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Format
Article Type
Journal
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Section
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Afar (1)
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Central Africa
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Congo Democratic Republic
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Kivu Congo Democratic Republic
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Nyiragongo (1)
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East Africa
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Afar Depression (1)
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Ethiopia
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Awash Valley (1)
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Fantale (1)
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Kenya (4)
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Tanzania
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Kilimanjaro (1)
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Oldoinyo Lengai (1)
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East African Rift (3)
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Madagascar (2)
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Namib Desert (1)
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North Africa
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Egypt (2)
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Libya
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Morocco
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Rif (2)
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Southern Africa
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Namibia (5)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (2)
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Cape Province region (1)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (1)
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Northern Cape Province South Africa (1)
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North-West Province South Africa
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Witwatersrand (1)
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Zimbabwe
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West Africa
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Cameroon
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Altiplano (3)
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Antarctica
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Arctic region
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Asia
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Far East
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China
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Indonesia
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Java
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Japan
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Usu (1)
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Honshu
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Izu-shichito
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Shimane Japan
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Chhindwara India (1)
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Maharashtra India
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Koyna River (2)
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Narmada River (1)
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Northeastern India
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Meghalaya India (2)
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Orissa India (1)
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Nepal (1)
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Middle East
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TAG hydrothermal field (1)
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South Atlantic
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Azores
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Canary Islands
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Faeroe Islands (9)
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Atlantic region (2)
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Australasia
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Australia
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New South Wales Australia
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Hill End Trough (1)
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Northern Territory Australia (1)
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Tasmania Australia (1)
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Western Australia
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Kambalda Australia (5)
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New Zealand
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Ruapehu (2)
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Baffin Bay (2)
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Canada
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Arctic Archipelago (3)
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Baffin Island (2)
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Maritime Provinces
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New Brunswick (4)
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Nova Scotia
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland (2)
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Ontario
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Algoma District Ontario
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Mamainse Point (1)
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Cochrane District Ontario
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Sudbury Structure (1)
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Timiskaming District Ontario
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Kirkland Lake Ontario (1)
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Quebec
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Abitibi County Quebec
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Gaspe Peninsula (1)
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Magdalen Islands (1)
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Noranda Quebec (1)
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Temiscamingue County Quebec
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Thetford Mines (1)
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Hudson Bay (1)
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Nunavut
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Baffin Island (2)
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Belcher Islands (1)
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Ellesmere Island (1)
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Kaminak Lake (2)
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Sverdrup Islands
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Queen Elizabeth Islands
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Ellesmere Island (1)
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Sverdrup Islands
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Stikinia Terrane (1)
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Ungava (4)
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Western Canada
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British Columbia
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Prince Rupert British Columbia (1)
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Canadian Cordillera (2)
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Manitoba
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Snow Lake Manitoba (2)
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Northwest Territories
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Yukon Territory (1)
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Caribbean region
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West Indies
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Antilles
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Lesser Antilles
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Guadeloupe (1)
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Martinique
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Mount Pelee (3)
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Saint Vincent (3)
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Cascade Range (22)
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Cascadia subduction zone (3)
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Central America
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Costa Rica
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Guatemala
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Channeled Scabland (1)
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Chicxulub Crater (3)
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Colorado River (4)
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Columbia River (5)
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Columbia River basin (4)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Armenia (1)
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Caucasus
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Lesser Caucasus (1)
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Georgian Republic (2)
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Russian Federation
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Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
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Franz Josef Land (2)
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Buryat Russian Federation (1)
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Kamchatka Peninsula
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Sheveluch (1)
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Tolbachik (2)
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation (1)
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Russian Arctic
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Franz Josef Land (2)
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Russian Pacific region (2)
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Sakhalin Russian Federation
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Kuril Islands
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Etorofu Island (1)
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Siberian Platform (4)
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Transbaikalia (1)
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Transcaucasia (1)
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Copper Canyon (1)
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Hawaii
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Honolulu County Hawaii
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Tuscany Italy
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Romania
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France
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Scandinavia
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United Kingdom
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Scotland
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Mull Island (3)
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Firth of Clyde (1)
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Hebrides
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Mull Island (3)
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Highland region Scotland
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Scottish Highlands (2)
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Wales
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Gwynedd Wales
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Pembrokeshire Wales (1)
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Northern Ireland
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Giant's Causeway (1)
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Front Range (2)
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Grand Canyon (7)
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Grays Harbor (1)
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Hartford Basin (3)
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Huanghua Depression (1)
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Indian Ocean
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Arabian Sea (1)
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Great Australian Bight (1)
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Indian Ocean Islands
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Madagascar (2)
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Mascarene Islands
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Reunion
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Piton des Neiges (1)
