Abstract Heritage stones are stones that have special significance in human culture. The papers in this volume discuss a wide variety of such stones, including stones from Europe, Asia, North and South America, Africa and Australia. Igneous (basalt, porphyry and a variety of granites), sedimentary (sandstone, limestone) and metamorphic (marble, quartzite, gneiss, slate, soapstone) stones are featured. These stones have been used over long periods of time for a wide range of uses, including monuments, buildings of architectural note, columns, roofing, tiling and lithography. A number of papers in this book provide information that is essential for eventual approval of stones as a Global Heritage Stone Resource or a group of stones as a Global Heritage Stone Province.

Abstract Cadalso de los Vidrios leucogranite is extracted from the Sierra de Guadarrama (Spanish Central System) under the trade name ‘Blanco Cristal’. It is a fine- to medium-grained, hypidiomorphic and equigranular building stone that has been used in many heritage buildings, such as the Villena Palace (1534). The current annual production of Cadalso de los Vidrios leucogranite is approximately 8000 m 3 , of which 40% is exported around the world. It has been used in places such as the Vieux-Port in Marseille (France), Cork International Airport (Ireland) and the Puri EXIM Bank of Jakarta (Indonesia) among others. It is currently being used in the construction of the iconic tower of Jesus Christ of the Sagrada Familia Basilica, in Barcelona (Spain). Cadalso de los Vidrios leucogranite Blanco Cristal has excellent petrophysical properties, a uniform colour and good resistance to thermal shock and freezing temperatures. These qualities make Blanco Cristal an ideal material for monuments and buildings.

Abstract Rapakivi granites were in use during the Middle Ages in Finland. Their most spectacular use, however, was for structures built in St Petersburg between 1760 and 1917. Remarkable examples are the majestic and slender Alexander Column and the 112 columns of St Isaac's Cathedral. All Rapakivi granite was extracted from the Wiborg Rapakivi granite batholith in several quarries around the municipality of Virolahti in SE Finland (old Russia). Today, the 1640 Ma-old Wiborg batholith is the most important area for natural stone production in Finland and in the Leningrad region, Russian Federation. The main quarried stone varieties of Rapakivi granite (Baltic Brown, Baltic Green, Carmen Red, Karelia Red, Eagle Red and Balmoral Red) are regularly produced in large quantities in Finland for the global stone market due to the stone's unique qualities. Examples of applications in Rapakivi granite from Finland can be found in the USA, China, South Africa, the UK, Italy, Austria, Ireland, Spain and Germany as well as in Scandinavia and Russia. There are also quarries near Vyborg, the Russian Federation: Vozrozhdenie and Ala-Noskua.

Abstract Indiana Limestone is one of the most used and versatile building stones in the USA. It is a uniform, carbonate grainstone formed during the Mississippian Subperiod of the Carbonifereous. The stone has excellent physical properties, good workability, fire resistance, durability, sustainability, reserves sufficient for hundreds of years, remarkable history, and is available in pleasing colours and textures. Indiana Limestone is used extensively for important buildings, homes, or carved as accents and sculptures, as well as other uses. At one time it was estimated that 60–80% of important US stone buildings were built with Indiana Limestone. This stone has been used for significant, even iconic buildings such as the Empire State Building and the Yankee Stadium, the Pentagon and many other government buildings, even religious structures such as the National Cathedral in Washington, DC, notable houses such as the Biltmore House in North Carolina, many Chicago landmarks, plus libraries, research centres, academic buildings and museums, across the USA. Sculptures throughout the USA and other countries are made of Indiana Limestone. The stone has good sustainability and is incorporated into the very culture of the state of Indiana and America. Indiana Limestone merits designation as a Global Heritage Stone Resource.

