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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Southern Africa
-
Karoo Basin (2)
-
South Africa
-
Cape fold belt (1)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa (1)
-
North-West Province South Africa (1)
-
-
-
-
Altiplano (1)
-
Annapolis Valley (1)
-
Antarctica
-
East Antarctica (1)
-
South Shetland Islands
-
Deception Island (1)
-
-
Transantarctic Mountains
-
Beardmore Glacier (1)
-
-
Victoria Land
-
Allan Hills (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region
-
Russian Arctic (2)
-
-
Asia
-
Far East
-
Borneo
-
Kalimantan Indonesia (1)
-
-
China
-
Da Hinggan Ling (1)
-
Kunlun Mountains (1)
-
-
Indonesia
-
Java
-
Merapi (1)
-
-
Kalimantan Indonesia (1)
-
Sumatra
-
Toba Lake (1)
-
-
-
Korea
-
South Korea
-
Cheju Island (3)
-
-
-
Philippine Islands
-
Luzon
-
Taal (1)
-
-
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Bastar Craton (1)
-
-
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation (1)
-
Lena River (1)
-
Middle East
-
Dead Sea (1)
-
-
Siberia (1)
-
Siberian Platform (1)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation (2)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
North Sea (2)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Canary Islands
-
Tenerife (1)
-
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
South Australia
-
Mount Gambier (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Auckland volcanic field (1)
-
Ruapehu (2)
-
Southland New Zealand
-
Fiordland (1)
-
-
Tarawera volcanic complex (1)
-
Taupo (1)
-
Taupo volcanic zone (3)
-
-
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
James Bay Lowlands (1)
-
Maritime Provinces
-
Nova Scotia
-
Annapolis County Nova Scotia (1)
-
-
-
Ontario (1)
-
Quebec
-
Monteregian Hills (1)
-
Noranda Quebec (1)
-
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Drumheller Alberta (1)
-
-
Northwest Territories
-
Lac de Gras (1)
-
-
-
-
Cascade Range (6)
-
Central America
-
El Salvador (1)
-
Nicaragua
-
Masaya (1)
-
-
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation (1)
-
Lena River (1)
-
Russian Arctic (2)
-
Siberian Platform (1)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation (2)
-
-
-
Crater Lake (1)
-
Death Valley (2)
-
East Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island
-
Kilauea (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Eastern Alps
-
Carnic Alps (1)
-
-
-
Central Europe
-
Germany
-
Eifel (1)
-
Rhineland-Palatinate Germany
-
Meerfeld crater lake (1)
-
-
-
Slovakia (1)
-
-
Rhenish Schiefergebirge
-
Eifel (1)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Greek Aegean Islands
-
Cyclades
-
Thera (1)
-
-
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain
-
Catalonia Spain (2)
-
-
-
Italy
-
Campania Italy
-
Bay of Naples (1)
-
Phlegraean Fields (2)
-
Vesuvius (2)
-
-
Sicily Italy
-
Lipari Islands
-
Lipari Island (1)
-
-
Ustica Island (1)
-
-
-
Romania
-
Apuseni Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Ardeche France (1)
-
Cantal France
-
Cantal Massif (1)
-
-
Central Massif
-
Cantal Massif (1)
-
-
Limagne (1)
-
Puy-de-Dome France (2)
-
-
Iceland
-
Eyjafjallajokull (1)
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Reykjanes Peninsula (1)
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Surtsey (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Pennines (1)
-
-
Scotland (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Glacier Peak (1)
-
Highland Boundary Fault (1)
-
Homestake Mine (1)
-
Lake District (1)
-
Malay Archipelago
-
Borneo
-
Kalimantan Indonesia (1)
-
-
-
Mediterranean region
-
Aegean Islands
-
Greek Aegean Islands
-
Cyclades
-
Thera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
West Mediterranean
-
Tyrrhenian Sea (1)
-
-
-
Mexico
-
Mexico state
-
Nevado de Toluca (2)
-
-
Michoacan-Guanajuato volcanic field (1)
-
Sonora Mexico (1)
-
Trans-Mexican volcanic belt (2)
-
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Northern Appalachians (1)
-
-
Basin and Range Province (1)
-
Western Interior
-
Western Interior Seaway (1)
-
-
-
North Island (6)
-
Oceania
-
Melanesia (1)
-
Polynesia
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island
-
Kilauea (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pacific Coast (1)
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Cascadia Channel (1)
-
-
-
North Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific
-
Cascadia Channel (1)
-
-
-
South Pacific (1)
-
-
Puna (1)
-
Scotia Sea Islands
-
South Shetland Islands
-
Deception Island (1)
-
-
-
Solomon Islands (1)
-
South America
-
Andes
-
Southern Andes (1)
-
-
Argentina (1)
-
Chile (2)
-
Peru
-
Huaynaputina (1)
-
-
-
South Island (1)
-
Staten Island (1)
-
