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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Lake Kivu (1)
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East Africa
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Ethiopia (2)
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Ethiopian Rift (2)
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East African Lakes
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East African Rift (6)
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West Africa
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Dzhida River (1)
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Karelia Russian Federation (1)
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Khabarovsk Russian Federation (1)
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North Pacific
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South Pacific
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Southwest Pacific
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West Pacific
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South China Sea
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Yellow Sea
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Southwest Pacific
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Pacific region
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hydrogen
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (107)
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stable isotopes
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Ar-36 (13)
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Ar-40 (23)
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Ar-40/Ar-36 (32)
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (107)
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B-11/B-10 (2)
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Cr-53/Cr-52 (2)
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deuterium (8)
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Fe-56 (1)
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He-3 (56)
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He-4/He-3 (113)
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Li-7/Li-6 (2)
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Mg-26/Mg-24 (2)
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N-15/N-14 (5)
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Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (22)
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alkali metals
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cesium
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Cs-137 (2)
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lithium
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Li-7/Li-6 (2)
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potassium
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K-40 (8)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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Be-10 (15)
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Mg-25/Mg-24 (1)
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Mg-26/Mg-24 (2)
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radium
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Ra-224 (2)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (33)
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Sr-90 (1)
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-
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aluminum
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Al-26 (10)
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arsenic (2)
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chromium
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Cr-53/Cr-52 (2)
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iron
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lead
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Os-188/Os-187 (3)
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Po-210 (4)
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precious metals (5)
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rare earths
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (22)
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (5)
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-
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silver (2)
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W-182 (1)
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Zn-66 (1)
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zirconium (1)
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nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (5)
-
-
noble gases
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argon
-
Ar-36 (13)
-
Ar-38 (3)
-
Ar-38/Ar-36 (4)
-
Ar-39 (5)
-
Ar-40 (23)
-
Ar-40/Ar-36 (32)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (107)
-
-
helium
-
He-3 (56)
-
He-4 (14)
-
He-4/He-3 (113)
-
-
krypton
-
Kr-84 (8)
-
-
neon
-
Ne-20 (4)
-
Ne-21 (22)
-
Ne-22 (1)
-
Ne-22/Ne-20 (9)
-
Ne-22/Ne-21 (8)
-
-
radon
-
Rn-220 (7)
-
Rn-222 (53)
-
-
xenon
-
Xe-129 (5)
-
Xe-130/Xe-129 (1)
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Xe-132 (1)
-
Xe-132/Xe-129 (1)
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Xe-136/Xe-130 (2)
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Xe-136/Xe-132 (2)
-
-
-
oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
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O-17/O-16 (3)
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O-18/O-16 (36)
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selenium (1)
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S-34/S-32 (14)
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Invertebrata
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Mollusca
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Protista
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Plantae
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Spermatophyta
