduvai Gorge (1)
-
-
-
Kalahari Desert (1)
-
Namib Desert (1)
-
North Africa
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Tunisia (1)
-
-
Sahel (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Botswana (1)
-
Namibia (1)
-
South Africa (2)
-
-
West Africa
-
Niger (1)
-
Nigeria (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Far East
-
China (1)
-
-
Middle East
-
Iran (2)
-
Turkey
-
Anatolia (1)
-
-
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Officer Basin (1)
-
South Australia
-
Lake Eyre (2)
-
-
Victoria Australia (1)
-
Western Australia
-
Eastern Goldfields (1)
-
Yilgarn Craton (1)
-
-
-
-
bibliography (1)
-
biogeography (1)
-
boron (1)
-
brines (8)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
Nova Scotia
-
Cobequid Fault (1)
-
Colchester County Nova Scotia (1)
-
Minas Basin (1)
-
-
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta (2)
-
British Columbia (1)
-
Manitoba (1)
-
Saskatchewan (1)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (3)
-
C-14 (6)
-
organic carbon (1)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (1)
-
middle Holocene (1)
-
Neoglacial (1)
-
upper Holocene (2)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
lower Pleistocene (1)
-
upper Pleistocene (3)
-
-
upper Quaternary (3)
-
-
Tertiary
-
middle Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (1)
-
Ogallala Formation (1)
-
Pliocene
-
upper Pliocene (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Green River Formation (9)
-
Lake Gosiute (3)
-
Lake Uinta (1)
-
middle Eocene
-
Laney Shale Member (2)
-
-
Parachute Creek Member (1)
-
Wilkins Peak Member (2)
-
-
Oligocene (1)
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (1)
-
-
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Tetrapoda
-
Mammalia
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Primates
-
Hominidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (4)
-
climate change (3)
-
crystal growth (1)
-
crystal structure (1)
-
data processing (1)
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deformation (2)
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diagenesis (9)
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Earth (1)
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earthquakes (3)
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economic geology (6)
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Europe
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Central Europe
-
Germany
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Lower Saxony Germany (1)
-
-
-
Moscow Basin (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain
-
Ebro Basin (1)
-
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Provence (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Somerset England (1)
-
-
Scotland
-
Great Glen Fault (1)
-
Orkney Islands (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
evaporite deposits (1)
-
faults (9)
-
folds (4)
-
foundations (1)
-
fractures (2)
-
geochemistry (7)
-
geochronology (3)
-
geomorphology (24)
-
geophysical methods (2)
-
ground water (14)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (1)
-
-
hydrogeology (1)
-
hydrology (7)
-
ichnofossils (2)
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites (1)
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
pyroclastics
-
tuff (3)
-
-
-
-
industrial minerals (1)
-
intrusions (1)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Ostracoda (2)
-
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
-
Endopterygota
-
Coleoptera (1)
-
-
Exopterygota
-
Isoptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Mollusca (2)
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera (1)
-
-
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (6)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (3)
-
D/H (1)
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (4)
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
-
-
land use (1)
-
maps (2)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Comanchean
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Glen Rose Formation (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Norphlet Formation (2)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Smackover Formation (1)
-
-
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (1)
-
Keuper (1)
-
Mercia Mudstone (1)
-
Norian (2)
-
Rhaetian (1)
-
-
-
-
metal ores
-
copper ores (1)
-
gold ores (1)
-
iron ores (1)
-
-
metals
-
alkali metals
-
potassium (1)
-
sodium (2)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium (1)
-
magnesium (3)
-
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
listwanite (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
-
metasomatism (1)
-
Mexico
-
Baja California (1)
-
Chihuahua Mexico (1)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (5)
-
mineralogy (2)
-
minerals (3)
-
nitrogen
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
-
-
nodules (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachians (1)
-
Basin and Range Province
-
Great Basin (2)
-
-
Chihuahuan Desert (1)
-
Glacier National Park (1)
-
Great Plains
-
Northern Great Plains (3)
-
Southern Great Plains (5)
-
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (2)
-
Sweetgrass Arch (1)
-
Williston Basin (1)
-
-
oil and gas fields (2)
-
orogeny (1)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (4)
-
-
paleoclimatology (16)
-
paleoecology (3)
-
paleogeography (8)
-
paleomagnetism (2)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian (1)
