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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Asia
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Far East
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China
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Gansu China (1)
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Middle East
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Atlantic Ocean
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Australasia
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Canada
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Georgia
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New Jersey
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New York
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Cattaraugus County New York (1)
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Erie County New York (1)
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Monroe County New York (5)
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Niagara County New York (17)
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Oneida County New York (2)
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Orleans County New York (3)
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Wayne County New York (1)
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Ohio
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Adams County Ohio (1)
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Greene County Ohio (1)
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Guernsey County Ohio (1)
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Hocking County Ohio (1)
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Holmes County Ohio (2)
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Medina County Ohio (1)
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Mercer County Ohio (1)
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Perry County Ohio (1)
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Portage County Ohio (1)
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Preble County Ohio (1)
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Summit County Ohio (2)
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Oklahoma
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Oregon (1)
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Pennsylvania
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Centre County Pennsylvania (1)
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Clinton County Pennsylvania (2)
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Dauphin County Pennsylvania (1)
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Juniata County Pennsylvania (1)
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Lycoming County Pennsylvania (1)
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Mifflin County Pennsylvania (1)
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Tennessee
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Perry County Tennessee (1)
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Texas (1)
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Utah
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Box Elder County Utah (2)
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Virginia
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West Virginia
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Wisconsin
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petroleum
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elements, isotopes
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halogens
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chlorine
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hydrogen
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C-13/C-12 (11)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (3)
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large-ion lithophile elements (1)
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metals
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rubidium
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rare earths
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oxygen
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Invertebrata
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Mollusca
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Porifera
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Plantae
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Tertiary
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Horseshoe Canyon Formation (1)
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Jurassic (2)
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Paleozoic
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Berea Sandstone (2)
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Carboniferous
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Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Upper Carboniferous (1)
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Catskill Formation (1)
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Onondaga Limestone (4)
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Tully Limestone (1)
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Old Red Sandstone (1)
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Popovich Formation (3)
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Chemung Formation (1)
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Hanson Creek Formation (4)
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Helderberg Group (1)
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Hidden Valley Dolomite (2)
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Cape Phillips Formation (3)
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middle Paleozoic (1)
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Trenton Group (6)
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Niagaran (94)
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iron oxides (1)
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phosphates
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monazite (1)
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silicates
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alkali feldspar
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K-feldspar (1)
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silica minerals
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quartz (1)
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-
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orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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garnet group
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zircon group
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zircon (9)
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-
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ring silicates
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sheet silicates
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chlorite group (1)
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clay minerals
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smectite (1)
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illite (2)
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mica group
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glauconite (2)
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sericite (1)
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serpentine group
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berthierine (1)
-
-
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sulfates
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anhydrite (4)
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barite (1)
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gypsum (2)
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sulfides
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galena (1)
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marcasite (1)
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molybdenite (1)
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pyrite (3)
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pyrrhotite (1)
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sphalerite (1)
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-
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Primary terms
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absolute age (12)
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Asia
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Far East
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China
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Gansu China (1)
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Heilongjiang China (1)
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Qilian Mountains (2)
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Indian Peninsula
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Middle East
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Iran
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Turkey
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Pontic Mountains (1)
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Tibetan Plateau (2)
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Atlantic Ocean
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Australasia
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Australia
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Broken River Province (1)
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bibliography (2)
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Canada
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Ontario
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Saint Catharines Ontario (1)
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Wellington County Ontario
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Quebec
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Mackenzie Mountains (2)
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Nunavut
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Somerset Island (1)
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Queen Elizabeth Islands
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Parry Islands (4)
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Western Canada
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British Columbia (1)
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Northwest Territories (6)
