Update search
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (1)
-
Ghadames Basin (1)
-
Libya
-
Murzuk Basin (1)
-
-
Morocco (1)
-
Tunisia (1)
-
-
Sahara (1)
-
-
Antarctica
-
Adelaide Island (1)
-
Antarctic ice sheet
-
East Antarctic ice sheet (4)
-
West Antarctic ice sheet (4)
-
-
Antarctic Peninsula (1)
-
East Antarctica (9)
-
Ellsworth Land
-
Ellsworth Mountains (1)
-
-
James Ross Island (1)
-
Larsemann Hills (1)
-
Mac Robertson Land (1)
-
Queen Maud Land
-
Schirmacher Hills (3)
-
-
Ross Ice Shelf
-
McMurdo Ice Shelf (1)
-
-
South Pole (1)
-
South Shetland Islands
-
King George Island (1)
-
-
Transantarctic Mountains (2)
-
Victoria Land
-
McMurdo dry valleys
-
Lake Hoare (1)
-
Wright Valley (1)
-
-
-
West Antarctica (6)
-
Wilkes Land
-
Law Dome (1)
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Barents Sea (3)
-
Fram Strait (1)
-
Kara Sea (1)
-
Norwegian Sea (2)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
Greenland ice sheet (8)
-
Northern Greenland (1)
-
Sondre Stromfjord (1)
-
West Greenland (1)
-
-
Russian Arctic (1)
-
Svalbard (3)
-
-
Asia
-
Brahmaputra River (1)
-
Central Asia
-
Pamirs (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Altun Mountains (1)
-
Gansu China
-
Hexi Corridor (1)
-
-
Guizhou China (1)
-
Qilian Mountains (2)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar Basin (1)
-
-
Yangtze Platform (1)
-
-
Japan
-
Hokkaido
-
Tokachi (1)
-
-
-
-
Ganges River (1)
-
Himalayas
-
Garhwal Himalayas (5)
-
Kumaun Himalayas (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Ganga Basin (1)
-
India
-
Beas River (1)
-
Bhagirathi River (1)
-
Himachal Pradesh India (1)
-
Orissa India (1)
-
Punjab India (1)
-
Uttar Pradesh India (2)
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Chamoli India (1)
-
Garhwal Himalayas (5)
-
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Jammu (1)
-
Kashmir (1)
-
Ladakh (1)
-
-
Pakistan (1)
-
-
Indus River (2)
-
Karakoram (3)
-
Middle East
-
Turkey
-
Bosporus (1)
-
-
-
Tibetan Plateau (2)
-
Tien Shan (3)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
East Atlantic (1)
-
North Atlantic
-
Bay of Biscay (1)
-
Gulf of Mexico
-
Orca Basin (5)
-
Pigmy Basin (1)
-
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
Hudson Strait (1)
-
Labrador Sea (4)
-
North Sea (1)
-
Northeast Atlantic (1)
-
Northwest Atlantic (4)
-
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Western Australia (1)
-
-
New Zealand
-
Ruapehu (2)
-
Tongariro (1)
-
-
-
Baffin Bay (1)
-
Bay of Islands (1)
-
Bear Lake (1)
-
Bear River basin (1)
-
Bear River Range (1)
-
Bering Glacier (1)
-
Canada
-
Arctic Archipelago (3)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Baffin Island
-
Barnes ice cap (1)
-
-
James Bay Lowlands (3)
-
Maritime Provinces (1)
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland
-
Avalon Peninsula (1)
-
-
-
Ontario
-
Bruce Peninsula (1)
-
Oak Ridges Moraine (2)
-
Peterborough County Ontario (1)
-
Thunder Bay District Ontario
-
Lake Nipigon (1)
-
-
Toronto Ontario (2)
-
Wellington County Ontario
-
Guelph Ontario (1)
-
-
-
Quebec (2)
-
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
Hudson Bay Lowlands (1)
-
Nunavut
-
Baffin Island
-
Barnes ice cap (1)
-
-
Ellesmere Island (3)
-
-
Queen Elizabeth Islands
-
Ellesmere Island (3)
-
-
Ungava (1)
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta (5)
-
British Columbia (7)
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
Kicking Horse River valley (1)
-
Manitoba (2)
-
Northwest Territories
-
Mackenzie Delta (1)
-
-
Saskatchewan (6)
-
Yukon Territory
-
Kaskawulsh Glacier (1)
-
Kluane Lake (1)
-
-
-
-
Caribbean region (1)
-
Cascade Range (5)
-
Channeled Scabland (1)
-
Cheviot Hills (1)
-
Coast Mountains (1)
-
Colville River (1)
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Dnieper River (1)
-
Dniester River (1)
-
Russian Federation
-
Russian Arctic (1)
-
-
-
East Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island (1)
-
-
-
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
French Alps (1)
-
Swiss Alps (2)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Austria
-
Enns Valley (1)
-
Tyrol Austria (1)
-
-
Switzerland
-
Swiss Alps (2)
-
Valais Switzerland
-
Haut Glacier d'Arolla (2)
-
-
-
-
Danube River (1)
-
Dnieper River (1)
-
Dniester River (1)
-
Jutland (1)
-
North Sea Coast (1)
-
Rhine River (1)
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
French Alps (1)
-
Savoie France (1)
-
-
Iceland
-
Skeidararjokull (1)
-
Vatnajokull (1)
-
-
Ireland (1)
-
Meuse River (1)
-
Netherlands
-
Rotterdam Netherlands (1)
-
-
Scandinavia
-
Denmark (1)
-
Norway
-
Southern Norway (1)
-
-
Sweden (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Cumbria England
-
Sellafield England (1)
-
