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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Southern Africa
-
South Africa
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa
-
Kimberley South Africa (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Asia
-
Far East
-
China
-
Shandong China
-
Dongying Depression (1)
-
-
Yangtze Platform (1)
-
-
Japan
-
Honshu
-
Iwate Japan
-
Onikobe Field (1)
-
-
-
-
Philippine Islands
-
Luzon
-
Mount Pinatubo (1)
-
-
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Gujarat India
-
Kutch India (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
Equatorial Atlantic (1)
-
North Atlantic
-
Northwest Atlantic
-
Demerara Rise (1)
-
-
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Western Australia (1)
-
-
New Zealand (1)
-
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Labrador
-
Kiglapait (1)
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Kiglapait Intrusion (1)
-
-
Newfoundland (1)
-
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Alberta Basin (1)
-
-
Northwest Territories
-
Great Slave Lake (1)
-
-
-
-
Cascade Range (1)
-
East Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
-
Kilauea (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Europe
-
Central Europe
-
Poland
-
Lower Silesia (1)
-
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Crete (1)
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Somerset England (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Kimberley Basin (1)
-
Long Valley (1)
-
Oceania
-
Polynesia
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island
-
Kilauea (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Southern Hemisphere (2)
-
United States
-
California
-
Mono County California
-
Mono Craters (1)
-
-
Santa Barbara Channel (1)
-
-
Colorado
-
Piceance Basin (2)
-
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island
-
Kilauea (2)
-
-
-
-
Michigan
-
Michigan Lower Peninsula
-
Cheboygan County Michigan (1)
-
Emmet County Michigan (1)
-
Washtenaw County Michigan (1)
-
-
Michigan Upper Peninsula
-
Luce County Michigan (1)
-
-
-
Midcontinent (1)
-
Montana
-
Silver Bow County Montana
-
Butte Montana (1)
-
-
-
Newark Basin (1)
-
Washington
-
Skamania County Washington
-
Mount Saint Helens (1)
-
-
-
-
-
commodities
-
brines (1)
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ceramic materials (1)
-
diamond deposits (1)
-
glass materials (2)
-
metal ores
-
base metals (1)
-
copper ores (2)
-
molybdenum ores (1)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (3)
-
mineral resources (1)
-
oil and gas fields (1)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas (2)
-
-
strategic minerals (1)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
boron
-
B-11/B-10 (1)
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (9)
-
organic carbon (3)
-
-
halogens
-
chlorine
-
chloride ion (1)
-
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (1)
-
-
isotope ratios (10)
-
isotopes
-
stable isotopes
-
B-11/B-10 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (9)
-
D/H (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (6)
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
uranium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium (1)
-
-
aluminum (1)
-
iron (3)
-
molybdenum (1)
-
precious metals (1)
-
rare earths (1)
-
rhenium (2)
-
-
nitrogen (3)
-
noble gases
-
helium
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
-
neon
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (6)
-
-
phosphorus (2)
-
selenium (1)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
-
-
fossils
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Ostracoda (1)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (2)
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa (1)
-
-
Echinodermata (1)
-
Porifera
-
Stromatoporoidea (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
-
Globigerinacea
-
Hedbergella (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
microfossils (3)
-
Plantae
-
Pteridophyta
-
Lycopsida (1)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
-
Lauraceae (1)
-
Quercus (1)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae
-
Palmae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
Neolithic (1)
-
upper Holocene
-
Roman period (1)
-
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
-
-
-
Stone Age
-
Neolithic (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Green River Formation (2)
-
lower Eocene (1)
-
Parachute Creek Member (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Colorado Group (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Mannville Group (1)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Turonian (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Carboniferous
-
Mississippian