Abstract Échaillon stone, a Mesozoic platform limestone from SE France, is proposed as a Global Heritage Stone Resource. The Échaillon stone quarries are located at the western termination of the Alps, near the city of Grenoble. Stone from the main Échaillon quarries is an Upper Jurassic to Berriasian bioclastic near-reef limestone, renowned for its two characteristic white and pink colours. Two ancillary quarries nearby, the Lignet and Rovon quarries, provided the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian to Aptian) Yellow Échaillon stone, of lagoonal origin. Échaillon stone's unique characteristics, resistance to weathering and high aesthetic values made it a prized building and ornamental material used in many significant historical buildings in Europe, North Africa and the USA. Although the first use of Échaillon stone in buildings dates from the Gallo-Roman period, the industrial use ranges from the mid-nineteenth century, during the heyday of the Beaux-Arts architecture period in France, to the mid-twentieth century. The reputation of Échaillon stone was bolstered by world-renowned architects, sculptors and artists who used it for historical building ornament and sculptures. By the turn of the twentieth century, production started to decline and it ceased by the middle of that century.

Abstract Berea sandstone, a potential Global Heritage Stone Resource, has been one of the most widely used sandstones in North America. This Paleozoic sandstone, quarried for more than 200 years in Ohio, has been used across much of the continent. Thousands of commercial, residential, ecclesiastical, government and other structures have been built with Berea sandstone, including Thomas Worthington's mansion in Chillicothe, Ohio, the Michigan Capitol in Lansing, Michigan, the Carnegie Library and Natural History Museum Building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and parts of the Parliament buildings in Canada. Grindstones made from Berea sandstone were shipped throughout North America, as well as to the Caribbean, South America, Europe and Asia. The stone is celebrated in a number of locations, notably Berea and Amherst, where quarries have been important historical sources of this stone. It has been known by a number of different geological and commercial names, including Berea grit and Amherst stone, complicating its identification from historical sources. Stone from the most productive quarries, however, was known to be homogeneous and can be identified by its quartz–arenite to sublithic–arenite composition, its fine to medium sand (125–350 µm) grain size and iron-cement spots. Berea sandstone continues to be quarried today in Erie and Lorain counties.

Abstract By virtue of its use in iconic monuments and historic buildings in the USA, Cockeysville marble, a dolomitic to calcitic lower Paleozoic (Cambrian/Ordovician) marble quarried in Baltimore County and adjacent areas in Maryland, is proposed as a potential Global Heritage Stone Resource. The most important use of this stone was for the Washington Monument in Washington, DC whose construction began in 1848; the second most important use was for the 108 columns of the United States Capitol's wings, completed in 1868. It was also used for two of the oldest major marble monuments in the USA, Baltimore's Battle Monument (dedicated in 1827) and Washington Monument (completed in 1829), as well as Baltimore's City Hall, Buffalo's Adkins Art Museum, Detroit's Fisher Building and parts of St Patrick's Cathedral in New York City. During the nineteenth century white Cockeysville was most desired, but a colourful variety, Mar Villa marble, was also used in the first decades of the twentieth century. Cockeysville marble is no longer quarried for dimension stone. All Cockeysville used outdoors has weathered to a lesser or great extent, but early testing indicating that the dolomitic marble would be more durable has proved to be true.

Abstract Connemara Marble, a well-known distinctive decorative stone from the west of Ireland, is herein proposed as a Global Heritage Stone Resource. Connemara Marble is a sillimanite-grade ophicarbonate, dominated by dolomite and calcite with varying proportions of serpentine, diopside, forsterite, tremolite clinochlore and phlogopite. The marble displays intricate corrugated layers that range in colour from white through sepias to various shades of green. These features impart unique characteristics that set the marble apart from other ornamental stones. Characteristics reflect amphibolite-grade metamorphism of an impure siliceous dolomitic limestone during the Grampian orogeny (475–463 Ma). Olivine, diopside, tremolite along with calcite and dolomite were formed during the peak of metamorphism which was followed by a later pervasive hydrothermal metamorphism that led to the extensive growth of serpentine after olivine and diopside. It has been used since Neolithic times, but has been quarried and fashioned in Connemara since the eighteenth century, and widely utilized in buildings in Ireland and the UK, for cladding, banisters, columns and church fittings. Later in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it was exported in large quantities to the USA for use in civic and educational buildings. Its many uses as an ornamental stone in the interiors of buildings and in Irish jewellery commands worldwide acclaim.