United States
-
Alaska
-
Aleutian Islands
-
Okmok (1)
-
-
-
California
-
Inyo County California (1)
-
Mono County California
-
Inyo Domes (1)
-
Long Valley Caldera (1)
-
-
-
Clark's Fork Basin (1)
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island
-
Kilauea (1)
-
-
-
-
Idaho
-
Snake River plain (1)
-
-
Montana (2)
-
Oregon
-
Deschutes County Oregon
-
Newberry Volcano (1)
-
-
Klamath County Oregon
-
Mount Mazama (1)
-
-
Lake County Oregon (1)
-
-
Texas
-
Brewster County Texas
-
Big Bend National Park (1)
-
-
-
Trans-Pecos (1)
-
Washington
-
Pierce County Washington
-
Mount Rainier (1)
-
-
Puget Lowland (1)
-
Skamania County Washington
-
Mount Saint Helens (2)
-
-
Snohomish County Washington (1)
-
Whatcom County Washington (1)
-
-
Western U.S. (1)
-
Wyoming
-
Heart Mountain Fault (1)
-
Park County Wyoming (1)
-
-
-
White Island (1)
-
-
commodities
-
brines (1)
-
diamond deposits (4)
-
heavy mineral deposits (1)
-
metal ores
-
copper ores (2)
-
gold ores (3)
-
silver ores (2)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (5)
-
mineral exploration (3)
-
placers (1)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (2)
-
C-14 (3)
-
-
isotope ratios (5)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (3)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (2)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
-
-
metals
-
iron
-
ferric iron (1)
-
ferrous iron (1)
-
-
manganese (1)
-
precious metals (1)
-
rare earths (2)
-
titanium (1)
-
-
noble gases
-
helium
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
-
trace metals (1)
-
-
fossils
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Tetrapoda
-
Mammalia
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Perissodactyla
-
Hippomorpha
-
Equidae
-
Hipparion (1)
-
-
-
-
Rodentia (1)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
-
Testudines (1)
-
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
Crocodilia (1)
-
dinosaurs (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Invertebrata
-
Mollusca (1)
-
-
microfossils (2)
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
diatoms (2)
-
-
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (4)
-
infrared stimulated luminescence (1)
-
K/Ar (1)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (1)
-
paleomagnetism (1)
-
tephrochronology (3)
-
U/Pb (3)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Bronze Age (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (1)
-
Holocene
-
upper Holocene (3)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
-
lower Pleistocene (1)
-
middle Pleistocene (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Younger Dryas (1)
-
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (3)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
-
lower Miocene (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Turolian (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Absaroka Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (1)
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (1)
-
Campanian
-
upper Campanian (1)
-
-
Javelina Formation (1)
-
Maestrichtian (1)
-
Senonian (2)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Clarens Formation (1)
-
Ferrar Group (2)
-
Kirkpatrick Basalt (1)
-
Lower Jurassic (1)
-
Middle Jurassic (1)
-
-
Triassic
-
Middle Triassic
-
Ladinian (2)
-
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (2)
-
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Devonian (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Caradocian
-
Borrowdale Volcanic Group (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Neoarchean (1)
-
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic (1)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Torridonian (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (1)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
extrusive rocks (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (5)
-
plutonic rocks
-
syenites (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites (3)
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (1)
-
flood basalts (4)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
-
basanite (1)
-
dacites (1)
-
glasses (2)
-
pyroclastics
-
hyaloclastite (2)
-
ignimbrite (8)
-
pumice (8)
-
scoria (4)
-
tuff (15)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
-
rhyolites (2)
-
trachytes (3)
-
-
-
volcanic ash (10)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
impactites
-
impact breccia (1)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks (1)
-
-
turbidite (1)
-
-
minerals
-
native elements
-
diamond (1)
-
-
oxides
-
iron oxides (1)
-
-
silicates
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
sanidine (1)
-
-
plagioclase (2)
-