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Devonian (1)
-
Permian
-
Upper Permian (1)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (2)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Mesoarchean (1)
-
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Great Oxidation Event (2)
-
Mesoproterozoic (1)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Ediacaran (1)
-
Vendian (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (1)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
lamproite (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (1)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
-
tholeiitic basalt (1)
-
-
glasses
-
obsidian (2)
-
-
pyroclastics (1)
-
-
-
volcanic ash (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metapelite (1)
-
-
quartzites (1)
-
-
-
minerals
-
borates (1)
-
carbonates
-
aragonite (2)
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calcite (7)
-
dolomite (1)
-
magnesian calcite (1)
-
nahcolite (2)
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siderite (2)
-
trona (1)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (2)
-
-
-
minerals (1)
-
native elements
-
diamond (2)
-
-
oxides
-
spinel (1)
-
uraninite (1)
-
-
selenides (1)
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
pyroxene group
-
orthopyroxene (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
plagioclase (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
quartz (1)
-
-
zeolite group
-
natrolite (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group (1)
-
olivine group
-
olivine (1)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
melilite group
-
gehlenite (1)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (3)
-
smectite (1)
-
-
illite (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
gypsum (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
chalcocite (1)
-
digenite (1)
-
pyrite (1)
-
-
tellurides (1)
-
-
Primary terms
-
Africa
-
Southern Africa
-
South Africa
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa
-
Kimberley South Africa (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Asia
-
Far East
-
China
-
Shandong China
-
Dongying Depression (1)
-
-
Yangtze Platform (1)
-
-
Japan
-
Honshu
-
Iwate Japan
-
Onikobe Field (1)
-
-
-
-
Philippine Islands
-
Luzon
-
Mount Pinatubo (1)
-
-
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Gujarat India
-
Kutch India (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
Equatorial Atlantic (1)
-
North Atlantic
-
Northwest Atlantic
-
Demerara Rise (1)
-
-
-
-
atmosphere (5)
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Western Australia (1)
-
-
New Zealand (1)
-
-
boron
-
B-11/B-10 (1)
-
-
brines (1)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Labrador
-
Kiglapait (1)
-
Kiglapait Intrusion (1)
-
-
Newfoundland (1)
-
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Alberta Basin (1)
-
-
Northwest Territories
-
Great Slave Lake (1)
-
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (9)
-
organic carbon (3)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
Neolithic (1)
-
upper Holocene
-
Roman period (1)
-
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
-
-
-
Stone Age
-
Neolithic (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Green River Formation (2)
-
lower Eocene (1)
-
Parachute Creek Member (1)
-
-
-
-
-
ceramic materials (1)
-
climate change (2)
-
crust (1)
-
crystal chemistry (1)
-
crystal structure (2)
-
Deep Sea Drilling Project
-
Leg 14
-
DSDP Site 144 (1)
-
-
-
diagenesis (3)
-
diamond deposits (1)
-
Earth (3)
-
East Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island
-
Kilauea (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Europe
-
Central Europe
-
Poland
-
Lower Silesia (1)
-
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Crete (1)
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Somerset England (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
geochemistry (11)
-
geomorphology (1)
-
glacial geology (1)
-
ground water (3)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (1)
-
-
hydrology (3)
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
lamproite (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (1)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (1)
-
tholeiitic basalt (1)
-
-
glasses
-
obsidian (2)
-
-
pyroclastics (1)
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (5)
-
-
intrusions (2)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Ostracoda (1)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (2)
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa (1)
-
-
Echinodermata (1)
-
Porifera
-
Stromatoporoidea (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
-
Globigerinacea
-
Hedbergella (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
isotopes
-