Abstract The Verbano–Cusio–Ossola quarrying district (Piedmont, northern Italy) produces many different ornamental stones (granites, gneisses, marbles); two important categories are represented by Serizzo and Beola gneisses. The Serizzo , a group of foliated orthogneisses, is the most important and extensively exploited ornamental stone, largely used to produce columns since the end of fifteenth century and used for many parts of the Duomo di Milano. Beola is the name of a group of heterogeneous orthogneisses with mylonitic foliation and strong mineralogical lineation, easy to split into thin slabs with hammer and chisel, occurring in the middle Ossola Valley. The quarries of Beola are probably the oldest of the Ossola Valley (since the Roman period), and the Beola trade probably started at the end of the thirteenth century. In general, Beola and Serizzo gneisses have been used for ornamental purposes and for the construction of churches, palaces and monuments, widely documented in many towns and villages of the Ossola Valley and in northern Italy. This contribution reviews the history and distinctiveness of these materials, their importance in local and national culture, and their present international diffusion. Both stones are recommended as Global Heritage Stone Resources within a Global Heritage Stone Province.

Abstract Soapstone occurs in Finland within Precambrian greenstone belts in the eastern parts of the country. Nunnanlahti and other deposits near Lake Pielinen are the best known and most important of these occurrences. This soft stone is highly workable. Soapstone was one of the most popular ornamental rocks used in architecture of the Jugend (Art Nouveau) style in St Petersburg, Russia, Helsinki, Finland, and in other northern European cities at the end of the nineteenth and into the early twentieth centuries.

Abstract Shoksha quartzite is a heritage stone of international importance. This stone, a hematitic quartzite composed predominantly of quartz with subordinate amounts of chalcedony and sericite, is Jatulian (2.3–2.0 Ga) in age. The sarcophagus of Napoleon I, Emperor of France, inside the Dôme des Invalides in Paris was cut from Shoksha quartzite quarried by Lake Onega, Russia. The details of the sarcophagus were cut and polished in Paris using steam machinery, an early use of this method. A monument to Russian Emperor, Nicholas I, in St Petersburg is also made in part of this quartzite. This stone also has been utilized in the Grave of the Unknown Soldier and the monument to Heroic Cities near the Kremlin in Moscow, as well as for other uses.

Abstract India has a great variety of natural stones that have been extensively used as dimension, ornamental and sculptural stone for numerous temples and monuments over many centuries. These temples and monuments, now heritage sites, have a major role in showcasing India's natural stone resources that occur in diverse geological formations of different geological systems across the Indian subcontinent. The formations contain a variety of stone, with colours and textures produced by varied geological processes thus providing a storehouse of diverse stone resources. This paper outlines four potential Global Heritage Stone Provinces where natural stones have been used in heritage monuments: the North and Northwestern Province, the Central and Western Peninsular Province, the Southern Peninsular Province and the Eastern and Northeastern Province. The geotechnical and aesthetic characteristics of the stones, and their response to weathering are discussed.

Abstract Heritage stone was initially considered in terms of building stone; however, the use of natural stone extends much more widely into utilitarian applications, implements by prehistoric humans as well as decorative stones and gemstones. Nevertheless, there are limits to heritage stone designation where it may seem that recognition of a Global Heritage Stone Resource is inappropriate despite some favourable aspects.

ABSTRACT This walking trip examines local and imported stones used for a wide variety of monuments, museums, skyscrapers, and other structures in downtown Indianapolis. These include Christ Church Cathedral, the Indiana War Memorial, the Indiana Statehouse, the Indiana State Museum, the Eiteljorg Museum of American Indian Art, and an assortment of skyscrapers and other buildings of interest because of the local and imported stones used in their construction. Special attention is given to the spectacular use of stone for the Indiana War Memorial, which is patterned after the tomb of Mausoleus. The origin, composition, weathering, and in some cases replacement of stone used for these varied structures built over a span of a century-and-a-half is discussed. Attention is also given to the use of faux stone, use of stone versus glass, weathering and cleaning of stone, bowing of marble, and biocolonization of building stone.