-
-
Scotland
-
Highland region Scotland
-
Inverness-shire Scotland (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Fraser River (1)
-
Georgian Bay (2)
-
Grand Banks (1)
-
Kimberley Basin (1)
-
Kings River (1)
-
Mackenzie River (1)
-
Mediterranean region (1)
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
East Mediterranean
-
Black Sea (2)
-
-
West Mediterranean
-
Alboran Sea (1)
-
-
-
North America
-
Canadian Shield
-
Slave Province (1)
-
Superior Province
-
Wabigoon Belt (1)
-
-
-
Great Lakes
-
Lake Huron (1)
-
Lake Michigan (3)
-
Lake Ontario (2)
-
-
Great Lakes region (9)
-
Great Plains
-
Northern Great Plains (1)
-
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
-
Michigan Basin (2)
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
-
Rocky Mountains
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Medicine Bow Mountains (1)
-
Uinta Mountains (2)
-
-
-
Saint Elias Mountains (1)
-
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (1)
-
Williston Basin (1)
-
-
North Island (2)
-
North Slope (1)
-
Northern Hemisphere (1)
-
Oceania
-
Polynesia
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Old Faithful Geyser (1)
-
Owens Valley (1)
-
Pacific Coast (1)
-
Pacific Ocean
-
North Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
South China Sea (1)
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
South China Sea (1)
-
-
-
-
polar regions (5)
-
Saint John River (1)
-
Salmon River (1)
-
Scotia Sea Islands
-
South Shetland Islands
-
King George Island (1)
-
-
-
Searles Lake (1)
-
Sierra Nevada (3)
-
South America
-
Argentina
-
Paganzo Basin (1)
-
-
Brazil (1)
-
Parana Basin (1)
-
-
Southern Ocean
-
Ross Sea (4)
-
-
Southern Uplands (1)
-
Taylor Dome (1)
-
Taylor Valley (6)
-
Trinity River basin (1)
-
United States
-
Alaska
-
Matanuska Glacier (1)
-
Matanuska Valley (1)
-
-
California
-
Fresno County California (1)
-
Inyo County California
-
Coso Range (1)
-
Owens Lake (1)
-
-
Los Angeles Basin (1)
-
Los Angeles County California (1)
-
Mariposa County California (1)
-
Yosemite National Park (1)
-
-
Colorado
-
Grand County Colorado (1)
-
Larimer County Colorado (1)
-
Rocky Mountain National Park (1)
-
-
Columbia Plateau (1)
-
Eastern U.S.
-
Northeastern U.S. (1)
-
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island (1)
-
-
-
Hudson Valley (1)
-
Idaho (1)
-
Illinois (4)
-
Illinois Basin (1)
-
Indiana (3)
-
Kentucky (1)
-
Louisiana (2)
-
Maine
-
Aroostook County Maine (1)
-
Hancock County Maine (1)
-
-
Michigan
-
Michigan Upper Peninsula (1)
-
-
Midcontinent (3)
-
Midwest (1)
-
Mississippi (1)
-
Mississippi Delta (1)
-
Mississippi River (2)
-
Mississippi Valley
-
Lower Mississippi Valley (2)
-
-
Missouri
-
Saint Charles County Missouri (1)
-
-
Montana
-
Custer County Montana (1)
-
Park County Montana (1)
-
Rosebud County Montana (1)
-
Treasure County Montana (1)
-
Yellowstone County Montana (1)
-
-
New England (1)
-
New Jersey (2)
-
New Mexico
-
Jemez Mountains (1)
-
Los Alamos County New Mexico (1)
-
Pajarito Plateau (1)
-
-
New York
-
Finger Lakes
-
Seneca Lake (1)
-
-
Ontario County New York (1)
-
Schuyler County New York (1)
-
Seneca County New York (1)
-
Yates County New York (1)
-
-
Ohio (1)
-
Oregon
-
Clackamas County Oregon (1)
-
Deschutes County Oregon
-
Newberry Volcano (1)
-
-
Hood River County Oregon (1)
-
Mount Hood (2)
-
Multnomah County Oregon (1)
-
-
Rhode Island (1)
-
Tennessee (1)
-
Texas
-
Brazos River (1)
-
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Medicine Bow Mountains (1)
-
Uinta Mountains (2)
-
-
Utah
-
Henry Mountains (1)
-
Salt Lake County Utah (1)
-
-
Wabash Valley (1)
-
Washington
-
King County Washington (1)
-
Pend Oreille County Washington (1)
-
Pierce County Washington
-
Mount Rainier (2)
-
-
Puget Lowland (2)
-
Snohomish County Washington (1)
-
Stevens County Washington (1)
-
Whitman County Washington (1)
-
-
Wisconsin
-
Milwaukee County Wisconsin (1)
-
Waukesha County Wisconsin (1)
-
-
Wyoming
-
Albany County Wyoming (1)
-
Carbon County Wyoming (1)
-
Park County Wyoming (1)
-
Sweetwater County Wyoming (1)
-
Teton County Wyoming (1)
-
-
Yellowstone National Park (3)
-
Yellowstone River (2)
-
-
Victoria Island (1)
-
-
commodities
-
aggregate (1)
-
brines (4)
-
mineral exploration (1)
-
oil and gas fields (1)
-
petroleum (1)
-
water resources (3)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (7)
-
C-14 (22)
-
organic carbon (1)
-
-
chemical ratios (4)
-
halogens
-
bromine
-
bromide ion (1)
-
-
chlorine
-
chloride ion (1)
-
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (7)
-
deuterium (2)
-
-
isotope ratios (33)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Al-26 (2)
-
Be-10 (5)
-
C-14 (22)
-
Pb-210 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