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thallophytes (2)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (24)
-
Ar/Ar (95)
-
exposure age (25)
-
fission-track dating (5)
-
He/He (1)
-
I/Xe (1)
-
K/Ar (58)
-
Lu/Hf (1)
-
Nd/Nd (1)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (1)
-
paleomagnetism (9)
-
Pb/Pb (2)
-
radiation damage (2)
-
Rb/Sr (12)
-
Re/Os (5)
-
Sm/Nd (10)
-
Sr/Sr (1)
-
tephrochronology (1)
-
Th/U (10)
-
thermochronology (34)
-
thermoluminescence (1)
-
U/Pb (30)
-
U/Th/Pb (3)
-
uranium disequilibrium (3)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
lower Cenozoic (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
upper Holocene (2)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Bandelier Tuff (2)
-
Bishop Tuff (2)
-
Lake Missoula (1)
-
lower Pleistocene (1)
-
middle Pleistocene (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Younger Dryas (1)
-
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Pinedale Glaciation (2)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
lower Tertiary (2)
-
middle Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
-
Browns Park Formation (1)
-
Miocene
-
Ash Hollow Formation (1)
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (3)
-
Ellensburg Formation (1)
-
Guantao Formation (1)
-
lower Miocene (1)
-
middle Miocene (3)
-
upper Miocene
-
Messinian (2)
-
Tortonian (2)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
upper Pliocene (1)
-
-
upper Neogene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Dongying Formation (1)
-
Eocene
-
Bridger Formation (1)
-
Green River Formation (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Wind River Formation (1)
-
-
Subathu Formation (1)
-
upper Eocene (5)
-
-
Oligocene
-
Boom Clay (1)
-
Fontainebleau Sandstone (1)
-
lower Oligocene (1)
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene (1)
-
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
-
Shahejie Formation (1)
-
-
upper Cenozoic (3)
-
-
Dalradian (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Colorado Group (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (2)
-
Aptian (1)
-
Barremian (1)
-
Mannville Group (1)
-
-
Mancos Shale (1)
-
Natih Formation (1)
-
Quantou Formation (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Campanian
-
lower Campanian (1)
-
-
Cenomanian (3)
-
Gulfian
-
Eagle Ford Formation (1)
-
-
Maestrichtian (1)
-
Navesink Formation (1)
-
Senonian (1)
-
Turonian (3)
-
-
-
Great Valley Sequence (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic (2)
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (1)
-
Bajocian (1)
-
Callovian (1)
-
Todilto Formation (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Bossier Formation (1)
-
Entrada Sandstone (1)
-
Oxfordian (1)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (2)
-
Triassic
-
Charlie Lake Formation (1)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Doig Formation (1)
-
-
Montney Formation (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Norian (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (2)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Gog Group (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian (1)
-
Upper Cambrian (6)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Middle Mississippian (1)
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Springfield Coal Member (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (2)
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Shap Granite (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Marcellus Shale (3)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Canadaway Group (1)
-
-
-
Gemericum (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Conococheague Formation (1)
-
-
Madera Formation (1)
-
middle Paleozoic (2)
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Beekmantown Group (1)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Black River Group (2)
-
Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Lorraine Group (1)
-
Wufeng Formation (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Chase Group (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Wolfcampian (2)
-
-
Rotliegendes (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
-
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian (1)
-
Middle Silurian
-
Rochester Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Silurian (1)
-
-
Supai Formation (1)
-
upper Paleozoic (3)
-
-
Phanerozoic (1)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
J-M Reef (1)
-
Neoarchean (1)
-
-
Brockman Iron Formation (1)
-
Hadean (1)
-
Hamersley Group (1)
-
Stillwater Complex (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Algonkian
-
Baraboo Quartzite (1)
-
-
Lewisian (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic (4)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Moinian (1)
-
Riphean
-
upper Riphean (1)
-
-
Vendian (2)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Svecofennian (1)
-
-
Sinian (1)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (2)
-
kimberlite (4)
-
picrite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (1)
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (3)
-
-
diorites
-
diorite porphyry (2)
-
plagiogranite (1)
-
quartz diorites (3)
-
tonalite (1)
-
-
gabbros
-
norite (1)
-
olivine gabbro (1)
-
troctolite (2)
-
-
granites
-
aplite (1)
-
A-type granites (1)
-
charnockite (1)
-
granite porphyry (2)
-
granosyenite (1)
-
leucogranite (2)
-
monzogranite (1)
-
S-type granites (1)
-
two-mica granite (1)
-
-
granodiorites
-
granodiorite porphyry (2)
-
-
lamprophyres (1)
-
monzonites (2)
-
pegmatite (5)
-
quartz monzonite (1)
-
syenites
-
granosyenite (1)
-
microsyenite (1)
-
shonkinite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (1)
-
hornblendite (1)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (2)
-
garnet lherzolite (2)
-
harzburgite (3)
-
lherzolite (4)
-
spinel lherzolite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (1)
-
websterite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (5)