-
silica minerals
-
quartz (3)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group
-
pyrope (1)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (5)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (7)
-
Africa
-
Southern Africa
-
Karoo Basin (2)
-
South Africa
-
Cape fold belt (1)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa (1)
-
North-West Province South Africa (1)
-
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
East Antarctica (1)
-
South Shetland Islands
-
Deception Island (1)
-
-
Transantarctic Mountains
-
Beardmore Glacier (1)
-
-
Victoria Land
-
Allan Hills (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region
-
Russian Arctic (2)
-
-
Asia
-
Far East
-
Borneo
-
Kalimantan Indonesia (1)
-
-
China
-
Da Hinggan Ling (1)
-
Kunlun Mountains (1)
-
-
Indonesia
-
Java
-
Merapi (1)
-
-
Kalimantan Indonesia (1)
-
Sumatra
-
Toba Lake (1)
-
-
-
Korea
-
South Korea
-
Cheju Island (3)
-
-
-
Philippine Islands
-
Luzon
-
Taal (1)
-
-
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Bastar Craton (1)
-
-
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation (1)
-
Lena River (1)
-
Middle East
-
Dead Sea (1)
-
-
Siberia (1)
-
Siberian Platform (1)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation (2)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
North Sea (2)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Canary Islands
-
Tenerife (1)
-
-
-
atmosphere (2)
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
South Australia
-
Mount Gambier (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Auckland volcanic field (1)
-
Ruapehu (2)
-
Southland New Zealand
-
Fiordland (1)
-
-
Tarawera volcanic complex (1)
-
Taupo (1)
-
Taupo volcanic zone (3)
-
-
-
biogeography (1)
-
brines (1)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
James Bay Lowlands (1)
-
Maritime Provinces
-
Nova Scotia
-
Annapolis County Nova Scotia (1)
-
-
-
Ontario (1)
-
Quebec
-
Monteregian Hills (1)
-
Noranda Quebec (1)
-
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Drumheller Alberta (1)
-
-
Northwest Territories
-
Lac de Gras (1)
-
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (2)
-
C-14 (3)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Bronze Age (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (1)
-
Holocene
-
upper Holocene (3)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
-
lower Pleistocene (1)
-
middle Pleistocene (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Younger Dryas (1)
-
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (3)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
-
lower Miocene (1)
-
upper Miocene
-
Turolian (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Absaroka Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (1)
-
-
Central America
-
El Salvador (1)
-
Nicaragua
-
Masaya (1)
-
-
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Tetrapoda
-
Mammalia
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Perissodactyla
-
Hippomorpha
-
Equidae
-
Hipparion (1)
-
-
-
-
Rodentia (1)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
-
Testudines (1)
-
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
Crocodilia (1)
-
dinosaurs (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
crust (1)
-
data processing (1)
-
deformation (3)
-
diamond deposits (4)
-
Earth (2)
-
earthquakes (2)
-
East Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island
-
Kilauea (1)
-
-
-
-
-
education (1)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Eastern Alps
-
Carnic Alps (1)
-
-
-
Central Europe
-
Germany
-
Eifel (1)
-
Rhineland-Palatinate Germany
-
Meerfeld crater lake (1)
-
-
-
Slovakia (1)
-
-
Rhenish Schiefergebirge
-
Eifel (1)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Greek Aegean Islands
-
Cyclades
-
Thera (1)
-
-
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain
-
Catalonia Spain (2)
-
-
-
Italy
-
Campania Italy
-
Bay of Naples (1)
-
Phlegraean Fields (2)
-
Vesuvius (2)
-
-
Sicily Italy
-
Lipari Islands
-
Lipari Island (1)
-
-
Ustica Island (1)
-
-
-
Romania
-
Apuseni Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Ardeche France (1)
-
Cantal France
-
Cantal Massif (1)
-
-
Central Massif
-
Cantal Massif (1)
-
-
Limagne (1)
-
Puy-de-Dome France (2)
-
-
Iceland
-
Eyjafjallajokull (1)
-
Reykjanes Peninsula (1)
-
Surtsey (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
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England
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Pennines (1)
-
-
Scotland (1)
-
-
-
-
-
faults (8)
-
folds (1)
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fractures (2)
-
geochemistry (5)
-
geochronology (1)
-
geomorphology (6)
-
geophysical methods (5)
-