-
Carboniferous
-
Mississippian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Moscovian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Guilmette Formation (1)
-
Middle Devonian (1)
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Rustler Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
Salado Formation (1)
-
Zechstein (1)
-
-
-
-
paragenesis (1)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas (1)
-
-
petrology (1)
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
diatoms (1)
-
-
-
pollution (1)
-
Precambrian
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (1)
-
Revett Quartzite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
remote sensing (5)
-
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playas
SALTERN, MUDFLAT, AND DRY PLAYA: PLAYA BASIN TYPES OF A RETREATING EPEIRIC SEA (KEUPER, GERMANY)
ABSTRACT The deposits of Pleistocene Lake Tecopa include lacustrine, alluvial, eolian, and groundwater discharge deposits of the Tecopa basin in southeastern California. Stratigraphic sections measured in the Tecopa basin and detailed sedimentary facies analysis were used to interpret the depositional settings and track the evolution of sedimentary processes in the basin during the Pleistocene. The early Pleistocene (ca. 2.4–1.0 Ma) deposits of the Lake Tecopa beds record deposition in small saline, alkaline lakes and playas with surrounding mudflats and sandflats and adjacent alluvial fans. Ancestral Amargosa River gravels are first observed in fluvial deposits in the northern part of the basin at ca. 1.0 Ma and correspond with lake expansions (Glass Mountain [GM] lakes) during deposition of the uppermost Glass Mountain ash beds. Several oscillations in lake level followed the post-GM lake decline, culminating in the basin-filling Lava Creek (LC) lake, which reached its acme during deposition of the 0.63 Ma Lava Creek B ash bed. The post–Lava Creek B strata reflect primarily alluvial, fluvial, eolian, and groundwater discharge depositional processes, punctuated in the youngest part of the section by basin-filling lakes (high lake 1 and 2). The Lava Creek B ash bed and older lacustrine strata exhibit extensive zeolitization and clay authigenesis, characteristic of saline, alkaline lake deposits, but the post–Lava Creek B ash bed lacustrine strata have only minor zeolite and clay alteration, suggesting fresher water conditions and a change in the hydrologic state of the basin. Sedimentological observations along with shoreline elevation data provide evidence for intermittent spillover of basin-filling lakes after ca. 0.63 Ma. Subtle tectonic deformation influenced sedimentary processes in the Tecopa basin throughout its history. Episodes of uplift and tilting of Lake Tecopa strata during the middle Pleistocene in the southern part of the basin along the Tecopa Hump likely controlled the sill elevation for spillover of the lake, creating accommodation space for late Pleistocene basin-filling lakes. Ultimately, decreased uplift could not keep pace with increased discharge resulting from high effective moisture during latest middle Pleistocene pluvial periods, and Lake Tecopa drained, most likely during or immediately after marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 10 (ca. 0.3 Ma). The deposits of Lake Tecopa provide a detailed record of Pleistocene paleoclimate from ca. 2.4 to 0.3 Ma that demonstrates Milankovitch-scale tuning and clarifies the amplitude of Pleistocene climate change in the southern Great Basin of North America.
A new geological map and review of the Middle Devonian rocks of Westray and Papa Westray, Orkney, Scotland
The Three Forks playa lake depositional model: Implications for characterization and development of an unconventional carbonate play
The engineering geology of playas, salt playas and salinas
Abstract The Triassic Fundy rift basin in Nova Scotia is a large (>70 km wide) half-graben filled with alluvial, lacustrine and aeolian deposits. A major lithospheric lineament, the Cobequid–Chedabucto Fault Zone (CCFZ), which forms the tip of the Newfoundland–Gibraltar Fault Zone, occurs within the Fundy Basin. The timing of early movement on this important fault zone is poorly constrained. We present data from the alluvial and aeolian units that crop out adjacent to the CCFZ in the Minas sub-basin to determine the initiation of fault movement. We use the onset of alluvial fan deposition to infer when the fault became sufficiently active to create the intrabasinal topography and document the influence of fault activity on the intrabasinal drainage. The occurrence and preservation of aeolian deposits immediately adjacent to the CCFZ and concomitant with alluvial fan development suggests a wind shadow effect associated with the fault-generated topography. The onset of alluvial fan deposition associated directly with the fault occurred during Norian times, following an earlier phase of sedimentation in the Fundy Basin, and records a potentially important phase of plate reorganization during early Atlantic rifting.
Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn’s moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology
Abstract Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn’s moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft’s synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to fine-grained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies.