stable isotopes
-
B-11/B-10 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (9)
-
D/H (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (6)
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
-
-
magmas (4)
-
mantle (3)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Colorado Group (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Mannville Group (1)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Turonian (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
-
metal ores
-
base metals (1)
-
copper ores (2)
-
molybdenum ores (1)
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
uranium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium (1)
-
-
aluminum (1)
-
iron (3)
-
molybdenum (1)
-
precious metals (1)
-
rare earths (1)
-
rhenium (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metapelite (1)
-
-
quartzites (1)
-
-
metamorphism (1)
-
metasomatism (1)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (3)
-
mineral resources (1)
-
minerals (1)
-
Mohorovicic discontinuity (1)
-
nitrogen (3)
-
noble gases
-
helium
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
-
neon
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (1)
-
-
-
ocean circulation (1)
-
Oceania
-
Polynesia
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island
-
Kilauea (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
oil and gas fields (1)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (6)
-
-
paleoclimatology (9)
-
paleoecology (6)
-
paleogeography (2)
-
Paleozoic
-
Carboniferous
-
Mississippian
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Devonian (1)
-
Permian
-
Upper Permian (1)
-
-
-
paragenesis (1)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas (2)
-
-
petrology (2)
-
Phanerozoic (2)
-
phase equilibria (8)
-
phosphorus (2)
-
Plantae
-
Pteridophyta
-
Lycopsida (1)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
-
Lauraceae (1)
-
Quercus (1)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae
-
Palmae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (2)
-
pollution (2)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Mesoarchean (1)
-
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Great Oxidation Event (2)
-
Mesoproterozoic (1)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Ediacaran (1)
-
Vendian (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (1)
-
-
-
-
rock mechanics (1)
-
sea water (4)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
limestone (1)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
evaporites
-
salt (1)
-
-
iron formations
-
banded iron formations (1)
-
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arkose (1)
-
black shale (1)
-
mudstone (1)
-
sandstone (2)
-
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
biogenic structures
-
stromatolites (1)
-
-
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
drift (1)
-
outwash (1)
-
-
-
selenium (1)
-
soils (1)
-
Southern Hemisphere (2)
-
stratigraphy (1)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
-
thermal waters (2)
-
United States
-
California
-
Mono County California
-
Mono Craters (1)
-
-
Santa Barbara Channel (1)
-
-
Colorado
-
Piceance Basin (2)
-
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island
-
Kilauea (2)
-
-
-
-
Michigan
-
Michigan Lower Peninsula
-
Cheboygan County Michigan (1)
-
Emmet County Michigan (1)
-
Washtenaw County Michigan (1)
-
-
Michigan Upper Peninsula
-
Luce County Michigan (1)
-
-
-
Midcontinent (1)
-
Montana
-
Silver Bow County Montana
-
Butte Montana (1)
-
-
-
Newark Basin (1)
-
Washington
-
Skamania County Washington
-
Mount Saint Helens (1)
-
-
-
-
volcanology (1)
-
weathering (7)
-
-
rock formations
-
Deccan Traps (1)
-
-
sedimentary rocks
-
oolite (1)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
limestone (1)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
evaporites
-
salt (1)
-
-
iron formations
-
banded iron formations (1)
-
-
-
clastic rocks
-
arkose (1)
-
black shale (1)
-
mudstone (1)
-
sandstone (2)
-
-
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
sedimentary structures
-
biogenic structures
-
stromatolites (1)
-
-
-
-
sediments
-
oolite (1)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
drift (1)
-
outwash (1)
-
-
-
-
soils
-
paleosols (2)
-
soils (1)
-
partial pressure
Implications of giant ooids for the carbonate chemistry of Early Triassic seawater
Biogeochemical Controls on the Redox Evolution of Earth’s Oceans and Atmosphere
Earth’s Electrodes
Herbivory and its effect on Phanerozoic oxygen concentrations
When “evaporites” are not formed by evaporation: The role of temperature and p CO 2 on saline deposits of the Eocene Green River Formation, Colorado, USA
Earth's Outgassing and Climatic Transitions: The Slow Burn Towards Environmental “Catastrophes”?
