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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Madagascar
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Antananarivo Madagascar (1)
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Southern Africa
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Namibia
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Antarctica
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Asia
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Far East
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chemical ratios (1)
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metals
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strontium
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Invertebrata
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Porifera
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Plantae
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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upper Quaternary (5)
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Tertiary
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Laurentide ice sheet (11)
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Paleozoic
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Cape Elizabeth Formation (3)
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Casco Bay Group (4)
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Coeymans Formation (1)
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Perry Formation (3)
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Keyser Limestone (1)
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Kittery Formation (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
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Berwick Formation (1)
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Penobscot Formation (5)
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Merrimack Group (1)
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Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
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Middle Ordovician
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Permian (7)
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Rangeley Formation (5)
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-
Lower Silurian
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Llandovery (2)
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-
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Middle Silurian (2)
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Perry Mountain Formation (2)
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Sangerville Formation (3)
-
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-
Ludlow (1)
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Pridoli (1)
-
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Vassalboro Formation (3)
-
Waterville Formation (9)
-
-
upper Paleozoic (1)
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Phanerozoic (1)
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Precambrian
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Stillwater Complex (1)
-
upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Coldbrook Group (1)
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Paleoproterozoic (1)
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igneous rocks
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gabbros (4)
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-
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-
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volcanic rocks
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basalts
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mid-ocean ridge basalts (2)
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pyroclastics
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ignimbrite (2)
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tuff (1)
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rhyolites (2)
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trachytes (1)
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ophiolite (2)
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metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (1)
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gneisses
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granulites (3)
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marbles
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metaigneous rocks
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metavolcanic rocks (9)
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slates (6)
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ophiolite (2)
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minerals
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halides
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fluorides
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manganese minerals (1)