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites
-
andesite porphyry (1)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
trachybasalts (1)
-
-
flood basalts (4)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (16)
-
ocean-island basalts (11)
-
shoshonite (2)
-
tholeiitic basalt (3)
-
-
basanite (1)
-
dacites (3)
-
glasses
-
volcanic glass (2)
-
-
latite (1)
-
phonolites (2)
-
pyroclastics
-
ignimbrite (2)
-
pumice (2)
-
scoria (1)
-
tuff (7)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
-
rhyolites
-
quartz porphyry (1)
-
-
tephrite (1)
-
trachyandesites (1)
-
trachytes (1)
-
-
-
volcanic ash (3)
-
wehrlite (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (4)
-
cataclasites (1)
-
eclogite (4)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (1)
-
orthogneiss (1)
-
-
hornfels (1)
-
impactites
-
impact breccia (1)
-
-
marbles (3)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
meta-andesite (1)
-
metabasalt (2)
-
metabasite (1)
-
metagabbro (1)
-
metagranite (1)
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metapelite (2)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
greisen
-
beresite (1)
-
-
serpentinite (1)
-
skarn (3)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (2)
-
migmatites (2)
-
mylonites
-
blastomylonite (1)
-
ultramylonite (1)
-
-
phyllites (1)
-
quartzites (7)
-
schists
-
greenschist (1)
-
greenstone (1)
-
-
-
turbidite (2)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
micrometeorites (4)
-
Northwest Africa Meteorites (1)
-
stony meteorites
-
achondrites
-
diogenite (1)
-
eucrite (1)
-
HED meteorites (1)
-
howardite (1)
-
lunar meteorites (2)
-
Martian meteorites
-
SNC Meteorites
-
chassignite (2)
-
nakhlite (2)
-
shergottite (3)
-
-
-
ureilite (2)
-
-
chondrites
-
carbonaceous chondrites
-
CV chondrites (1)
-
-
ordinary chondrites
-
H chondrites (3)
-
L chondrites (3)
-
LL chondrites (3)
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
carbides (1)
-
silicides (1)
-
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (2)
-
sperrylite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
calcite (5)
-
dawsonite (1)
-
-
halides
-
fluorides
-
fluorite (2)
-
topaz (1)
-
-
-
minerals (13)
-
native elements
-
carbonado (1)
-
diamond
-
microdiamond (1)
-
-
graphite (2)
-
-
oxides
-
baddeleyite (1)
-
brannerite (1)
-
chrome spinel (2)
-
chrysoberyl (1)
-
goethite (1)
-
hematite (5)
-
ilmenite (1)
-
iron oxides (6)
-
magnesium oxides (1)
-
magnetite (1)
-
manganese oxides (1)
-
niobates
-
betafite (1)
-
euxenite (1)
-
fergusonite (1)
-
pyrochlore (1)
-
samarskite (2)
-
-
perovskite (1)
-
rutile (4)
-
spinel group (1)
-
tantalates
-
betafite (1)
-
euxenite (1)
-
-
uraninite (2)
-
wustite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (20)
-
monazite (3)
-
whitlockite (1)
-
xenotime (1)
-
-
selenides
-
umangite (1)
-
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates (1)
-
asbestos (1)
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
glaucophane (1)
-
hornblende (8)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
jadeite (1)
-
omphacite (2)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (1)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (2)
-
K-feldspar (5)
-
microcline (4)
-
orthoclase (1)
-
perthite (1)
-
sanidine (4)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (1)
-
-
-
leucite (1)
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
cristobalite (1)
-
opal (1)
-
quartz (11)
-
stishovite (1)
-
tridymite (1)
-
-
zeolite group (1)
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
datolite group
-
gadolinite (1)
-
-
garnet group
-
grossular (1)
-
-
mullite (1)
-
olivine group
-
fayalite (1)
-
olivine (13)
-
-
phenakite group
-
phenakite (1)
-
-
sillimanite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (3)
-
-
topaz (1)
-
zircon group
-
thorite (2)
-
zircon (34)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
chevkinite group
-
perrierite (1)
-
-
melilite group (1)
-
vesuvianite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
beryl (1)
-
cordierite (1)
-
emerald (1)
-
tourmaline group
-
schorl (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (1)
-
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (3)
-
nontronite (1)
-
saponite (1)
-
smectite (5)
-
-
illite (16)
-
mica group
-
biotite (14)
-
glauconite (3)
-
muscovite (13)
-
phengite (1)
-
phlogopite (2)
-
-
serpentine group
-
antigorite (1)
-
chrysotile (1)
-
lizardite (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
arsenopyrite (2)
-
chalcopyrite (1)
-
galena (2)
-
iron sulfides (2)
-
molybdenite (2)
-
pyrite (5)
-
sphalerite (1)
-
-
sulfosalts (1)
-
tellurides
-
tellurobismuthite (1)
-
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (1)
-
-
uranium minerals (3)
-
wehrlite (2)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (197)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Lake Kivu (1)
-
-
East Africa
-
Ethiopia (2)
-
Ethiopian Rift (2)
-
Kenya
-
Lake Magadi (1)
-
-
Lake Natron (1)
-
Lake Turkana (1)
-
Tanzania (4)
-
Turkana Basin (2)
-
Uganda (1)
-
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Kivu (1)
-
Lake Magadi (1)
-
Lake Natron (1)
-
Lake Turkana (1)
-
-
East African Rift (6)
-
Gregory Rift (2)
-
Limpopo Belt (1)
-
Mozambique Belt (1)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria
-
Hassi Messaoud Field (1)
-
-
Libya (1)
-
Morocco
-
Rif (1)
-
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Kaapvaal Craton (2)
-
Karoo Basin (1)
-
Namaqualand (1)
-
Namibia (2)
-
South Africa
-
Western Cape Province South Africa (2)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Benue Valley (1)
-
Mali (1)
-
Nigeria (1)
-
Taoudenni Basin (1)
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
Ross Island (1)
-
Transantarctic Mountains
-
Queen Maud Range (1)
-
-
Victoria Land
-
McMurdo dry valleys (1)
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Amerasia Basin (1)
-
Barents Sea (1)
-
Canada Basin (1)
-
East Siberian Sea (3)
-
Laptev Sea (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
East Greenland (2)