U-238/U-234 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (7)
-
D/H (7)
-
deuterium (2)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (33)
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
uranium
-
U-238/U-234 (1)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
sodium (4)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (5)
-
-
calcium
-
Mg/Ca (2)
-
-
magnesium
-
Mg/Ca (2)
-
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (2)
-
-
iron (1)
-
lead
-
Pb-210 (1)
-
-
manganese (1)
-
rare earths
-
cerium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
yttrium (1)
-
-
-
nitrogen (1)
-
noble gases (1)
-
oxygen
-
dissolved oxygen (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (33)
-
-
phosphorus (1)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
-
-
fossils
-
bacteria (1)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces (1)
-
-
-
ichnofossils (1)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Ostracoda
-
Podocopida
-
Cypridocopina
-
Cyprididae
-
Candona (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
-
Endopterygota
-
Diptera
-
Chironomidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
-
Zoantharia
-
Scleractinia
-
Acropora
-
Acropora palmata (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia (2)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
-
Cassidulinacea
-
Anomalinidae
-
Cibicidoides
-
Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (1)
-
-
-
Cassidulina (1)
-
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globigerinidae
-
Globigerina
-
Globigerina bulloides (1)
-
-
Globigerinoides
-
Globigerinoides ruber (4)
-
Globigerinoides sacculifer (2)
-
-
-
Globorotaliidae
-
Globorotalia (1)
-
-
Neogloboquadrina
-
Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (2)
-
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (5)
-
-
-
Rotaliacea
-
Elphidium
-
Elphidium excavatum (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (2)
-
Silicoflagellata (1)
-
-
-
microfossils (20)
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (1)
-
Dinoflagellata (2)
-
miospores
-
pollen (2)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Coccolithophoraceae (1)
-
diatoms (3)
-
nannofossils (2)
-
Rhodophyta
-
Corallinaceae (2)
-
-
-
Bryophyta
-
Musci
-
Sphagnum (1)
-
-
-
-
thallophytes (1)
-
tracks (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (1)
-
exposure age (2)
-
K/Ar (1)
-
optical mineralogy (1)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (1)
-
paleomagnetism (1)
-
tephrochronology (1)
-
Th/U (2)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (4)
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (12)
-
Middle Ages (1)
-
upper Holocene (8)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Champlain Sea (1)
-
Kansan (1)
-
Lake Agassiz (8)
-
Lake Algonquin (1)
-
Lake Chicago (1)
-
Lake Maumee (1)
-
lower Pleistocene (2)
-
Presumpscot Formation (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Barents ice sheet (2)
-
Devensian
-
upper Devensian (1)
-
-
Lake Iroquois (1)
-
Sangamonian (1)
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Allerod (4)
-
Bolling (4)
-
Younger Dryas (12)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan
-
Fraser Glaciation (2)
-
-
Woodfordian (1)
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (16)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
middle Miocene (2)
-
-
Pliocene
-
upper Pliocene (3)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Green River Formation (1)
-
Lake Gosiute (1)
-
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (1)
-
-
Laurentide ice sheet (31)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous (1)
-
-
Navajo Sandstone (1)
-
-
MIS 2 (3)
-
Paleozoic
-
Carboniferous (1)
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian (1)
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
Ordovician
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Galena Dolomite (1)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (1)
-
Hirnantian (1)
-
Maquoketa Formation (1)
-
-
-
Permian (1)
-
Silurian
-
Middle Silurian (1)
-
-
Talchir Formation (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (1)
-
-
-
Precambrian
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
Ediacaran (1)
-
Marinoan (1)
-
Tonian (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (1)
-
Sinian
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
quartz monzonite (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites (3)
-
basalts (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
hyaloclastite (1)
-
pumice (1)
-
-
trachytes (1)
-
-
-
volcanic ash (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
turbidite (4)
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
-