glacial geology (1)
-
ground water (7)
-
heavy mineral deposits (1)
-
hydrology (2)
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (5)
-
plutonic rocks
-
syenites (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites (3)
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (1)
-
flood basalts (4)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
-
basanite (1)
-
dacites (1)
-
glasses (2)
-
pyroclastics
-
hyaloclastite (2)
-
ignimbrite (8)
-
pumice (8)
-
scoria (4)
-
tuff (15)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
-
rhyolites (2)
-
trachytes (3)
-
-
-
inclusions
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
phreatomagmatism
Highly conductive diatreme aquifer beneath the Cerro Overo maar, Central Andean volcanic zone, Chile
Sequential phreatomagmatic eruptions during the lateral propagation of giant dyke swarms
The ad 79 Vesuvius eruption revisited: the pyroclastic density currents
Radiometric dating ( 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and 14 C), compositions, and erupted volumes of volcanoes of the Valle de Santiago area (Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field, Mexico)
A global database of Mars-relevant hydrovolcanic environments on Earth with potential biosignature preservation
Tephra zircon U-Pb geochronology of kimberlite maar sedimentary fills in subarctic Canada: Implications for Eocene paleoclimate and Late Cretaceous paleogeography
Mapping Facies Classification of Volcanic and Associated Succession in the Dongargarh Province
Subaerial volcaniclastic deposits – influences of initiation mechanisms and transport behaviour on characteristics and distributions
Abstract Subaerial volcaniclastic deposits are produced principally by volcanic debris avalanches, pyroclastic density currents, lahars, and tephra falls. Those deposits have widely ranging geomorphic and sedimentologic characteristics; they can mantle, modify, or create new topography, and their emplacement and subsequent reworking can have an outsized impact on the geomorphic and sedimentologic responses of watersheds surrounding, and channels draining, volcanoes. Volcaniclastic deposits provide a wealth of information about eruptive histories, volcanic processes, and landscape responses to eruptions. The volcanic processes that produce these deposits, and consequently the character and sedimentary structures of the deposits themselves, are influenced by initiation mechanism. Deposit preservation is affected by deposit magnitude, texture, and composition, depositional environment, and climate regime. Innovative analyses of deposits from several modern eruptions and advancements in physical and numerical modelling have vastly improved our understanding of volcanic processes, interpretations of eruptive histories, and recognition of the hazards posed by volcanic eruptions. This contribution highlights and summarizes major advances that have occurred in the past few decades in understanding of volcaniclastic deposits and linkages with volcanic processes.
Morphometric constraints on the formation of new terrestrial analogs for planetary pits
The grainsize of volcanic fall deposits: Spatial trends and physical controls
Pyroclastic deposits of Ubehebe Crater, Death Valley, California, USA: Ballistics, pyroclastic surges, and dry granular flows
Triassic Diamondiferous Tuffaceous–Sedimentary Rocks in the Arctic Zone of Siberia
Eruption dynamics leading to a volcanic thunderstorm—The January 2020 eruption of Taal volcano, Philippines
Abstract The Longgang volcanic field (LVF) is a monogenetic volcanic field in China that erupted in the Quaternary, forming more than 100 scoria cones and maars in an area of over 1500 km 2 . The most recent eruption occurred c. 1500–1700 years ago. By summarizing the results of previous and recent research, this paper reviews the geological background, volcano distribution, eruption history, typical volcanoes and geochemical characteristics of the LVF. The volcanic activities in the LVF were structurally controlled by near-EW-, NW- and NE-trending faults. An analysis of typical volcanic edifices reveals that at least two eruptive episodes occurred in the Holocene, and most of the maars in the LVF have characteristics of multiple eruptive styles. It is concluded that the eruption types included effusive eruptions, magma explosive eruptions and phreatomagmatic eruptions. The results of geochemical studies of LVF eruptive products show that most of the rock is trachybasalt and that the magma rarely interacts with crustal rocks. Compared with the previous results for the neighbouring Changbaishan polygenetic volcanic field, the probable origins of their differences in volcanism are discussed.