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minerals (22)
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oxides
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rutile (3)
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tantalite (4)
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-
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phosphates
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apatite (8)
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fluorapatite (2)
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chain silicates
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-
-
orthoamphibole
-
gedrite (1)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
diopside (2)
-
spodumene (5)
-
-
-
-
feldspathoids (1)
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (6)
-
microcline (2)
-
perthite (2)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (1)
-
-
-
silica minerals
-
quartz (6)
-
-
zeolite group
-
pollucite (13)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group
-
almandine (3)
-
grossular (1)
-
-
kyanite (1)
-
olivine group
-
olivine (1)
-
-
sillimanite (11)
-
staurolite (8)
-
topaz (2)
-
zircon group
-
zircon (17)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
epidote (1)
-
zoisite (2)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
beryl (4)
-
cordierite (2)
-
tourmaline group
-
elbaite (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (6)
-
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (1)
-
smectite (1)
-
-
margarite (1)
-
mica group
-
biotite (17)
-
celadonite (1)
-
lepidolite (7)
-
muscovite (18)
-
paragonite (1)
-
polylithionite (1)
-
-
serpentine group
-
berthierine (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
bassanite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
pyrite (1)
-
pyrrhotite (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (41)
-
Africa
-
Madagascar
-
Antananarivo Madagascar (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Namibia
-
Karibib Namibia (1)
-
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
Marie Byrd Land
-
Fosdick Mountains (1)
-
-
West Antarctica (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Far East
-
China (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Afghanistan (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Bay of Fundy (1)
-
Georges Bank (2)
-
Gulf of Maine (18)
-
Northwest Atlantic (1)
-
Scotian Shelf (1)
-
Scotian Slope (1)
-
Wilkinson Basin (3)
-
-
South Atlantic
-
Espirito Santo Basin (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic region (1)
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
New South Wales Australia (2)
-
Northern Territory Australia (1)
-
South Australia
-
Adelaide Australia (1)
-
Mount Lofty Ranges (1)
-
-
Victoria Australia (1)
-
Western Australia
-
Hamersley Basin (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand (1)
-
-
bibliography (3)
-
biogeography (6)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Gander Zone (2)
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick
-
Gloucester County New Brunswick
-
Bathurst mining district (1)
-
-
Madawaska County New Brunswick (1)
-
Victoria County New Brunswick (1)
-
-
Nova Scotia
-
Cape Breton Island (2)
-
Cobequid Highlands (1)
-
-
Prince Edward Island (2)
-
-
Meguma Terrane (1)
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Labrador
-
Kiglapait Intrusion (1)
-
-
Newfoundland (3)
-
-
Ontario (2)
-
Quebec
-
Gaspe Peninsula (2)
-
Monteregian Hills (1)
-
-
-
Mackenzie Mountains (2)
-
Nunavut
-
Ellesmere Island (1)
-
-
Queen Elizabeth Islands
-
Ellesmere Island (1)
-
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia
-
Vancouver Island (1)
-
-
Northwest Territories (2)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (4)
-
C-14 (13)
-
organic carbon (1)
-
-
catalogs (1)
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
upper Holocene (4)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Illinoian (1)
-
Presumpscot Formation (6)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (7)
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (5)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene (1)
-
-
-
-
chemical analysis (3)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces (1)
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (1)
-
climate change (1)
-
continental drift (1)
-
continental shelf (6)
-
crust (22)
-
crystal chemistry (17)
-
crystal growth (6)
-
crystal structure (13)
-
crystallography (3)
-
data processing (1)
-
deformation (17)
-
diagenesis (3)
-
earthquakes (18)
-
ecology (4)
-
economic geology (10)
-
engineering geology (1)
-
environmental geology (1)
-
epeirogeny (1)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Central Alps
-
Lepontine Alps (1)
-
-
-
Central Europe
-
Switzerland (2)
-
-
Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Kola Peninsula (1)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Iberian pyrite belt (1)