aragonite (1)
-
malachite (1)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides (1)
-
-
hydrates (1)
-
minerals (1)
-
oxides
-
cuprite (1)
-
-
silicates
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
sanidine (1)
-
-
-
silica minerals
-
opal (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
zircon group
-
zircon (1)
-
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
barite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
chalcocite (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (26)
-
Africa
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (1)
-
Ghadames Basin (1)
-
Libya
-
Murzuk Basin (1)
-
-
Morocco (1)
-
Tunisia (1)
-
-
Sahara (1)
-
-
Antarctica
-
Adelaide Island (1)
-
Antarctic ice sheet
-
East Antarctic ice sheet (4)
-
West Antarctic ice sheet (4)
-
-
Antarctic Peninsula (1)
-
East Antarctica (9)
-
Ellsworth Land
-
Ellsworth Mountains (1)
-
-
James Ross Island (1)
-
Larsemann Hills (1)
-
Mac Robertson Land (1)
-
Queen Maud Land
-
Schirmacher Hills (3)
-
-
Ross Ice Shelf
-
McMurdo Ice Shelf (1)
-
-
South Pole (1)
-
South Shetland Islands
-
King George Island (1)
-
-
Transantarctic Mountains (2)
-
Victoria Land
-
McMurdo dry valleys
-
Lake Hoare (1)
-
Wright Valley (1)
-
-
-
West Antarctica (6)
-
Wilkes Land
-
Law Dome (1)
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Barents Sea (3)
-
Fram Strait (1)
-
Kara Sea (1)
-
Norwegian Sea (2)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
Greenland ice sheet (8)
-
Northern Greenland (1)
-
Sondre Stromfjord (1)
-
West Greenland (1)
-
-
Russian Arctic (1)
-
Svalbard (3)
-
-
Asia
-
Brahmaputra River (1)
-
Central Asia
-
Pamirs (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Altun Mountains (1)
-
Gansu China
-
Hexi Corridor (1)
-
-
Guizhou China (1)
-
Qilian Mountains (2)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar Basin (1)
-
-
Yangtze Platform (1)
-
-
Japan
-
Hokkaido
-
Tokachi (1)
-
-
-
-
Ganges River (1)
-
Himalayas
-
Garhwal Himalayas (5)
-
Kumaun Himalayas (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Ganga Basin (1)
-
India
-
Beas River (1)
-
Bhagirathi River (1)
-
Himachal Pradesh India (1)
-
Orissa India (1)
-
Punjab India (1)
-
Uttar Pradesh India (2)
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Chamoli India (1)
-
Garhwal Himalayas (5)
-
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Jammu (1)
-
Kashmir (1)
-
Ladakh (1)
-
-
Pakistan (1)
-
-
Indus River (2)
-
Karakoram (3)
-
Middle East
-
Turkey
-
Bosporus (1)
-
-
-
Tibetan Plateau (2)
-
Tien Shan (3)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
East Atlantic (1)
-
North Atlantic
-
Bay of Biscay (1)
-
Gulf of Mexico
-
Orca Basin (5)
-
Pigmy Basin (1)
-
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
Hudson Strait (1)
-
Labrador Sea (4)
-
North Sea (1)
-
Northeast Atlantic (1)
-
Northwest Atlantic (4)
-
-
-
atmosphere (3)
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Western Australia (1)
-
-
New Zealand
-
Ruapehu (2)
-
Tongariro (1)
-
-
-
bacteria (1)
-
bibliography (1)
-
biogeography (1)
-
brines (4)
-
Canada
-
Arctic Archipelago (3)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Baffin Island
-
Barnes ice cap (1)
-
-
James Bay Lowlands (3)
-
Maritime Provinces (1)
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland
-
Avalon Peninsula (1)
-
-
-
Ontario
-
Bruce Peninsula (1)
-
Oak Ridges Moraine (2)
-
Peterborough County Ontario (1)
-
Thunder Bay District Ontario
-
Lake Nipigon (1)
-
-
Toronto Ontario (2)
-
Wellington County Ontario
-
Guelph Ontario (1)
-
-
-
Quebec (2)
-
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
Hudson Bay Lowlands (1)
-
Nunavut
-
Baffin Island
-
Barnes ice cap (1)
-
-
Ellesmere Island (3)
-
-
Queen Elizabeth Islands
-
Ellesmere Island (3)
-
-
Ungava (1)
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta (5)
-
British Columbia (7)
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
Kicking Horse River valley (1)
-
Manitoba (2)
-
Northwest Territories
-
Mackenzie Delta (1)
-
-
Saskatchewan (6)
-
Yukon Territory
-
Kaskawulsh Glacier (1)
-
Kluane Lake (1)
-
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (7)
-
C-14 (22)
-
organic carbon (1)
-
-
Caribbean region (1)
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Cordilleran ice sheet (4)
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (12)
-
Middle Ages (1)
-
upper Holocene (8)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Champlain Sea (1)
-
Kansan (1)
-
Lake Agassiz (8)
-
Lake Algonquin (1)
-
Lake Chicago (1)
-
Lake Maumee (1)
-
lower Pleistocene (2)
-
Presumpscot Formation (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Barents ice sheet (2)
-
Devensian
-
upper Devensian (1)
-
-
Lake Iroquois (1)
-
Sangamonian (1)
