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Pioneer Mountains
Late Miocene rejuvenation of central Idaho landscape evolution: A case for surface processes driven by plume-lithosphere interaction
U-Pb zircon ages of the Wildhorse gneiss, Pioneer Mountains, south-central Idaho, and tectonic implications
Detrital zircon record of mid-Paleozoic convergent margin activity in the northern U.S. Rocky Mountains: Implications for the Antler orogeny and early evolution of the North American Cordillera
We used laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry to determine the U-Pb ages for 1206 detrital zircons from 15 samples of the Lemhi subbasin, upper Belt Supergroup, in southwest Montana and east-central Idaho. We recognize two main detrital-zircon provenance groups. The first is found in the Swauger and overlying formations. It contains a unimodal 1740–1710 Ma zircon population that we infer was derived from the “Big White” arc, an accretionary magmatic arc to the south of the Belt Basin, with an estimated volume of 1.26 million km 3 —a huge feature on a global scale. The ɛ Hf(i) values for magmatic 1740–1710 Ma zircons from the Lawson Creek Formation are +8–0, suggesting that they were derived from more juvenile melts than most other Lemhi subbasin strata, which have values as evolved as −7 and may have been derived from an arc built on Proterozoic or Archean crust in the Mojave Province. Since paleocurrents in cross-bedded sandstones indicate northward flow, the proximate source terrane for this sand was to the south. The second provenance group is that of the Missoula Group (and Cambrian strata recycled from the Missoula Group), with significant numbers of 1780–1750 Ma grains and more than 15% Archean grains. This provenance group is thought to represent mixing of Yavapai Province, Mojave Province, and Archean Wyoming Province sources. Both of these provenance groups differ from the basal Belt Prichard Formation, and strata of the Trampas and Yankee Joe Basins of Arizona and New Mexico, which contain a major population of 1.61–1.50 Ga non–North American grains. The 12 youngest grains from the several Swauger Formation samples suggest the formation is younger than 1429 Ma. The three youngest grains from Apple Creek Formation diamictite suggest the rock is younger than 1390 Ma. This makes the Apple Creek diamictite the youngest part of Belt Supergroup strata south of the Canadian border. Though the Big White magmatic arc was produced before 1.7 Ga, the sediment may have been recycled several times before being deposited as locally feldspathic sandstone in the Lemhi subbasin depositional site 300 m.y. later. Because the detrital-zircon provenance does not change from Idaho east to Montana, our data do not support the existence of a major Great Divide megashear separating the Lemhi subbasin from the Belt Basin. In southwest Montana, unfossiliferous sandstones of Cambrian age contain the same detrital-zircon assemblages as the Swauger Formation and Missoula Group, suggesting reworking of a local Belt Supergroup source.
Eocene extension and meteoric fluid flow in the Wildhorse detachment, Pioneer metamorphic core complex, Idaho
Miocene regional hotspot-related uplift, exhumation, and extension north of the Snake River Plain: Evidence from apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology
Detrital zircon provenance of Pennsylvanian to Permian sandstones from the Wyoming craton and Wood River Basin, Idaho, U.S.A.
The Neogene drainage history of south-central Idaho
Abstract Study of the distribution of the age-populations of detrital zircons in the Snake River system suggest that specific stream systems can be identified based on the detrital-zircon age-population signature (“barcode”) of ancient and Holocene sand deposits. Detrital zircon studies can be used on regional and local scales to determine changes in drainage patterns using both surface and subsurface data. Regional study of drainage patterns using detrital zircons found in Neogene strata of Idaho and southwest Montana suggest northeastward late Miocene to Holocene migration of the Continental Divide from the western side of the Pioneer Mountains to the current position in southwest Montana. Specifically, mixed populations of recycled Proterozoic detrital zircons that define the Wood River drainage are not found in the western Snake River Plain until after 7 Ma. Late Miocene eastward drainage from the central Snake River Plain to southwest Montana is suggested by 9–12 Ma detrital zircons found in fluvial strata less than 6 million years old, of the Sixmile Creek Formation Basalt eruptions of the Eastern Snake River Plain during the Pliocene and Pleistocene also caused drainage diversion. Detrital zircons in Pliocene sands from coreholes at Wendell and Mountain Home Air Force Base contain Big Lost River zircon provenance, suggesting that during the Pliocene, the Big Lost River flowed west along the central Snake River Plain. Late Pliocene and early Pleistocene basaltic volcanoes and rhyolite dome eruptions resulted in volcanic highlands, the Axial Volcanic Zone of the eastern Snake River Plain and the northwest-trending Arco Volcanic Rift Zone (which includes Craters of the Moon volcanic center). The development of these volcanic highlands disrupted the ancestral drainage of the Pliocene Big Lost River system, confining it to the Big Lost Trough, a volcanically dammed basin of internal drainage on the Idaho National Laboratory. After the Big Lost Trough was cut off from the main Snake River, basalt eruptions, local subsidence, and climate controlled the courses of the rivers that flowed into it. Detrital-zircon populations in core samples reveal the provenance of specific sand beds from the Big or Little Lost River systems.
A proposed method for characterizing fracture patterns in denied areas
Abstract Knowledge of three-dimensional, subsurface fracture patterns is necessary to solve many military and engineering problems. An understanding of subsurface fracture patterns is also essential for the field army with respect to penetrability and weapons effects. Many areas of the world in which the army has an interest are inaccessible (denied areas), and analysis of remotely sensed imagery provides a way to get needed information. This chapter describes a method that provides the basis for three-dimensional characterization of fracture patterns using remotely sensed imagery. Analysis of fracture patterns in the Dartmoor granite of southwest England shows that lineations delineated on imagery are very long, widely spaced joints that are members of joint sets found in outcrop. There are no statistically significant differences in orientation between joints and lineations; the smaller image scale allows the more widely spaced and longer members of a given joint set to be seen. With these relations established, fractal analysis of joint and lineation patterns on Dartmoor granite and in the East Pioneer Mountains, Montana, was done to determine whether fractal geometry could be used to predict subsurface fracture patterns. On Dartmoor, mean fractal dimension for vertical joint sets from outcrop and lineation patterns from imagery were comparable, but this was not the case for the Pioneer granites. Further research must address the problem of predicting three-dimensional, subsurface fracture patterns using remotely sensed imagery prior to attempting to meet the needs of the field army in denied areas.