-
Portugal
-
Algarve (1)
-
-
Spain
-
Andalusia Spain
-
Nevado-Filabride Complex (1)
-
-
-
-
Italy (1)
-
-
Tauern Window (1)
-
Western Europe
-
Ballachulish Complex (1)
-
France
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Armorican Massif (1)
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Normandy (1)
-
-
Iceland (1)
-
Ireland
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Galway Ireland (1)
-
-
Scandinavia
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Denmark (1)
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Norway (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Cambridge England (1)
-
-
Scotland (2)
-
Wales
-
Anglesey Wales (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
faults (27)
-
folds (6)
-
foliation (7)
-
fractures (5)
-
fungi (1)
-
gems (2)
-
geochemistry (39)
-
geochronology (12)
-
geodesy (3)
-
geomorphology (16)
-
geophysical methods (23)
-
glacial geology (22)
-
Graptolithina (4)
-
ground water (10)
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (2)
-
deuterium (1)
-
-
hydrology (3)
-
ichnofossils (3)
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase (3)
-
diorites
-
quartz diorites (1)
-
tonalite (1)
-
-
gabbros (4)
-
granites
-
adamellite (1)
-
aplite (1)
-
biotite granite (1)
-
felsite (1)
-
rapakivi (1)
-
two-mica granite (2)
-
-
granodiorites (2)
-
lamprophyres (1)
-
pegmatite (37)
-
quartz monzonite (1)
-
syenites (2)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
harzburgite (1)
-
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (2)
-
-
pyroclastics
-
ignimbrite (2)
-
pumice (1)
-
tuff (1)
-
-
rhyolites (2)
-
trachytes (1)
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (5)
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Madagascar
-
Antananarivo Madagascar (1)
-
-
-
intrusions (50)
-
Invertebrata
-
Archaeocyatha (1)
-
Arthropoda
-
Chelicerata
-
Merostomata
-
Eurypterida (1)
-
-
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Ostracoda (3)
-
-
Insecta (1)
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita
-
Phacopida
-
Phacopina (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
-
Articulata
-
Orthida (1)
-
Strophomenida (1)
-
Terebratulida (1)
-
-
-
Bryozoa (1)
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
-
Zoantharia
-
Rugosa (1)
-
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia (3)
-
Gastropoda (2)
-
-
Porifera
-
Stromatoporoidea (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
-
Buliminacea (2)
-
-
-
Radiolaria (1)
-
Thecamoeba (1)
-
-
-
isostasy (4)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Al-26 (1)
-
Be-10 (1)
-
C-14 (13)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (4)
-
D/H (2)
-
deuterium (1)
-
Li-7/Li-6 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (7)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
land use (4)
-
lava (3)
-
lineation (1)
-
magmas (18)
-
mantle (2)
-
maps (14)
-
marine geology (1)
-
marine installations (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Dawson Canyon Formation (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Smartville Complex (1)
-
Upper Jurassic (1)
-
-
Triassic
-
Upper Triassic
-
Karmutsen Group (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (2)
-
-
metal ores
-
base metals (2)
-
copper ores (2)
-
lithium ores (1)
-
niobium ores (1)
-
palladium ores (1)
-
platinum ores (1)
-
polymetallic ores (1)
-
pyrite ores (1)
-
rare earth deposits (1)
-
titanium ores (1)
-
zinc ores (2)
-
zirconium ores (1)
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
uranium (1)
-
-
alkali metals
-
cesium (6)
-
lithium
-
Li-7/Li-6 (1)
-
-
potassium (2)
-
rubidium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
sodium (2)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (1)
-
-
calcium (3)
-
magnesium (2)
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (1)
-
-
antimony (1)
-
arsenic (3)
-
bismuth (1)
-
cadmium (1)
-
chromium (2)
-
cobalt (3)
-
copper (5)
-
gallium (1)
-
hafnium (2)
-
iron
-
ferric iron (3)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
-
manganese (3)
-
mercury (1)
-
molybdenum (1)
-
nickel (5)
-
niobium (4)
-
platinum group
-
palladium ores (1)
-
platinum ores (1)
-
-
rare earths
-
lanthanum (1)
-
lutetium (2)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (2)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (3)
-
-
scandium (1)
-
ytterbium (1)
-
yttrium (2)
-
-
tantalum (5)
-
tin (1)
-
titanium (6)
-
vanadium (1)
-
zirconium (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (1)
-
gneisses
-
sillimanite gneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (3)
-
marbles
-
ophicalcite (1)
-
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (1)
-
metabasite (1)
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (2)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metalimestone (1)
-
metapelite (15)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (1)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (9)
-
migmatites (4)
-
mylonites