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Yukon Territory (1)
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-
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carbon
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C-13 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (11)
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organic carbon (2)
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Pleistocene
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upper Pleistocene
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Wisconsinan
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upper Wisconsinan (1)
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-
-
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Miocene
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upper Miocene
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Pontian (1)
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-
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Paleogene
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Eocene
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upper Eocene
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Yazoo Clay (1)
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chemical analysis (1)
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clay mineralogy (1)
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coal deposits (1)
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continental shelf (1)
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crystal growth (3)
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data processing (3)
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deformation (6)
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diagenesis (20)
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Europe
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Baltic region
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Caucasus
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Central Europe
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Germany (1)
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Western Europe
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Ireland
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Donegal Ireland
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Mayo Ireland (2)
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Scandinavia
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Norway
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Ringerike (1)
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Sweden
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Western Gneiss region (1)
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United Kingdom
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England
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Scotland
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Wales
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Welsh Basin (1)
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Northern Ireland
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Tyrone Northern Ireland (1)
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faults (16)
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folds (6)
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fractures (7)
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geochemistry (16)
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geochronology (4)
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geology (1)
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Graptolithina
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Dendroidea (1)
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Graptoloidea (1)
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ground water (2)
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heat flow (3)
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Hemichordata (2)
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hydrogen
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hydrology (1)
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ichnofossils
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Skolithos (1)
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igneous rocks
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granodiorites (1)
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inclusions
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industrial minerals (1)
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intrusions (4)
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Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Merostomata
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Eurypterida (1)
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-
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida (1)
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-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Corynexochida (1)
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Phacopida (2)
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-
-
-
Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Orthida (1)
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Pentamerida
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Pentameracea (1)
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Rhynchonellida (2)
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Strophomenida (1)
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Inarticulata (1)
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Bryozoa
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Trepostomata (1)
-
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Tabulata
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Favositida
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Favositidae
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Favosites (2)
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-
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Heliolitida
-
Heliolitidae
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Heliolites (1)
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-
-
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-
-
Hydrozoa (2)
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Scyphozoa
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Conulariida (1)
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-
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Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea
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Inadunata (1)
-
-
Cystoidea (1)
-
-
Echinozoa
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Edrioasteroidea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Cyrtodontida (1)
-
-
Cephalopoda (3)
-
Gastropoda
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Archaeogastropoda (1)
-
-
Rostroconchia (1)
-
-
Porifera
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Demospongea (1)
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Hexactinellida (2)
-
Stromatoporoidea (9)
-
-
Protista
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Foraminifera (3)
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Radiolaria (1)
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Vermes
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scolecodonts (1)
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-
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isostasy (1)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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C-13 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (11)
-
D/H (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (5)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (4)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (3)
-
-
-
limestone deposits (1)
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magmas (1)
-
mantle (6)
-
maps (6)
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mathematical geology (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (1)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Horseshoe Canyon Formation (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic (2)
-
-
metal ores
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gold ores (10)
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lead ores (1)
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zinc ores (1)
-
-
metals
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alkali metals
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
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sodium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
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barium (2)
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calcium (2)
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (3)
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-
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aluminum (1)
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gold (3)
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hafnium (2)
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iron (1)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (1)
-
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niobium (1)
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rare earths
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cerium (1)
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lanthanum (2)
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neodymium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
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samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
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titanium (1)
-
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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metagabbro (1)
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metasedimentary rocks
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metapelite (1)
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metamorphism (5)
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minerals (6)
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mining geology (1)
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
-
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nodules (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (7)
-
Appalachians
-
Central Appalachians (7)
-
Northern Appalachians (2)
-
Valley and Ridge Province (5)
-
-
Basin and Range Province
-
Great Basin (4)
-
-
Eastern Overthrust Belt (1)
