.... The last column reports the difference between mass-corrected and uncorrected K values ( K diff), showing that although mass correction reduces the phylogenetic signal in most characters, many characters retain substantial degrees of phylogenetic signal. See Table 1 for diet proxy measurements...

...Caleb M. Brown; Nicolás E. Campione; Gregory P. Wilson Mantilla; David C. Evans Abstract The end-Cretaceous (K/Pg) mass extinction event is the most recent and well-understood of the “big five” and triggered establishment of modern terrestrial ecosystem structure. Despite the depth of research...

... and Vampyrum spectrum . Also, we reconstructed the body mass of N. magdalenensis to be ~95 g, larger than most insectivorous bats, but smaller than the largest carnivorous bat ( V. spectrum ). Our results confirm that N. magdalenensis was not a specialized carnivore. It remains to be demonstrated...

... al. (2013 c ) , the variables examined included time to discovery (TDi), time to description (TDe), estimated body mass, taphonomic mode of best-preserved specimen, and skeletal completeness. The methodology used to collect each variable is described in detail. This begs the question of whether...

... be widespread. To explore this possibility, we quantified the fraction of porosity produced by physical weathering, F PP , at three sites with differing climates in granitic bedrock of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. We found that strain produces more porosity than chemical mass loss at each site...

.... The discovery of the positive ray spectrograph, later termed mass spectrometer by Aston (1919) was a major breakthrough in understanding not only nuclear decay and stability but also led to the first calculations of different physical chemical properties by isotopic substitution. Lindemann (1919) tackled...

... on the relative frequencies observed. An asymmetric expansion in body-size range will inevitably show an increase in average body mass within the clade, as Jablonski ( 1997 ) empirically demonstrated for some Cretaceous mollusks. Gillman ( 2007 ) generalized this to vertebrate body mass ranges and showed...

... make Archosauria a useful clade with which to study the interplay between body size, shape, and locomotor behavior, and how this interplay may have influenced locomotor evolution. Here, digital volumetric models of 80 taxa are used to explore how mass properties and body proportions relate to each...

... from the original data; therefore, whether such morphospaces accurately reflect body-plan disparity or extrinsic factors, such as body size, remains uncertain. We collated nine character–taxon matrices of dinosaurs together with body-mass estimates for all taxa and tested for relationships between body...

...T. Kurt Kyser; Matthew I. Leybourne; Daniel Layton-Matthews Abstract Among the emerging techniques to detect the real footprint of buried ore deposits is isotope tracing. Novel and automated preparation systems such as continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry, off-axis integrated cavity...

... of the planktonic Foraminifera Orbulina universa : A source for paleoceanographic information? : Brazilian Journal of Oceanography , v. 67 , p. e19252 . Fisher, C. , 2003 , Planktic foraminiferal porosity: A water mass proxy...

... the functional morphology of the dentition and 1 character describing body mass. To this data set, we added one new character, the number of upper molars with grinding surfaces (described later), and coded seven additional taxa: the late Neogene South American procyonids Cyonasua and Chapalmalania , FMNH...

... measurements of 69 anatomical features of the shells of 108 live tortoises indicate that the regression between straight carapace length and weight is most significant, with a maximum r 2 > 0.99. This regression is useful for tortoises that weigh between 1.8 and 339 kg. This mass estimate, coupled...

..., over a period of 5 My (from MP24 to MP27), only two occurrences (Rigal-Jouet and Saint-Martin de Casselvi, MP25) have been reported. Based on body mass and the general Hyaenodon body plan, we confidently identify H. leptorhynchus as a cursorial hypercarnivorous predator, hunting prey such as small...

... for understanding the response of undamped and damped single degree of freedom mass-spring oscillators to earthquake motion. The switch from mechanical pendulums to computational methods for creating response spectra was transformative for the field of earthquake engineering, and led to its proliferation...

... with the simplified Westergaard (1933) model, and the dam inertial force is computed as a product of mass and a seismic coefficient (ratio of peak ground acceleration – PGA; USACE 1995 ). No higher mode effect or dam–reservoir interaction has been taken into consideration. The maximum structural response...

... estimated according to the pushover elasto-plastic response idealization, M s is the seismic mass of the structure, and d y and d u are, respectively, the yielding and the ultimate displacement determined from a nonlinear static pushover analysis of the structure (see Lagomarsino et al. 2006...

... = 1 − Δ 0 Δ f where Δ o is the center of mass story drift computed without P-Delta and Δ f is the story drift including P-Delta. The torsional stability coefficients, Q θ , are determined by running a static linear-material analysis for the structure loaded...

...Zhengyong Ren; Yiyuan Zhong; Chaojian Chen; Jingtian Tang; Kejia Pan ABSTRACT A new singularity-free analytical formula has been developed for the gravity field of arbitrary 3D polyhedral mass bodies with horizontally and vertically varying density contrast using third-order polynomial functions...