-
ultramylonite (1)
-
-
phyllites (1)
-
phyllonites (1)
-
quartzites (1)
-
schists
-
blueschist (1)
-
-
slates (6)
-
-
metamorphism (68)
-
metasomatism (9)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (9)
-
mineral exploration (3)
-
mineralogy (47)
-
minerals (22)
-
Mohorovicic discontinuity (1)
-
nitrogen (2)
-
noble gases
-
helium (1)
-
radon (1)
-
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Catskill Mountains (1)
-
Northern Appalachians (24)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Grenville Province (1)
-
-
Peninsular Ranges Batholith (1)
-
-
ocean floors (1)
-
oceanography (1)
-
orogeny (20)
-
oxygen
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (7)
-
-
paleoclimatology (7)
-
paleoecology (12)
-
paleogeography (13)
-
paleomagnetism (4)
-
paleontology (22)
-
Paleozoic
-
Bucksport Formation (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (6)
-
Lower Cambrian (1)
-
Middle Cambrian (4)
-
Upper Cambrian (2)
-
-
Cape Elizabeth Formation (3)
-
Carboniferous
-
Mississippian (1)
-
-
Casco Bay Group (4)
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Coeymans Formation (1)
-
Emsian (3)
-
Gedinnian (1)
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
Manlius Formation (1)
-
Seboomook Formation (2)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (2)
-
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (1)
-
Frasnian (1)
-
Perry Formation (3)
-
-
-
Keyser Limestone (1)
-
Kittery Formation (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Berwick Formation (1)
-
Penobscot Formation (5)
-
-
Merrimack Group (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (2)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Ammonoosuc Volcanics (2)
-
-
Miramichi Group (1)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (2)
-
Caradocian (4)
-
Katian (1)
-
-
-
Permian (7)
-
Rangeley Formation (5)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery (2)
-
Wenlock (1)
-
-
Middle Silurian (2)
-
Perry Mountain Formation (2)
-
Sangerville Formation (3)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (1)
-
Pridoli (1)
-
-
Vassalboro Formation (3)
-
Waterville Formation (9)
-
-
upper Paleozoic (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
miospores
-
pollen (1)
-
-
-
paragenesis (12)
-
permafrost (1)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas (1)
-
-
petrology (52)
-
Phanerozoic (1)
-
phase equilibria (25)
-
phosphorus (1)
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Phaeophyta (2)
-
Rhodophyta
-
Corallinaceae (1)
-
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Lycopsida (1)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
-
Quercus (1)
-
-
Monocotyledoneae
-
Gramineae
-
Spartina
-
Spartina alterniflora (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales (1)
-
-
-
-
plate tectonics (22)
-
pollution (5)
-
Precambrian
-
Stillwater Complex (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Coldbrook Group (1)
-
Dedham Granodiorite (2)
-
Mesoproterozoic (2)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Ediacaran (3)
-
Tonian (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (1)
-
-
-
-
remote sensing (2)
-
sea water (1)
-
sea-floor spreading (1)
-
sea-level changes (13)
-
sedimentary petrology (11)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
limestone (1)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
chert (2)
-
evaporites (1)
-
ironstone (1)
-
phosphate rocks (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
black shale (1)
-
conglomerate (2)
-
marl (1)
-
mudstone (1)
-
porcellanite (1)
-
red beds (3)
-
sandstone (3)
-
shale (1)
-
siltstone (1)
-
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
bedding plane irregularities (1)
-
biogenic structures
-
bioturbation (2)
-
-
planar bedding structures
-
bedding (3)
-
cross-stratification (1)
-
-
soft sediment deformation
-
clastic dikes (1)
-
olistostromes (1)
-
-
-
sedimentation (28)
-
sediments
-
carbonate sediments (1)
-
clastic sediments
-
alluvium (1)
-
clay (2)
-
cobbles (1)
-
diamicton (3)
-
drift (2)
-
gravel (4)
-
mud (3)
-
pebbles (1)
-
sand (6)
-
silt (3)
-
till (10)
-
-
marine sediments (4)
-
peat (8)
-
-
seismology (15)
-
selenium (1)
-
shorelines (5)
-
slope stability (1)
-
soil mechanics (1)
-
soils (1)
-
South America
-
Amazonian Craton (1)
-
Argentina
-
Jujuy Argentina (1)
-
-
Bolivia (1)
-
Brazil
-
Minas Gerais Brazil (2)
-
-
Paraguay (1)
-
Venezuela (1)
-
-
spectroscopy (2)
-
stratigraphy (26)
-
structural analysis (10)
-
structural geology (20)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
-
tectonics
-
neotectonics (4)
-
-
tectonophysics (9)
-
thallophytes (1)
-
United States
-
Alabama (1)
-
Alaska
-
Seward Peninsula (1)
-
-
Atlantic Coastal Plain (3)
-
Bronson Hill Anticlinorium (1)
-
California
-
Northern California (2)
-
San Diego County California (2)
-
Siskiyou County California (1)
-
-
Colorado (1)
-
Connecticut (10)
-
Connecticut Valley (1)
-
Delaware
-
Kent County Delaware (1)
-
-
Eastern U.S.