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Allerod (4)
-
Bolling (4)
-
Younger Dryas (12)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan
-
Fraser Glaciation (2)
-
-
Woodfordian (1)
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (16)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
middle Miocene (2)
-
-
Pliocene
-
upper Pliocene (3)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Green River Formation (1)
-
Lake Gosiute (1)
-
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (1)
-
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces (1)
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (2)
-
climate change (28)
-
conservation (1)
-
continental shelf (5)
-
continental slope (3)
-
data processing (11)
-
deformation (3)
-
diagenesis (1)
-
Earth (1)
-
earthquakes (3)
-
East Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island (1)
-
-
-
-
ecology (4)
-
engineering geology (1)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
French Alps (1)
-
Swiss Alps (2)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Austria
-
Enns Valley (1)
-
Tyrol Austria (1)
-
-
Switzerland
-
Swiss Alps (2)
-
Valais Switzerland
-
Haut Glacier d'Arolla (2)
-
-
-
-
Danube River (1)
-
Dnieper River (1)
-
Dniester River (1)
-
Jutland (1)
-
North Sea Coast (1)
-
Rhine River (1)
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
French Alps (1)
-
Savoie France (1)
-
-
Iceland
-
Skeidararjokull (1)
-
Vatnajokull (1)
-
-
Ireland (1)
-
Meuse River (1)
-
Netherlands
-
Rotterdam Netherlands (1)
-
-
Scandinavia
-
Denmark (1)
-
Norway
-
Southern Norway (1)
-
-
Sweden (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Cumbria England
-
Sellafield England (1)
-
-
-
Scotland
-
Highland region Scotland
-
Inverness-shire Scotland (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
faults (2)
-
fractures (2)
-
geochemistry (33)
-
geochronology (2)
-
geomorphology (39)
-
geophysical methods (33)
-
glacial geology (91)
-
ground water (23)
-
heat flow (2)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (7)
-
deuterium (2)
-
-
hydrogeology (6)
-
hydrology (50)
-
ichnofossils (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
quartz monzonite (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites (3)
-
basalts (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
hyaloclastite (1)
-
pumice (1)
-
-
trachytes (1)
-
-
-
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
-
Expedition 308 (1)
-
Expedition 313
-
IODP Site M0027 (1)
-
IODP Site M0028 (1)
-
IODP Site M0029 (1)
-
-
-
intrusions (1)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Ostracoda
-
Podocopida
-
Cypridocopina
-
Cyprididae
-
Candona (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
-
Endopterygota
-
Diptera
-
Chironomidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
-
Zoantharia
-
Scleractinia
-
Acropora
-
Acropora palmata (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia (2)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
-
Cassidulinacea
-
Anomalinidae
-
Cibicidoides
-
Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (1)
-
-
-
Cassidulina (1)
-
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globigerinidae
-
Globigerina
-
Globigerina bulloides (1)
-
-
Globigerinoides
-
Globigerinoides ruber (4)
-
Globigerinoides sacculifer (2)
-
-
-
Globorotaliidae
-
Globorotalia (1)
-
-
Neogloboquadrina
-
Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (2)
-
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (5)
-
-
-
Rotaliacea
-
Elphidium
-
Elphidium excavatum (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (2)
-
Silicoflagellata (1)
-
-
-
isostasy (3)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Al-26 (2)
-
Be-10 (5)
-
C-14 (22)
-
Pb-210 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
U-238/U-234 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (7)
-
D/H (7)
-
deuterium (2)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (33)
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
land use (2)
-
lava (4)
-
lineation (1)
-
Mediterranean region (1)
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
East Mediterranean
-
Black Sea (2)
-
-
West Mediterranean
-
Alboran Sea (1)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous (1)
-
-
Navajo Sandstone (1)
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
uranium
-
U-238/U-234 (1)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
sodium (4)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (5)
-
-
calcium
-
Mg/Ca (2)
-
-
magnesium
-
Mg/Ca (2)
-
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (2)
-
-
iron (1)
-
lead
-
Pb-210 (1)
-
-
manganese (1)
-
rare earths
-
cerium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
yttrium (1)
