ABSTRACT Granitoid batholiths dominated by felsic to intermediate compositions are commonly associated with mafic plutons and enclaves; however, the genetic relationship between the apparently coeval but compositionally dissimilar magmas is unclear. Here, we reviewed the age and lithogeochemical and Nd-Sr isotopic compositions of some classic plutonic rocks emplaced in the Northern Highlands, Grampian and Connemara terranes of the Caledonide orogen of Scotland and Ireland. The Northern Highlands terrane consists mostly of Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Moine Supergroup and is located north of the Great Glen fault. The Grampian terrane also consists of Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks (Dalradian Supergroup) and is located south of the Great Glen fault in both Scotland and Ireland. Amphibolite-facies metasedimentary rocks in the Connemara terrane are correlated with the Dalradian Supergroup, and the terrane is bounded by splays of the Highland Boundary and Southern Uplands faults. These three terranes were intruded by Silurian–Devonian mafic and felsic to intermediate plutonic rocks that display field evidence for mingling and mixing and have a similar range (between ca. 437 and 370 Ma) in emplacement ages. This range implies they were intruded during and after the late Caledonian Scandian orogenic event that resulted from the mid- to late Silurian collision of amalgamated Avalonia and Baltica with Laurentia and the final closure of the Iapetus Ocean. Our review supports the contention that the Great Glen fault represents a major compositional boundary in the Silurian lithosphere. Felsic to intermediate plutons that occur north of the Great Glen fault are more enriched in light rare earth elements and Ba-Sr-K compared to those to the south. Isotopic compositions of these late Caledonian plutonic rocks on both sides of the Great Glen fault indicate that metasomatism and enrichment of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the Northern Highlands terrane occurred just prior to emplacement of late Caledonian plutons. Within the same terrane, mafic and felsic to intermediate rocks display similar trace-element and rare earth element concentrations compatible with models implying that fractionation of a mafic magma played an important role in generating the felsic to intermediate magmas. The onset of slab failure magmatism may have been diachronous along the length of the collision zone. If so, slab failure may have propagated laterally, possibly initiating where promontories collided.

ABSTRACT Landscape features that formed when buried ice melted and overlying sediment collapsed are abundant and widespread in the part of Wisconsin’s Northern Highland region glaciated by the Wisconsin Valley Lobe and the western part of the Langlade Lobe. Stagnation and burial of ice of the Wisconsin Valley Lobe are documented by broad tracts of hummocky moraine topography that record the position of the maximum extent of the lobe, and by extensive pitted and collapsed heads-of-outwash and outwash plains deposited during recession. Recession of the Wisconsin Valley Lobe was characterized by episodes of stagnation interspersed with episodes of readvance, documented by small west-east–trending heads-of-outwash. Advances of the western margin of the Langlade Lobe deposited large northwest-southeast–trending heads-of-outwash characterized by extensive areas of pitted and collapsed outwash plains with obscure but recognizable ice-contact faces. Following recession of the Wisconsin Valley and Langlade Lobes, the Ontonagon Lobe advanced out of the Superior Basin and over sediment containing abundant buried ice. Permafrost and debris cover combined to delay the melting of buried ice and the formation of the postglacial landscape. Regional correlation of ice-margin positions, combined with geomorphic and stratigraphic relationships, indicates that ice buried in north-central Wisconsin persisted in some places for up to 5000 yr or more following the recession of active ice.

Abstract Frank Coles Phillips was a photographer mineralogists and structural petrologists working in themiddle of the twentieth century. He was very influential, both in the UK and abroad and was responsible for encouraging the development of structural geology as a discipline in Australia and for the adoption of the stereogram as a fundamental interpretational tool in structural geology in the UK. He was a superb teacher, perhaps best known amongst mineralogist and geologist of today for his classic textbooks, An Introduction to Crystallography and The Use Steographic Projection in Structural Geology. Phillips was the first to apply the methods of structural petrology (the study of the microscopic fabric of deformed rocks) in an attempt to unravel the complex structural history of the Moine rocks of northwestern Scotland. his findings were at odds with those of his contemporaries and resulted in the Moine petrofabrics becoming embroiled in a long-running controversy, only completely resolved since the mid-1980s. This geological biography of an important twentieth century mineralogist and petrolohist takes a critical look at Philips' research in the context of contemporaneous developments in structural and Moine geology. It reviews his work in relation to both past problems and present solutions. It will be of interest to all gelogist, especially structural and microstructural geologist, historians of science and the general leader with an interest in science.