Moderate levels of Eocene p CO 2 indicated by Southern Hemisphere fossil plant stomata
The struggle between thermodynamics and kinetics: Phase evolution of ancient and historical ceramics
This contribution is dedicated to the memory of Professor Ursula Martius Franklin, a true pioneer of archaeometric research, who passed away at her home in Toronto on July 22, 2016, at the age of 94. Making ceramics by firing of clay is essentially a reversal of the natural weathering process of rocks. Millennia ago, potters invented simple pyrotechnologies to recombine the chemical compounds once separated by weathering in order to obtain what is more or less a rock-like product shaped and decorated according to need and preference. Whereas Nature reconsolidates clays by long-term diagenetic or metamorphic transformation processes, potters exploit a ‘short-cut’ of these processes that affects the state of equilibrium of the system being transformed thermally. This ‘short-cut’ is thought to be akin to the development of mineral-reaction textures resulting from disequilibria established during rapidly heated pyrometamorphic events (Grapes, 2006) involving contact aureoles or reactions with xenoliths. In contrast to most naturally consolidated clays, the solidified rock-like ceramic material inherits non-equilibrium and statistical states best described as ‘frozen-in’. The more or less high temperatures applied to clays during ceramic firing result in a distinct state of sintering that is dependent on the firing temperature, the duration of firing, the firing atmosphere, and the composition and grain-size distribution of the clay. Hence, the salient properties of the ceramics have to be assessed in a temperature-time-composition space. Owing to the variability of clay composition, the mineralogical processes during thermal transformation of clay minerals can be very complex, not least because most reactions occur far removed from thermodynamic equilibrium and hence are kinetically controlled; that is, they are time- and temperature-dependent. Indeed, kinetics imposes constraints on thermodynamics by retarding reaction rates because of low temperatures, large temperature gradients present in primitive pottery kilns, short reaction times, inhomogeneously distributed reaction partners, and varying redox conditions triggered, for example, by ingress of air during reducing firing cycles. In the context of ceramic technological development over time, the role and development of pottery technology within complex societies is discussed. The close relationship between pottery development and changes in life/societal organization appears to be a major driver in this endeavour. In this chapter, the phase evolution of some typical ancient and historical ceramics will be traced using ceramic phase diagrams, i.e . chemographical expressions of Goldschmidt’s mineralogical phase rule. In particular, the systems CaO–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 (in which most ancient low- to medium-fired ceramics can be accommodated), K 2 O–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 (applicable to high-fired Chinese stoneware and European hard-paste porcelain) and Na 2 O–CaO–(Al 2 O 3 )–SiO 2 (typical of some ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian alkaline glazes and French soft-paste porcelain) are discussed.
Petrography, fluid-inclusion, isotope, and trace-element constraints on the origin of quartz cementation and feldspar dissolution and the associated fluid evolution in arkosic sandstones
Abstract: Deccan volcanism was synchronous with rifting along the west coast of India. Pre- and synmagmatic rifting has been widely reported in the Deccan Volcanic Province, but extension post-dating magmatism, and predating India–Eurasia collision, is less well known. A recent study in the Kachchh area of western India documented weathering of basalts to kaolinite at the base of Cenozoic rift basins, with rift flanks relatively less altered to smectites, and this was attributed to post-magmatic rifting. This study models basalt weathering under open- and closed-system conditions to simulate rainwater interacting with basalts either on topographical slopes (within rifts) or on flat-topped hills (flow tops). Both systems were modelled under p CO 2 conditions ranging from low, present-day values to higher values more appropriate for the end-Cretaceous–early Paleocene time, after basalt emplacement. The results show that if p CO 2 exceeded values of 10 −2.5 , basalts would be altered to kaolinite in both open and closed systems. Existing p CO 2 estimates in the aftermath of Deccan volcanism fall below this value, implying that the differential basalt weathering was more likely to have been caused by terminal to post-magmatic rifting. This indicates that extensional tectonics along the Indian west coast in the Kachchh region continued even after cessation of Deccan volcanism.
Boron Isotopes: A “Paleo-pH Meter” for Tracking Ancient Atmospheric CO 2
Equable end Mesoproterozoic climate in the absence of high CO 2
In the late 1950s to early 1960s, there was a paradigm shift in the study of caves and karst. Instead of a science of speleology, the focus changed to using caves and their contents to provide information of much wider geological interest. Cave and karst science has also borrowed heavily from other sciences. One technique that was borrowed was the restructuring of carbonate chemistry to define saturation index, CO 2 partial pressure, and other parameters that are widely used to describe karst waters. Equilibrium chemistry was followed by chemical kinetics, which proved to be the key to understanding the development of conduit systems. Karst hydrology was advanced by recognizing the importance of the karst drainage basin in surface water–groundwater interactions and the hydrodynamics of conduit flow. Much new interpretation was made possible with data provided by greatly improved tracer techniques. Karst hydrology has moved from qualitative descriptions to computer models that take account of matrix, fracture, and conduit permeability. Sediment and contaminant transport as well as new understanding of sinkhole collapses and other land-use hazards have become part of the hydrogeologic framework of karst. All aspects of cave and karst science have been revolutionized by the development of accurate dating methods for speleothems and for clastic sediments in caves. Following from the dating techniques, one of the most important developments has been the use of speleothems as paleoclimate archives.