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Great Lakes
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Lake Huron (1)
-
-
Great Lakes region (14)
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
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Michigan Basin (19)
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Niagara Escarpment (4)
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Niagara Falls (2)
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Niagara River (1)
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Saint Lawrence River (1)
-
-
oceanography (1)
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oil and gas fields (9)
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orogeny (4)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (5)
-
-
paleobotany (7)
-
paleoclimatology (2)
-
paleoecology (33)
-
paleogeography (20)
-
paleomagnetism (3)
-
paleontology (46)
-
Paleozoic
-
Berea Sandstone (2)
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian (2)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Eau Claire Formation (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Chainman Shale (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Fort Payne Formation (1)
-
Pocono Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Mauch Chunk Formation (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Pottsville Group (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Catskill Formation (1)
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Gedinnian (1)
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
Oriskany Sandstone (4)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (1)
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (1)
-
Onondaga Limestone (4)
-
Tully Limestone (1)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Popovich Formation (3)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Chemung Formation (1)
-
-
-
Hanson Creek Formation (4)
-
Helderberg Group (1)
-
Hidden Valley Dolomite (2)
-
Keyser Limestone (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (3)
-
Rose Run Sandstone (1)
-
-
middle Paleozoic (1)
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Ely Springs Dolomite (1)
-
Eureka Quartzite (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Beekmantown Group (1)
-
Prairie du Chien Group (3)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Bromide Formation (2)
-
Chazy Group (1)
-
Platteville Formation (1)
-
-
Trenton Group (6)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Cincinnatian
-
Richmondian (1)
-
-
Fairview Formation (1)
-
Juniata Formation (1)
-
Kope Formation (1)
-
Maquoketa Formation (1)
-
Neda Formation (1)
-
Queenston Shale (3)
-
Trentonian (3)
-
-
Utica Shale (2)
-
Vinini Formation (2)
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian (2)
-
-
Pilot Shale (1)
-
Road River Formation (1)
-
Silurian
-
Bainbridge Formation (4)
-
Henryhouse Formation (2)
-
Lockport Formation (32)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Alexandrian (1)
-
Brassfield Formation (2)
-
Grimsby Sandstone (5)
-
Llandovery
-
Aeronian (1)
-
-
Tuscarora Formation (8)
-
Wenlock
-
Sheinwoodian (1)
-
-
Whirlpool Sandstone (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Clinton Group (43)
-
Guelph Formation (6)
-
Keefer Sandstone (8)
-
McKenzie Formation (7)
-
Racine Dolomite (16)
-
Roberts Mountains Formation (30)
-
Rochester Formation (17)
-
Rose Hill Formation (8)
-
Waldron Shale (16)
-
-
Niagaran (94)
-
Perry Mountain Formation (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Bloomsburg Formation (2)
-
Cayugan
-
Tonoloway Limestone (2)
-
Williamsport Sandstone (1)
-
-
Ludlow (10)
-
Pridoli (1)
-
Salina Group (9)
-
-
-
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (7)
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Chitinozoa (3)
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miospores (1)
-
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paragenesis (8)
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petroleum
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natural gas (34)
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petrology (3)
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Phanerozoic (2)
-
Plantae
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algae
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Chlorophyta
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Chlorophyceae
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Dasycladaceae (2)
-
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (8)
-
pollution (2)
-
Precambrian
-
Lewisian Complex (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic (2)
-
Paleoproterozoic (2)
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-
-
-
problematic fossils (1)
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Pterobranchia (1)
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reefs (48)
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reservoirs (1)
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sea water (1)
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sea-level changes (11)
-
sedimentary petrology (37)
-
sedimentary rocks
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carbonate rocks
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boundstone (2)
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dolostone (23)
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grainstone (3)
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limestone
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micrite (1)
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microbialite (1)
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wackestone (3)
-
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chemically precipitated rocks
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chert (3)
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evaporites (8)
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ironstone (1)
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clastic rocks
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arenite
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quartz arenite (1)
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conglomerate (2)
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mudstone (6)
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red beds (3)
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sandstone (20)
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shale (16)
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siltstone (5)
-
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coal (2)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
bedding plane irregularities
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mudcracks (1)
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ripple marks (1)
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sand waves (1)
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scour marks (1)
-
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biogenic structures
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bioherms (8)
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bioturbation (1)
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stromatolites (4)
-
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planar bedding structures
-
bedding (1)
-
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soft sediment deformation
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slump structures (1)
-
-
-
sedimentation (38)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
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clay (1)
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mud (1)
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till (1)
-
-
marine sediments (1)
-
-
slope stability (1)
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soils (1)
-
stratigraphy (40)
-
structural analysis (2)
-
structural geology (10)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (4)
-
-
tectonics (15)
-
tectonophysics (1)
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thallophytes (4)
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tunnels (1)
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underground installations (1)
-
United States
-
Alabama
-
Etowah County Alabama (1)
-
-
Alaska (1)
-
Allegheny Plateau (1)
-
California
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Inyo County California (1)
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Northern California (1)
-
Siskiyou County California (2)
-
-
Cincinnati Arch (3)
-
Eastern U.S. (4)
-
Florida
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Florida Keys
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Key Largo (1)
-
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Monroe County Florida
-
Key Largo (1)
-
-
-
Georgia
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Catoosa County Georgia (1)
-
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Great Basin (4)
-
Hudson River (1)
-
Illinois
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Cook County Illinois
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Chicago Illinois (1)
-
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DuPage County Illinois (1)
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Will County Illinois (2)
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Indiana
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Jennings County Indiana (3)
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Iowa
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Kentucky
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Midwest (5)
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Mississippi
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Missouri
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Nevada
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New Hampshire (1)
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New Jersey
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Mercer County New Jersey
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New York
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Monroe County New York (5)
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Niagara County New York (17)
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Wayne County New York (1)
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Ohio
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Middle Silurian
Hydrogeological insights from groundwater ice formation on the Niagara Escarpment, Hamilton, Canada
How great is the Great Glen Fault?
