Abstract Intruding magma can create space by uplift and elastic bending of the overburden, which locally fractures the deforming volume and produces flat-topped or dome-like forced folds. Here, I map such fracture networks and quantify their geometry and connectivity across a range of natural and modelled intrusion-induced forced folds. I show that there is a positive relationship between forced fold length and amplitude, and all fracture networks comprise traces, with variable lengths and orientations, that are more intense and denser where fold curvature is greatest. Fracture length populations are typically best described by power-law distributions, but some fit better to log-normal or exponential distributions. Connectivity of fracture networks is low and generally increases with folding, but resurfacing by eruptive products can disrupt this trend. My work supports previous analyses of forced folds and fractures, suggesting that we can use the fracture characteristics of exposed forced folds to predict that of buried forced folds. Due to their geometry and fracture network, intrusion-induced forced folds make ideal fluid traps. As these forced folds are common in many volcanic settings and sedimentary basins, we should consider their potential as exploration targets for water, magmatic-related mineral and metal deposits, and particularly CO 2 storage.

Abstract Geological maps document knowledge of considerable value (economic, cultural and aesthetic) for societies, enterprises and people in general. Knowledge illustrated in geological maps also helps us to foresee how landscape interventions and climate change may affect our living ground and make us vulnerable to geohazards. The present paper presents an overview of geological mapping carried out by the Geological Survey of Norway since 1858 while also focusing on mapping activities and products produced in the present millennium. Key issues to consider are how we are moving into the digital world, how we use geological mapping to follow up on national agendas like Green Shift and Blue Growth and how national agreements and cooperation help us to make geological and other geographic information available to everyone through open access web portals and services.