-
-
-
meteorology (2)
-
mineral exploration (1)
-
minerals (1)
-
nitrogen (1)
-
noble gases (1)
-
North America
-
Canadian Shield
-
Slave Province (1)
-
Superior Province
-
Wabigoon Belt (1)
-
-
-
Great Lakes
-
Lake Huron (1)
-
Lake Michigan (3)
-
Lake Ontario (2)
-
-
Great Lakes region (9)
-
Great Plains
-
Northern Great Plains (1)
-
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
-
Michigan Basin (2)
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
-
Rocky Mountains
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Medicine Bow Mountains (1)
-
Uinta Mountains (2)
-
-
-
Saint Elias Mountains (1)
-
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (1)
-
Williston Basin (1)
-
-
Northern Hemisphere (1)
-
nuclear facilities (1)
-
ocean circulation (5)
-
Ocean Drilling Program
-
Leg 100
-
ODP Site 625 (1)
-
-
Leg 105
-
ODP Site 645 (1)
-
-
Leg 161
-
ODP Site 976 (1)
-
-
-
ocean floors (5)
-
Oceania
-
Polynesia
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island (1)
-
-
-
-
-
oceanography (1)
-
oil and gas fields (1)
-
oxygen
-
dissolved oxygen (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (33)
-
-
Pacific Coast (1)
-
Pacific Ocean
-
North Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
South China Sea (1)
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
South China Sea (1)
-
-
-
-
paleoclimatology (46)
-
paleoecology (7)
-
paleogeography (11)
-
paleomagnetism (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Carboniferous (1)
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian (1)
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
Ordovician
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Galena Dolomite (1)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (1)
-
Hirnantian (1)
-
Maquoketa Formation (1)
-
-
-
Permian (1)
-
Silurian
-
Middle Silurian (1)
-
-
Talchir Formation (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (1)
-
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (1)
-
Dinoflagellata (2)
-
miospores
-
pollen (2)
-
-
-
permafrost (7)
-
petroleum (1)
-
phosphorus (1)
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Coccolithophoraceae (1)
-
diatoms (3)
-
nannofossils (2)
-
Rhodophyta
-
Corallinaceae (2)
-
-
-
Bryophyta
-
Musci
-
Sphagnum (1)
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (1)
-
pollution (1)
-
Precambrian
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
Ediacaran (1)
-
Marinoan (1)
-
Tonian (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (1)
-
Sinian
-
Doushantuo Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
-
reclamation (1)
-
reefs (2)
-
remote sensing (13)
-
reservoirs (1)
-
roads (2)
-
sea water (7)
-
sea-level changes (19)
-
sedimentary petrology (5)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
dolostone (3)
-
limestone (1)
-
travertine (1)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
siliceous sinter (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
black shale (1)
-
conglomerate (1)
-
diamictite (4)
-
mudstone (2)
-
sandstone (4)
-
shale (2)
-
siltstone (1)
-
tillite (1)
-
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
bedding plane irregularities
-
flute casts (1)
-
fossil ice wedges (1)
-
frost features (2)
-
-
graded bedding (3)
-
planar bedding structures
-
cross-bedding (3)
-
cross-stratification (1)
-
laminations (5)
-
rhythmite (2)
-
varves (4)
-
-
secondary structures
-
armored mud balls (1)
-
concretions (1)
-
-
soft sediment deformation (1)
-
turbidity current structures (2)
-
-
sedimentation (42)
-
sediments
-
carbonate sediments (1)
-
clastic sediments
-
alluvium (3)
-
boulders (4)
-
clay (3)
-
cobbles (2)
-
colluvium (1)
-
diamicton (5)
-
drift (1)
-
erratics (1)
-
gravel (6)
-
loess (1)
-
mud (7)
-
outwash (4)
-
pebbles (2)
-
sand (7)
-
silt (5)
-
till (18)
-
-
marine sediments (30)
-
peat (2)
-
-
seismology (1)
-
shorelines (2)
-
slope stability (2)
-
soils
-
loam (1)
-
Mollisols (1)
-
volcanic soils (1)
-
-
South America
-
Argentina
-
Paganzo Basin (1)
-
-
Brazil (1)
-
Parana Basin (1)
-
-
Southern Ocean
-
Ross Sea (4)
-
-
spectroscopy (2)
-
springs (4)
-
stratigraphy (8)
-
structural analysis (1)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
-
Sun (1)
-
tectonics
-
neotectonics (2)
-
-
thallophytes (1)
-
thermal waters (2)
-
United States
-
Alaska
-
Matanuska Glacier (1)
-
Matanuska Valley (1)
-
-
California
-
Fresno County California (1)
-
Inyo County California
-
Coso Range (1)
-
Owens Lake (1)
-
-
Los Angeles Basin (1)
-
Los Angeles County California (1)
-
Mariposa County California (1)
-
Yosemite National Park (1)
-
-
Colorado
-
Grand County Colorado (1)
-
Larimer County Colorado (1)
-
Rocky Mountain National Park (1)
-
-
Columbia Plateau (1)
-
Eastern U.S.