Origin and Distribution of Evaporite Borates: The Primary Economic Sources of Boron
Sheetflood sedimentology of the Mesoproterozoic Revett Formation, Belt Supergroup, northwestern Montana, USA
The ca. 1.460 Ga Revett Formation is a gray and purple quartzite lithosome in northwestern Montana, and it interfingers eastward into red argillite of the Grinnell Formation in Glacier National Park. The Revett Formation was analyzed in northwestern Montana by identifying sedimentary structures in stratigraphic sections and by interpreting flow processes of the structures using the standard flow regime model (e.g., Simons et al., 1965). The sedimentary structures and thicknesses of the event beds were then organized into eight sediment types (lithofacies) that were grouped into three sediment complexes: the playa complex, the antidune complex, and the sheet sand complex. The arrangements of the sediment types and complexes within the stratigraphic framework of the lower informal Revett member indicated the configurations of the depositional environments in space, and the vertical configurations of the sediment types revealed the depositional history of the lower Revett member. The lower Revett member lithosome interfingers eastward into the red argillite of the Grinnell Formation lithosome, and has eight through-going descriptive, stacked, lithic units, called lithostromes. Lithostromes 2, 4, 6, and 8 (from the bottom up) are composed of the sheet sand complex and extend into playa complexes of the Grinnell Formation. They were deposited by sandy sheetfloods that flowed at grade and terminated as the water sank into the sand substrate. Between lithostromes 2, 4, 6, and 8 are lithostromes marked by playa lakes of the playa complex that spread from the east across western Montana during humid periods. They were overlain by sheetfloods of the antidune complex that built eastward over the playa complex as the playa lakes retreated with increasing aridity. The antidune complex was overlain by the sheet sand complex of a vast sand plain deposited by sheetfloods from the southwest that flowed at grade level across western Montana during arid periods. The sheetflood deposits of the Revett Formation were mostly deposited by the upper-flow regime element of the established fluvial facies model.
Lake deposystems are commonly associated with retroarc mountain belts in the geological record. These deposystems are poorly characterized in modern retroarcs, placing limits on our ability to interpret environmental signals from ancient deposits. To address this problem, we have synthesized our existing knowledge about the distribution, morphometrics, and sedimentary geochemical characteristics of tectonically formed lakes in the central Andean retroarc. Large, active mountain belts such as the Andes frequently create an excess of sediment, to the point that modeling and observational data both suggest their adjacent retroarc basins will be rapidly overfilled by sediments. Lake formation, requiring topographic closure, demands special conditions such as topographic isolation and arid climatic conditions to reduce sediment generation, and bedrock lithologies that yield little siliciclastic sediment. Lacustrine deposition in the modern Andean retroarc has different characteristics in the six major morphotectonic zones discussed. (1) High-elevation hinterland basins of the arid Puna-Altiplano Plateau frequently contain underfilled and balanced-filled lakes that are potentially long-lived and display relatively rapid sedimentation rates. (2) Lakes are rare in piggyback basins, although a transition zone exists where basins that originally formed as piggybacks are transferred to the hinterland through forward propagation of the thrust belt. Here, lakes are moderately abundant and long-lived and display somewhat lower sedimentation rates than in the hinterland. (3) Wedge-top and (4) foredeep deposystems of the Andean retroarc are generally overfilled, and lakes are small and ephemeral. (5) Semihumid Andean back-bulge basins contain abundant small lakes, which are moderately long-lived because of underfilling by sediment and low sedimentation rates. (6) Broken foreland lakes are common, typically underfilled, large, and long-lived playa or shallow systems.
The dynamism of salt crust patterns on playas
Abstract To assist U.S. Air Force archaeologists study and preserve cultural sites associated with early Native American inhabitants of the Nevada Test and Training Range, we have determined the late Pleistocene environments of nine playas on the range from surface deposits around the playas. Based on shoreline features such as barrier bars, wave-cut benches, and beach gravel deposits, the playas of Mud Lake, Gold Flat, and Kawich Lake contained pluvial lakes. Based on fossils, palustral clay sediments, paleospring, and seep deposits, the playas of Stonewall Flat, Indian Springs Valley, and Three Lakes Valley contained extensive wetlands. Two playas in Cactus Flat and one at Dog Bone Lake contain none of these surface deposits and are interpreted to have hosted seasonal lakes and grassy meadows, based on modern analogs in the Pahranagat Valley. Radiocarbon dates from Mud Lake, Gold Flat, and Stonewall Flat indicate these environments existed up to the beginning of the Holocene ca. 10,000 years before present (yr B.P.) and would have provided resources of fresh water, fish and game, edible and medicinal plants, fuel, and materials for the construction of shelter. As changing climate conditions from 10,000–8000 radiocarbon yr B.P. forced the contraction and eventual disappearance of these lakes and wetlands, basins with larger surface water budgets probably furnished early inhabitants with useful resources after the pluvial features in the smaller basins had disappeared.