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Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Congo (1)
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Congo Democratic Republic
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Shaba Congo Democratic Republic (1)
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East Africa
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Kenya (1)
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Malawi (1)
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Tanzania (2)
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North Africa
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Tunisia (1)
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Southern Africa
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South Africa
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Cape Province region (2)
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Eastern Cape Province South Africa
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Cape Town South Africa (1)
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Gauteng South Africa
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Pretoria South Africa (1)
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Mpumalanga South Africa
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Barberton South Africa (1)
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Northern Cape Province South Africa
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Kimberley South Africa (1)
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Transvaal region (2)
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West Africa
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Ghana (1)
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Nigeria
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Jos Plateau (1)
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Amelia (1)
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Antarctica
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Ross Ice Shelf
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Arctic region
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Greenland
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Svalbard
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Asia
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Arabian Peninsula
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Central Asia
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Kazakhstan
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Kokchetav Massif (1)
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Far East
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Borneo
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East Malaysia
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China
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Tajikistan (1)
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Tyumen Russian Federation
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Atlantic Ocean
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Australasia
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Australia
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Canada
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Labrador
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Ontario
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Quebec
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Western Canada
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Caribbean region
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Cascade Range (2)
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Chesapeake Bay impact structure (1)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Kazakhstan
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Kokchetav Massif (1)
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Russian Federation
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Murmansk Russian Federation
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Northern Urals (1)
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Tyumen Russian Federation
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Tajikistan (1)
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Urals
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East Pacific Ocean Islands
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Europe
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Central Europe
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Karelia Russian Federation (1)
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Southern Europe
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Bulgaria
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Bulgarian Rhodope Mountains (1)
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Greece
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Iberian Peninsula
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Portugal
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Spain
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Italy
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Rhodope Mountains
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Romania (1)
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Serbia (2)
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Yugoslavia (2)
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Western Europe
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Belgium (1)
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Cottian Alps
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Dora Maira Massif (1)
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France
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Bas-Rhin France
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Soultz-sous-Forets France (1)
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Brittany (1)
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Paris Basin (1)
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Var France
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Maures Massif (1)
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Iceland (1)
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Ireland (1)
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Scandinavia
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Finland (3)
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Norway
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Southern Norway (1)
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Telemark Norway
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Sweden
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
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Wales (2)
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Green Mountains (1)
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Hartford Basin (1)
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Malay Archipelago
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Borneo
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East Malaysia
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Sarawak Malaysia (1)
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Mediterranean region
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Aegean Islands
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Greek Aegean Islands
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Cyclades
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Naxos (1)
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Mexico
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Chihuahua Mexico (3)
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North America
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Canadian Shield
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Oceania
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Polynesia
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Hawaii
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South America
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Brazil
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Chile
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United States
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Arizona
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Cochise County Arizona
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Arkansas
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Colorado
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Silverton Caldera (1)
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Connecticut
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Florida (1)
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Georgia
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Rabun County Georgia (1)
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Hawaii
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Mauna Loa (1)
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Kentucky
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Louisiana
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Massachusetts
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Montana
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Deer Lodge County Montana (1)
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Nevada
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Humboldt County Nevada
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Getchell Mine (1)
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Nevada Test Site (1)
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Nye County Nevada
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Yucca Mountain (1)
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New Hampshire