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Northeastern U.S. (1)
-
-
Florida (1)
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Georgia (1)
-
Idaho
-
Lemhi County Idaho (2)
-
-
Klamath Mountains (2)
-
Maine
-
Androscoggin County Maine (8)
-
Aroostook County Maine (16)
-
Chain Lakes Massif (5)
-
Cumberland County Maine
-
Portland Maine (3)
-
-
Franklin County Maine (27)
-
Hancock County Maine (24)
-
Kennebec County Maine (14)
-
Knox County Maine (10)
-
Lincoln County Maine (6)
-
Norumbega fault zone (8)
-
Oxford County Maine (26)
-
Penobscot Bay (9)
-
Penobscot County Maine (8)
-
Piscataquis County Maine
-
Mount Katahdin (5)
-
-
Sagadahoc County Maine (12)
-
Sebago Batholith (4)
-
Somerset County Maine (8)
-
Waldo County Maine (10)
-
Washington County Maine (14)
-
York County Maine (9)
-
-
Massachusetts
-
Berkshire County Massachusetts
-
Berkshire Hills (1)
-
-
Nantucket County Massachusetts
-
Nantucket Island (1)
-
-
Suffolk County Massachusetts
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Maine
A RECENTLY DISCOVERED TRACHYTE-HOSTED RARE EARTH ELEMENT-NIOBIUM-ZIRCONIUM OCCURRENCE IN NORTHERN MAINE, USA
Drone applications in hydrogeophysics: Recent examples and a vision for the future
ABSTRACT Southeastern New England is largely composed of Ediacaran granitoid and related volcanic rocks formed during the main phase of arc-related magmatism recorded in West Avalonian lithotectonic assemblages extending through Atlantic Canada to eastern Newfoundland. In situ Lu-Hf analyses presented here for zircons from the Dedham, Milford, and Esmond Granites and from the Lynn-Mattapan volcanic complex show a restricted range of εHf values (+2 to +5) and associated Hf- T DM model ages of 1.3–0.9 Ga, assuming felsic crustal sources. The most evolved granites within this suite lie in a belt north and west of the Boston Basin, whereas upfaulted granites on the south, as well as the slightly younger volcanic units, show more juvenile Hf isotopic compositions. Similar inferences have been drawn from previously published Sm-Nd isotopic signatures for several of the same plutons. Collectively, the isotopic compositions and high-precision U-Pb geochronological constraints now available for southeastern New England differ in important respects from patterns in the Mira terrane of Cape Breton Island or the Newfoundland Avalon zone, but they closely resemble those documented in the Cobequid and Antigonish Highlands of mainland Nova Scotia and New Brunswick’s Caledonia terrane. Particularly significant features are similarities between the younger than 912 Ma Westboro Formation in New England and the younger than 945 Ma Gamble Brook Formation in the Cobequid Highlands, both of which yield detrital zircon age spectra consistent with sources on the Timanide margin of Baltica. This relationship provides the starting point for a recent model in which episodic West Avalonian arc magmatism began along the Tonian margin of Baltica and terminated during diachronous late Ediacaran arc-arc collision with the Ganderian margin of Gondwana.
ABSTRACT Avalonia and Ganderia are composite microcontinental fragments in the northern Appalachian orogen likely derived from Gondwanan sources. Avalonia includes numerous Neoproterozoic magmatic arc sequences that represent protracted and episodic subduction-related magmatism before deposition of an Ediacaran–Ordovician cover sequence of mainly siliciclastic rocks. We characterized the nature of the basement on which these arcs were constructed using zircon grains from arc-related magmatic rocks in Atlantic Canada that were analyzed for their Lu-Hf isotope composition. The majority of zircon grains from Avalonia are characterized by initial 176 Hf/ 177 Hf values that are more radiogenic than chondritic uniform reservoir, and calculated crust formation Hf T DM (i.e., depleted mantle) model ages range from 1.2 to 0.8 Ga. These data contrast with those from Ganderia, which show typically positive initial εHf values and Hf T DM model ages that imply magmatism was derived by melting of crustal sources with diverse ages ranging from ca. 1.8 to 1.0 Ga. The positive distribution of initial εHf values along with the pattern of Hf T DM model ages provide a clear record of two distinct subduction systems. Cryogenian–Ediacaran magmatism is interpreted to have resulted from reworking of an evolved Mesoproterozoic crustal component in a long-lived, subduction-dominated accretionary margin along the margin of northern Amazonia. A change in Hf isotope trajectory during the Ediacaran implies a greater contribution of isotopically evolved material consistent with an arc-arc–style collision of Ganderia with Avalonia. The shallow-sloping Hf isotopic pattern for Paleozoic Ganderian magmatism remains continuous for ~200 m.y., consistent with tectonic models of subduction in the Iapetus and Rheic Oceans and episodic accretion of juvenile crustal terranes to Laurentia.