-
Northeastern U.S. (1)
-
-
Hawaii
-
Hawaii County Hawaii
-
Hawaii Island (1)
-
-
-
Hudson Valley (1)
-
Idaho (1)
-
Illinois (4)
-
Illinois Basin (1)
-
Indiana (3)
-
Kentucky (1)
-
Louisiana (2)
-
Maine
-
Aroostook County Maine (1)
-
Hancock County Maine (1)
-
-
Michigan
-
Michigan Upper Peninsula (1)
-
-
Midcontinent (3)
-
Midwest (1)
-
Mississippi (1)
-
Mississippi Delta (1)
-
Mississippi River (2)
-
Mississippi Valley
-
Lower Mississippi Valley (2)
-
-
Missouri
-
Saint Charles County Missouri (1)
-
-
Montana
-
Custer County Montana (1)
-
Park County Montana (1)
-
Rosebud County Montana (1)
-
Treasure County Montana (1)
-
Yellowstone County Montana (1)
-
-
New England (1)
-
New Jersey (2)
-
New Mexico
-
Jemez Mountains (1)
-
Los Alamos County New Mexico (1)
-
Pajarito Plateau (1)
-
-
New York
-
Finger Lakes
-
Seneca Lake (1)
-
-
Ontario County New York (1)
-
Schuyler County New York (1)
-
Seneca County New York (1)
-
Yates County New York (1)
-
-
Ohio (1)
-
Oregon
-
Clackamas County Oregon (1)
-
Deschutes County Oregon
-
Newberry Volcano (1)
-
-
Hood River County Oregon (1)
-
Mount Hood (2)
-
Multnomah County Oregon (1)
-
-
Rhode Island (1)
-
Tennessee (1)
-
Texas
-
Brazos River (1)
-
-
U. S. Rocky Mountains
-
Medicine Bow Mountains (1)
-
Uinta Mountains (2)
-
-
Utah
-
Henry Mountains (1)
-
Salt Lake County Utah (1)
-
-
Wabash Valley (1)
-
Washington
-
King County Washington (1)
-
Pend Oreille County Washington (1)
-
Pierce County Washington
-
Mount Rainier (2)
-
-
Puget Lowland (2)
-
Snohomish County Washington (1)
-
Stevens County Washington (1)
-
Whitman County Washington (1)
-
-
Wisconsin
-
Milwaukee County Wisconsin (1)
-
Waukesha County Wisconsin (1)
-
-
Wyoming
-
Albany County Wyoming (1)
-
Carbon County Wyoming (1)
-
Park County Wyoming (1)
-
Sweetwater County Wyoming (1)
-
Teton County Wyoming (1)
-
-
Yellowstone National Park (3)
-
Yellowstone River (2)
-
-
volcanology (1)
-
waste disposal (2)
-
water resources (3)
-
weathering (8)
-
well-logging (1)
-
-
sedimentary rocks
-
contourite (1)
-
oolite (1)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
dolostone (3)
-
limestone (1)
-
travertine (1)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
siliceous sinter (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
black shale (1)
-
conglomerate (1)
-
diamictite (4)
-
mudstone (2)
-
sandstone (4)
-
shale (2)
-
siltstone (1)
-
tillite (1)
-
-
-
siliciclastics (1)
-
turbidite (4)
-
volcaniclastics (2)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
channels (31)
-
sedimentary structures
-
bedding plane irregularities
-
flute casts (1)
-
fossil ice wedges (1)
-
frost features (2)
-
-
graded bedding (3)
-
planar bedding structures
-
cross-bedding (3)
-
cross-stratification (1)
-
laminations (5)
-
rhythmite (2)
-
varves (4)
-
-
secondary structures
-
armored mud balls (1)
-
concretions (1)
-
-
soft sediment deformation (1)
-
turbidity current structures (2)
-
-
stratification (3)
-
striations (3)
-
tracks (1)
-
-
sediments
-
contourite (1)
-
oolite (1)
-
sediments
-
carbonate sediments (1)
-
clastic sediments
-
alluvium (3)
-
boulders (4)
-
clay (3)
-
cobbles (2)
-
colluvium (1)
-
diamicton (5)
-
drift (1)
-
erratics (1)
-
gravel (6)
-
loess (1)
-
mud (7)
-
outwash (4)
-
pebbles (2)
-
sand (7)
-
silt (5)
-
till (18)
-
-
marine sediments (30)
-
peat (2)
-
-
siliciclastics (1)
-
turbidite (4)
-
volcaniclastics (2)
-
-
soils
-
soils
-
loam (1)
-
Mollisols (1)
-
volcanic soils (1)
-
-
GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
meltwater
Dynamic subglacial meltwater history archived in Antarctic subglacial lake sediments Open Access
Asynchronous Holocene lake evolution in arid mid-latitude Asia is driven by glacial meltwater and variations in Westerlies and the East Asian summer monsoon Available to Purchase
Glacial seismic geomorphology and Plio-Pleistocene ice sheet history offshore NW Europe Available to Purchase
Abstract Plio-Pleistocene records of ice-rafted detritus suggest NW European ice sheets regularly reached coastlines. However, these records provide limited insight on the frequency, extent and dynamics of ice sheets delivering the detritus. Three-dimensional reflection seismic data of the NW European glaciated margin have previously documented buried landforms that inform us on these uncertainties. This paper reviews and combines these existing records with new seismic geomorphological observations to catalogue landform occurrence along the European glaciated margin and considers how they relate to ice sheet history. The compilation shows Early Pleistocene ice sheets regularly advanced across the continental shelves. Early Pleistocene sea-level reconstructions demonstrate lower magnitude fluctuations compared to the Middle–Late Pleistocene, and more extensive/frequent Early Pleistocene glaciation provides a possible mismatch with sea-level reconstructions. This evidence is discussed with global records of glaciation to consider possible impacts on our wider understanding of Plio-Pleistocene climate changes, in particular how well Early Pleistocene sea-level records capture ice sheet volume changes. Resolving such issues relies on how well landforms are dated, whether they can be correlated with other proxy datasets, and how accurately these proxies reconstruct the magnitudes of past climatic changes. Many questions about Pleistocene glaciation in Europe and elsewhere remain.