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Cheshire County New Hampshire (1)
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New Jersey
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Sussex County New Jersey
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Sterling Hill (1)
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New Mexico
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Taos County New Mexico
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Questa Mine (1)
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New York
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Adirondack Mountains (1)
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Essex County New York (1)
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Saint Lawrence County New York
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Balmat-Edwards mining district (1)
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North Carolina
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Macon County North Carolina (1)
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Oregon
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Columbia County Oregon (2)
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Hood River County Oregon (1)
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Klamath County Oregon
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Mount Mazama (1)
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Pennsylvania
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Lancaster County Pennsylvania (1)
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South Dakota
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Virginia
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Western U.S. (2)
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USSR (4)
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commodities
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hydrogen
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stable isotopes
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O-18/O-16 (8)
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (1)
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metals
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lead (4)
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rare earths
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oxygen
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Plantae
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thallophytes (1)
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geochronology methods
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Tertiary
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Maikop Series (1)
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Paleogene
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upper Eocene (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Albian (1)
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Franciscan Complex (1)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Paleozoic
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Carboniferous
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Pennsylvanian
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Devonian
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Precambrian
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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stony meteorites
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aubrite
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minerals
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pyroxene group
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Primary terms
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
natural materials
Correlations between the structural and impurity features reveal fluctuant growth conditions of natural fibrous diamonds Open Access
Evaluation of Plant-Based Natural Extracts as Coagulants for Surface Water Treatment Available to Purchase
Application of the 187 Re- 187 Os geochronometer to crustal materials: Systematics, methodology, data reporting, and interpretation Open Access
The crystal structure of charmarite – the first case of a 11 × 11 Å superstructure mesh in layered double hydroxides Available to Purchase
Evaluation of Plant-Based Natural Extracts as Coagulants for Surface Water Treatment Available to Purchase
Composition of the Fluid in Carbonate- and Chlorine-Bearing Pelite near the Second Critical Point: Results of Diamond Trap Experiments Open Access
Experimental Study of the Process of Interaction of Hydrogen with Igneous Melts in the Conditions of the Earth’s Crust Available to Purchase
The Role of Subduction Zone Processes in the Cultural History of the Cascade Region Available to Purchase
Pauling’s rules for oxide-based minerals: A re-examination based on quantum mechanical constraints and modern applications of bond-valence theory to Earth materials Available to Purchase
Why Measure 17 O? Historical Perspective, Triple-Isotope Systematics and Selected Applications Available to Purchase
Mass Dependence of Equilibrium Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in Carbonate, Nitrate, Oxide, Perchlorate, Phosphate, Silicate, and Sulfate Minerals Available to Purchase
Climbing to the Top of Mount Fuji: Uniting Theory and Observations of Oxygen Triple Isotope Systematics Available to Purchase
Global Heritage Stone: Belgian black ‘marbles’ Available to Purchase
Abstract The appellation ‘Belgian black “marbles”’ usually designates dark fine-grained limestones present in the Paleozoic substrate of south Belgium. They have been extracted mostly in Frasnian (Upper Devonian) and Viséan (Lower Carboniferous) strata, in various different localities (Namur, Dinant, Theux, Basècles, Mazy-Golzinne among others). Nearly devoid of fossils and veins, they take a mirror-like polished finish, with a pure black colour. These limestones were already known during Antiquity but were only intensively exploited from the Middle Ages. Many different uses were made of these stones, for architecture, decoration or sculpture, in religious or civil contexts, following all the successive styles, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, baroque and so on. All these products, architectural, decorative and sculptural, were probably manufactured close to the quarries and were first exported to neighbouring countries (France and the Netherlands), then to all of Europe (Italy, Germany, Denmark, Poland, Baltic states, etc.) and, by the beginning of the nineteenth century, worldwide. They were always considered as high value-added objects, which allowed them to travel great distances from their origin. Thousands of references document the widespread use of these exceptional natural stones. They were employed, among other famous applications, as the black background of the Pietre dure marquetry of Florence. Some other lesser uses were either for musical instruments or lithographic stones. Today only one underground quarry exploits the black ‘marble’, at Golzinne (close to Namur). This prestigious material, with its dark aura, is suitable for recognition as a Global Heritage Stone Resource.
Abstract Cape Town was founded in 1652 and many of its historical buildings are constructed of local natural stone. Malmesbury Group slate was exploited from 1666 and used to build Cape Town Castle, which is the oldest building in Cape Town. Two other local stones, Cape granite and Table Mountain sandstone were utilized for buildings from 1850. A medium-grained granite named Paarl Grey was exploited from an area adjacent to the town of Paarl, 50 km east of Cape Town, from 1890. This granite is the most extensively-used natural stone in Cape Town. The resource fields of natural stone near Cape Town, namely Malmesbury Group slate, Cape granite and Table Mountain sandstone, lie within the Table Mountain National Park and Robben Island World Heritage Site and can no longer be exploited, but similar resource fields occur outside Cape Town. Paarl Grey granite is still extracted at one quarry and, despite part of the resource field lying within the Paarl Mountain Nature Reserve, there are still sufficient quantities of stone available. From an international perspective, the heritage stones of Cape Town, South Africa, are best considered as having national significance.
Abstract India has a great variety of natural stones that have been extensively used as dimension, ornamental and sculptural stone for numerous temples and monuments over many centuries. These temples and monuments, now heritage sites, have a major role in showcasing India's natural stone resources that occur in diverse geological formations of different geological systems across the Indian subcontinent. The formations contain a variety of stone, with colours and textures produced by varied geological processes thus providing a storehouse of diverse stone resources. This paper outlines four potential Global Heritage Stone Provinces where natural stones have been used in heritage monuments: the North and Northwestern Province, the Central and Western Peninsular Province, the Southern Peninsular Province and the Eastern and Northeastern Province. The geotechnical and aesthetic characteristics of the stones, and their response to weathering are discussed.
The limits of heritage stone designation Available to Purchase
Abstract Heritage stone was initially considered in terms of building stone; however, the use of natural stone extends much more widely into utilitarian applications, implements by prehistoric humans as well as decorative stones and gemstones. Nevertheless, there are limits to heritage stone designation where it may seem that recognition of a Global Heritage Stone Resource is inappropriate despite some favourable aspects.