Provenance of the Trainor's Rocks microconglomerate, Northern Ireland: a mid-Silurian (Hawick Group) submarine channel fan deposit in the closing Iapetus Ocean
Marine redox dynamics and biotic response to the mid-Silurian Ireviken Extinction Event in a mid-shelf setting
A reinterpretation of the mineralization processes involved in the formation of the Tomnadashan sulfide deposit, Loch Tay, Scotland, UK
Conulariid soft parts replicated in silica from the Scotch Grove Formation (lower Middle Silurian) of east-central Iowa
Fractures in the Niagara Escarpment in Ontario, Canada: distribution, connectivity, and geohazard implications
Arc-continent collision during culmination of Proto-Tethyan Ocean closure in the Central Qilian belt, NE Tibetan Plateau
Early Paleozoic Cascadia-type active-margin evolution of the Dunhuang block (NW China): Geochemical and geochronological constraints
Codium -like taxa from the Silurian of North America: morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and phylogenetic affinity
Segmentation of the Caledonian orogenic infrastructure and exhumation of the Western Gneiss Region during transtensional collapse
Petrogenesis and tectonic significance of Early Paleozoic magmatism in the northern margin of the Qilian block, northeastern Tibetan Plateau
The 3D seismic characteristics and significance of the strike-slip faults in the Tazhong area (Tarim Basin, China)
Seismic reservoir characterization of Utica-Point Pleasant Shale with efforts at quantitative interpretation — A case study: Part 1
Geochronology and geochemistry of early Paleozoic igneous rocks from the Zhangguangcai Range, northeastern China: Constraints on tectonic evolution of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt
High-Grade Gold Deposition and Collapse Breccia Formation, Cortez Hills Carlin-Type Gold Deposit, Nevada, USA
A revised assessment of the CO 2 storage capacity and enhanced oil recovery potential in the major oil fields of Ohio
A NEW FACIES ARCHITECTURE MODEL FOR THE SILURIAN NIAGARAN PINNACLE REEF COMPLEXES OF THE MICHIGAN BASIN
Abstract The Niagara-Lower Salina reef complex reservoirs of the Michigan Basin host significant hydrocarbon volumes and have recently been identified as promising targets for enhanced oil recovery and carbon sequestration. Although these carbonate buildups have been studied extensively since the late 1960s, there is still wide uncertainty and disagreement concerning their morphology and internal stratigraphic and facies architecture. The prevailing paradigm depicts the reef complexes as tall, symmetric “pinnacles” with heterogeneous internal facies distributions that are patchy and unpredictable. The current study challenges this model of the reefs by examining four Silurian reef reservoirs with abundant core and petrophysical wire-line logs. New and existing subsurface data show that Silurian reefs in the Michigan Basin are highly asymmetric with internal facies distribution patterns that are strongly influenced by east-northeast paleowind direction. Six major depositional environments are identified during the main stage of reef complex growth based on sedimentological characteristics observed in core, as well as the vertical progression (stacking) of facies observed both in core and wire-line log signatures. A central reef core environment is identified based on interspersed coral-stromatoporoid boundstone and skeletal wackestone facies consisting of frame-building organisms such as tabulate corals and stromatoporoids, as well as intrareef faunal assemblages of bryozoans, brachiopods, crinoids, and rugose corals. Environments to the east (windward) of the central reef core are steeply inclined to the east (~40°) with narrow facies belts characterized by coarse reef talus. In contrast, environments to the west (leeward) of the central reef core have shallower slopes that dip to the west (< 15°) and are characterized by wide facies belts composed of carbonate mud and skeletal debris that become finer and thinner in the leeward direction. Application of this new Silurian reef model to reef complexes throughout the basin demonstrates remarkable consistency with respect to the overall asymmetric shape of the reef complexes, as well as the windward-leeward internal facies architecture. The asymmetric architecture and windward-leeward facies distribution patterns described in the new model offer a significant improvement upon preexisting models for Silurian reefs in the Michigan Basin and more accurately reflect our modern understanding of how environmental controls affect reef development and architecture. Furthermore, this new reef model can be used to more accurately predict the shape and internal facies distributions for other Silurian reef complex reservoirs within the Michigan Basin, particularly those that lack abundant well control.