Threat to Himalayan Water Resources in a Changing Climate: Vulnerability and Fragility of Indus River Basin Available to Purchase
Travertine records climate-induced transformations of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system from the late Pleistocene to the present Available to Purchase
Does zircon geochemistry record global sediment subduction? Available to Purchase
A window into development of a complex ice-marginal lake prior to the Late Glacial Maximum (LGM) in Austria Available to Purchase
Sedimentation associated with glaciovolcanism: a review Available to Purchase
Abstract Three discrete categories of sedimentary deposits are associated with glaciovolcanism: englacial cavity, jökulhlaup and lahar. Englacial cavity deposits are found in water-filled chambers in the lee of active glaciovolcanoes or at a locus of enhanced geothermal heat flux. The cavities provide a depocentre for the accumulation of debris, either abundant fresh juvenile debris with sparse dropstones (associated with active glaciovolcanism) or polymict basal glacial debris in which dropstones are abundant (associated with geothermal hot spots). Described examples are uncommon. By contrast, volcanogenic jökulhlaup deposits are abundant, mainly in Iceland, where they form extensive sandar sequences associated with ice- covered volcanoes. Jökulhlaups form as a result of the sudden subglacial discharge of stored meltwater. Analogous deposits known as glaciovolcanic sheet-like sequences represent the ultra-proximal lateral equivalents deposited under the ice. Glaciovolcanic lahars are associated with ice- capped volcanoes. They form as a result of explosive eruptions through relatively thin ice or following dome collapse, and they trigger mainly supraglacial rather than subglacial meltwater escape. Sediment transport and depositional processes are similar in jökulhaups and lahars and are dominated by debris flow and hyperconcentrated or supercritical flow modes during the main flood stage, although the proportions of the principal lithofacies are different.
Hydro-chemical Characteristics of Melt Water Draining from Glaciers of Rongdo Basin, Shyok Valley, Ladakh Available to Purchase
The life and death of a subglacial lake in West Antarctica Open Access
Rapid southeastern Laurentide Ice Sheet thinning during the last deglaciation revealed by elevation profiles of in situ cosmogenic 10 Be Available to Purchase
Heavy Rainfall-triggered Flash Floods around the Amarnath Holy Cave Free
Environmental Changes and Geomorphological Factors Influencing the Sediment Flux to a Coastal Lake Spanning the Deglacial- Early Holocene Period in East Antarctica Available to Purchase
Decadal Response of Dokriani Glacier using High-resolution Hydrological Data, Indian Himalaya Available to Purchase
Rapid geomorphological and sedimentological changes at a modern Alpine ice margin: lessons from the Gepatsch Glacier, Tirol, Austria Open Access
Susceptibility assessment of landslides caused by snowmelt in a typical loess area in the Yining County, Xinjiang, China Available to Purchase
Controls on andesitic glaciovolcanism at ice-capped volcanoes from field and experimental studies Open Access
Regional stagnation of the western Keewatin ice sheet and the significance of meltwater corridors and eskers, northern Canada Available to Purchase
Glacier development in continental climate regions of central Asia Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT Glaciers in central Asia that developed under a range of climatic conditions from arid to humid provide an excellent opportunity to test glacial responses to changes in climate. To do this, we mapped and dated glacial deposits at 11 sites spread over five mountain ranges in central Asia: the Altai, Tian Shan, Altyn Tagh, Qilian Shan, and Kunlun. The glacial chronologies for these sites were determined from new 10 Be and 26 Al exposure ages for the mapped moraines, in addition to 10 Be ages available in the literature. Paleo–equilibrium-line altitudes were estimated for past glacier extents from the dated moraines. The equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) were also estimated for existing glaciers to characterize the spatial pattern in modern climate across the study region. Differences between the modern and paleo-ELAs (∆ELAs) were used to explore the climatic reasons for variations in the glacier sensitivities and responses to past changes in climate. The results show that the glaciers in more humid regions advanced to their maximum during marine oxygen-isotope stage (MIS) 3–2 with ΔELAs of ~1100–600 m. However, glaciers in the arid interior of central Asia, in the rain shadows of the Karakorum and Pamir ranges and in the Gobi Desert ranges, reached their maximum between MIS 6 and 4, and glacier extents during the subsequent colder/drier MIS 3–2 were significantly smaller or did not extend beyond their cirques. Comparisons of our results and the sensitivity analysis of modern glaciers suggest that depression of air temperature was the primary driver of glacier advances in central Asia but that precipitation played a major role in shaping the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of glacier advances. Precipitation was especially important in hyperarid conditions. Therefore, inferences about paleoclimate parameters from past glacial extents must be made after careful consideration of the climatic setting in which the glaciers are found, as well as their sensitivity to climatic factors.