-
Northern Greenland (1)
-
South Greenland (1)
-
West Greenland (1)
-
-
Russian Arctic
-
New Siberian Islands (1)
-
-
Svalbard
-
Spitsbergen (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains
-
Gorny Altai (2)
-
Mongolian Altai (1)
-
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Gorny Altai (2)
-
-
Altai-Sayan region (3)
-
Amur region (2)
-
Amur Russian Federation (2)
-
Anadyr Basin (2)
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Oman (1)
-
-
Baikal region (8)
-
Baikal rift zone (8)
-
Buryat Russian Federation (3)
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan
-
Central Kazakhstan (1)
-
Eastern Kazakhstan (1)
-
Kokchetav Kazakhstan
-
Kokchetav Massif (1)
-
-
-
-
Chukotka Russian Federation
-
Chukchi Peninsula (2)
-
-
Dzhida River (1)
-
Far East
-
Borneo
-
Kalimantan Indonesia
-
Mahakam Delta (1)
-
-
-
China
-
Altyn Tagh Fault (1)
-
Bohaiwan Basin (2)
-
Hebei China (1)
-
Hunan China (1)
-
Jilin China (2)
-
Kunlun Mountains (1)
-
North China Platform (2)
-
Qinling Mountains (1)
-
Sanjiang (1)
-
Shandong China (1)
-
Sichuan Basin (2)
-
Songliao Basin (2)
-
South China Block (1)
-
Taihang Mountains (1)
-
Xiaoqinling Mountains (1)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Tarim Basin (2)
-
-
Xizang China
-
Gangdese Belt (1)
-
-
Yunnan China
-
Ailao Shan (1)
-
-
Zhejiang China (1)
-
-
Indonesia
-
Kalimantan Indonesia
-
Mahakam Delta (1)
-
-
-
Japan
-
Honshu
-
Fujiyama (1)
-
Fukushima Japan (1)
-
Niigata Japan (1)
-
-
Kyushu
-
Nagasaki Japan
-
Unzen (1)
-
-
Oita Japan
-
Beppu Japan (1)
-
Kuju (1)
-
-
-
-
Mongolia
-
Hangay Mountains (1)
-
Mongolian Altai (1)
-
-
Sino-Korean Platform (1)
-
Taiwan (3)
-
Thailand (1)
-
Vietnam (1)
-
-
Ganges River (1)
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Gobi Desert (1)
-
Himalayas
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Garhwal Himalayas (2)
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Lesser Himalayas (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India (1)
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Bihar India (1)
-
Deccan Plateau (1)
-
Gujarat India
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Kutch India (1)
-
-
Haryana India (2)
-
Himachal Pradesh India
-
Mandi India (1)
-
-
Karnataka India
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Chitradurga India (1)
-
Mysore India (1)
-
-
Kerala India (2)
-
Maharashtra India
-
Nagpur India (1)
-
-
Northeastern India (1)
-
Punjab India (1)
-
Rajasthan India (3)
-
Trans-Aravalli Vindhyan Basin (1)
-
Uttar Pradesh India (1)
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Garhwal Himalayas (2)
-
Garhwal India (1)
-
-
-
Indus Valley (1)
-
Jammu and Kashmir
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Azad Kashmir Pakistan (2)
-
-
Kohistan (1)
-
Pakistan
-
Azad Kashmir Pakistan (2)
-
-
-
Irkutsk Russian Federation (2)
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Kamchatka Peninsula (1)
-
-
Karakoram (1)
-
Kemerovo Russian Federation
-
Prokopyevsk Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Khabarovsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Khakasiya Russian Federation (1)
-
Khamar-Daban Range (1)
-
Kolyma River (1)
-
Kolyma Uplift (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation (7)
-
Kuznetsk Basin (2)
-
Kyrgyzstan (2)
-
Lake Baikal (3)
-
Lena Basin (1)
-
Lena River (1)
-
Magadan Russian Federation (1)
-
Main Central Thrust (3)
-
Middle East
-
Dead Sea Rift (1)
-
Iran
-
Tehran Iran (1)
-
-
Turkey
-
Anatolia (2)
-
Bitlis Turkey (1)
-
Menderes Massif (2)
-
Taurus Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Novosibirsk Russian Federation (2)
-
Okhotsk-Chukchi volcanic belt (1)
-
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metals
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plutonium
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Pu-239 (2)
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thorium
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uranium
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U-238/U-234 (1)
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alkali metals
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cesium
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Cs-137 (2)
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lithium
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Li-7/Li-6 (2)
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potassium
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K-40 (8)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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sodium (3)
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alkaline earth metals
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beryllium
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Be-10 (15)
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Be-7 (1)
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calcium (5)
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magnesium
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Mg-25/Mg-24 (1)
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Mg-26 (1)
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Mg-26/Mg-24 (2)
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radium
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Ra-224 (2)
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Ra-226 (13)
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Ra-228 (1)
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Th-230/Ra-226 (1)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (33)
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Sr-90 (1)
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aluminum
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Al-26 (10)
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antimony (1)
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bismuth (4)
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chromium
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Cr-53/Cr-52 (2)