Abstract The Halaha River–Chaoer River (HC) volcanic field in the Greater Hinggan Mountain Range (NE China) consists of at least 41 monogenetic basaltic volcanoes. Strombolian, violent Strombolian and phreatomagmatic eruptions, as well as the transitional eruptions, generated simple volcanic cones (single vent) and composite volcanic cones (multiple vents). The simple elongated cone is the most abundant geomorphology type. By analysing the elongated crater and coalescent aligned circular crater, cone breaching and depression, and aligned vents, we identified a number of magma-feeding fissures. The majority of these fissures strike NE–ENE. Accordingly, we infer that the regional stress field affected volcanism in the HC field. The lavas in this field are alkali basalts that are enriched in light rare earth elements (La/Yb N = 7.9–24.5). Their ocean island basalt-like rare earth element and spider-diagram patterns, high Nb/U ratios and high TiO 2 contents (>2 wt%) indicate that the basalts were derived from the asthenosphere mantle. Both the asthenosphere upwelling and the tectonic forces are the key controlling factors of the volcanism in the HC field.
Abstract In the West Kunlun Mountains, four volcanic fields (Kangxiwa, Dahongliutan, Qitaidaban and Quanshuigou) are distributed along the Dahongliutan fault, which is c. 180 km long. Based on field investigations, chronological measurements and geochemical analysis of some volcanic fields, the results of geological, geochemical and geophysical research in previous studies in the corresponding study areas are summarized. The volcanic activities in these areas were mainly effusive eruptions, explosive eruptions and phreatomagmatic eruptions. In this study, we discovered the Qitaiyanhu volcanic field for the first time and determined that the 14 C age of the lacustrine strata underlying the Qitaiyanhu lava flows is 13.110 ± 0.04 ka BP, indicating that there may still have been volcanic activities in the late Pleistocene and even the Holocene in the Dahongliutan fault area. Base surge deposits, which are the products of the interaction between magma and water, were found in the Kangxiwa volcanic field. The four shoshonitic rock fields of Kangxiwa, Dahongliutan, Qitaidaban and Quanshuigou are likely to be products of different evolution stages from the same magma source area. The magmatic origin of these volcanic fields may be related to the upwelling of the asthenosphere, triggered by the collision between the Indian and Tarim plates.
Abstract Preserved rocks in the Jurassic Ferrar Large Igneous Province consist mainly of intrusions, and extrusive rocks, the topic of this chapter, comprise the remaining small component. They crop out in a limited number of areas in the Transantarctic Mountains and southeastern Australia. They consist of thick sequences of lavas and sporadic occurrences of volcaniclastic rocks. The latter occur mainly beneath the lavas and represent the initial eruptive activity, but also are present within the lava sequence. The majority are basaltic phreatomagmatic deposits and in at least two locations form immense phreatocauldrons filled with structureless tuff breccias and lapilli tuffs with thicknesses of as much as 400 m. Stratified sequences of tuff breccias, lapilli tuffs and tuffs are up to 200 m thick. Thin tuff beds are sparsely distributed in the lava sequences. Lava successions are mainly 400–500 m thick, and comprise individual lavas ranging from 1 to 230 m thick, although most are in the range of 10–100 m. Well-defined colonnade and entablature are seldom displayed. Lava sequences were confined topographically and locally ponded. Water played a prominent role in eruptive activity, as exhibited by phreatomagmatism, hyaloclastites, pillow lava and quenching of lavas. Vents for lavas have yet to be identified.