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gold (4)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (2)
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iron
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Fe-56 (1)
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
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lead
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Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (10)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (8)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (9)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
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Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-210 (5)
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U-238/Pb-204 (2)
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U-238/Pb-206 (1)
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manganese
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Mn-53 (1)
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mercury (6)
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nickel (2)
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platinum group
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iridium (4)
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (3)
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platinum (1)
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platinum ores (3)
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polonium
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Po-210 (4)
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precious metals (5)
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rare earths
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (22)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (5)
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (5)
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silver (2)
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tantalum (1)
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technetium
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Tc-99 (1)
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thallium (1)
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vanadium (1)
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zinc
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Zn-66 (1)
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zirconium (1)
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (4)
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hornfels (1)
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marbles (3)
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phyllites (1)
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quartzites (7)
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metamorphism (42)
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meteorites
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ureilite (2)
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chondrites
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carbonaceous chondrites
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LL chondrites (3)
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meteorology (4)
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Mexico
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mineral deposits, genesis (47)
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Moon (9)
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nitrogen
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noble gases
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Ar-40 (23)
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Ar-40/Ar-36 (32)
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (107)
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helium
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He-3 (56)
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He-4 (14)
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He-4/He-3 (113)
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krypton
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Kr-84 (8)
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neon
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Ne-22 (1)
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Ne-22/Ne-20 (9)
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Ne-22/Ne-21 (8)
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radon
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Rn-220 (7)
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Rn-222 (53)
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xenon
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Xe-129 (5)
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Xe-130/Xe-129 (1)
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Xe-132 (1)
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Xe-132/Xe-129 (1)
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Xe-136/Xe-130 (2)
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North America
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 113
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ODP Site 689 (1)
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Leg 121
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ODP Site 757 (2)
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Leg 139 (1)
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Leg 154
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ODP Site 926 (2)
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ocean floors (13)
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Samoa (2)
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oceanography (4)
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oxygen
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Pacific Ocean
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North Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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South Pacific
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Southwest Pacific
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West Pacific
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Yellow Sea
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Southwest Pacific
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Pacific region
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paleoclimatology (12)
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Paleozoic
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Upper Carboniferous (2)
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Gemericum (1)
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lower Paleozoic
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Ordovician
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Permian
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Lower Permian
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Wolfcampian (2)
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Rotliegendes (1)
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Upper Permian
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Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
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Silurian
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planetology (3)
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Plantae
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Spermatophyta
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plate tectonics (45)
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pollution (42)
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Precambrian
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J-M Reef (1)
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Brockman Iron Formation (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Paleoproterozoic
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reclamation (2)
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Sun (3)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
noble gases
GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF FORMATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF GAS-GEOCHEMICAL FIELDS IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE LAPTEV-SIBERIAN SEA ZONE OF THE EAST ARCTIC SHELF
Timescales of pluton assembly and growth history of Colorado Plateau lithosphere: Geochronology (U-Pb, K-Ar, and Ar-Ar) and zircon Hf isotopic study of the Mount Hillers intrusive center (Henry Mountains, Utah, USA)
Role of the Water–Rock System in the Formation of the Composition of Radon Water of the Tulinskoe Field (Novosibirsk)
First dating of an early Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) glacial overdeepening in the Alpine Foreland using the 4 He/U-Th method
Heat Flow in the Northeastern Continental Margin of Russia
FROM HELL TO THE HIMALAYAS: THERMOCHRONOLOGY ACROSS DEEP TIME
The future of geoenergy – a perspective
Abstract This introduction briefly outlines the potential impact of igneous processes on sedimentary basins and their energy resources. The associated volume includes contributions across a range of scales; from margin-wide rifting to impacts on reservoir quality. The impact of igneous systems on elements such as tectonics, heat flow, hydrocarbon (and other) fluid charge, structuration and reservoirs are reviewed with a direct impact on hydrocarbon exploration and production, geothermal and carbon capture storage projects. A strong understanding of these commonly overlooked, igneous processes is likely to enable successful exploration for additional energy resources such as frontier hydrocarbons, geothermal heat, hydrogen as well as helium.
Abstract A model is presented for the generation of natural hydrogen from cratonic basement rocks and its migration into the sediments of overlying cratonic basins. It is based on the ‘discovery’ of hydrogen at Bourakebougou in the Taoudeni Basin of Mali. In the ‘Cratonic Greenstone Model’, hydrogen is generated by the serpentinization of olivine-rich, ultramafic rocks contained within Precambrian ‘greenstones’. The model requires a protolith (in greenstones), a supply of water (from groundwater), connecting faults to act as a plumbing system and an indurated sediment cover to retard hydrogen movement. Hydrogen is expelled into the overlying basin sediments, which form the host for hydrogen accumulations. The model describes a continental ‘hydrogen system’, which can form the basis for petroleum-type play-based hydrogen exploration in cratonic settings. Using play elements derived from the model, the Bourakebougou play fairway can be extended across the Taoudeni Basin >700 km northwards of the discovery.
Abstract Native hydrogen and helium have been considered important resources in assisting the energy transition. Hydrogen and helium seeps have been reported worldwide, which may indicate large reserves within the subsurface. However, generation of hydrogen and helium is complex; poorly understood and constrained for both generation processes and migration. One source of native hydrogen is ultramafic rocks, which have experienced serpentinization together with water radiolysis. In contrast, helium generation occurs as the result of the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium present within radiogenically enriched basement. An exploration tool, dedicated to identifying areas with the geological settings and conditions favourable for native hydrogen and helium generation, has been developed and tested. Several databases have been created and integrated as part of this study (geological and geochemical generation models) to support and focus the search for both hydrogen and helium. Machine learning algorithms which extract value from geospatial data types for detecting various accumulations have been implemented. The first machine learning results demonstrate the significant value in integrating data and machine learning for high grading areas more conducive to accumulating hydrogen and helium.