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Mauritius (2)
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International Ocean Discovery Program (4)
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Lake George (1)
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Thera (3)
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-
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Mediterranean Sea
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West Mediterranean
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Mexico
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Mexico state
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North America
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Northern Appalachians (2)
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Basin and Range Province
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Flin Flon Belt (1)
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Superior Province
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Abitibi Belt (8)
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Wabigoon Belt (1)
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Denali Fault (1)
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Humber Zone (1)
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Keweenawan Rift (6)
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Rio Grande Rift (6)
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Slide Mountain Terrane (1)
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Sonoran Desert (1)
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North Island (7)
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North West Shelf (1)
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Oceania
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Malaita (3)
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Hawaii Island
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Halemaumau Crater (1)
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Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (2)
-
Kilauea (28)
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Kohala (1)
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Mauna Kea (3)
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Mauna Ulu (1)
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Puu Oo (5)
-
-
-
Honolulu County Hawaii
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Oahu (2)
-
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Kauai County Hawaii (1)
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Mauna Loa (16)
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Samoa (1)
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ODP Site 642 (2)
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Owens Valley (2)
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Pacific Coast (5)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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East Pacific Rise (4)
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Loihi Seamount (2)
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Mendocino fracture zone (2)
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Panama Basin (1)
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Southeast Pacific
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Manihiki Plateau (1)
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-
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North Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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-
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South Pacific
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West Pacific
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Ontong Java Plateau (2)
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Southern Ocean
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United States
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Trans-Pecos (3)
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Utah
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (4)
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He-3 (4)
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Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (20)
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O-17/O-16 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (12)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (15)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (12)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (9)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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S-34/S-32 (3)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (35)
-
-
-
large-ion lithophile elements (2)
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metals
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actinides
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thorium
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uranium
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U-238 (1)
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alkali metals
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potassium (5)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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sodium (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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beryllium
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Be-10 (3)
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calcium (1)
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magnesium (6)
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radium
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Ra-226 (2)
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Th-230/Ra-226 (1)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (35)
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-
-
aluminum
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Al-26 (1)
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bismuth (1)
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copper (2)
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gold (1)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (2)
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-
iron
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Fe-56/Fe-54 (1)
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ferric iron (2)
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ferrous iron (1)
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-
lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (15)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (12)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (9)
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Pb-210 (1)
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manganese (1)
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platinum group
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polonium
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Po-210 (1)
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precious metals (4)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-142 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (20)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (2)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (2)
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ytterbium (1)
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silver (1)
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noble gases
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argon (2)
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helium
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He-3 (4)
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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neon (1)
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radon (1)
-
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oxygen
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O-17/O-16 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (12)
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phosphorus (2)
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S-34/S-32 (3)
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trace metals (1)
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-
fossils
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Tetrapoda
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Reptilia
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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dinosaurs (2)
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-
-
-
-
-
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Invertebrata
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Scleractinia
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Porites (1)
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-
-
-
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Mollusca
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Protista
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Foraminifera (4)
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lichens (1)
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Plantae
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Pteridophyta
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-
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Spermatophyta
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales (1)
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-
-
-
-
geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (1)
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Ar/Ar (73)
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K/Ar (57)
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optically stimulated luminescence (1)
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tree rings (1)
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U/Pb (24)
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uranium disequilibrium (3)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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Pleistocene
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Matuyama Chron (1)
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upper Quaternary
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Brunhes Chron (2)
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-
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Tertiary
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John Day Formation (1)
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lower Tertiary (1)
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middle Tertiary (2)
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Muddy Creek Formation (1)
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Neogene
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Deschutes Formation (1)
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Miocene
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Columbia River Basalt Group (51)
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Ellensburg Formation (1)
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Frenchman Springs Member (5)
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Grande Ronde Basalt (17)
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lower Miocene (4)
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middle Miocene (4)
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Ngorora Formation (1)
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Picture Gorge Basalt (4)
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Saddle Mountains Basalt (10)
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upper Miocene (11)
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Wanapum Basalt (10)
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Yakima Basalt (4)
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-
Pliocene
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lower Pliocene (2)
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upper Pliocene (2)
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Tesuque Formation (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
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Clarno Formation (2)
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lower Eocene
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Thebes Formation (1)
-
-
middle Eocene (1)
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upper Eocene
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Cowlitz Formation (1)
-
-
-
lower Paleogene (1)
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Oligocene
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upper Oligocene (1)
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-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
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Danian (2)
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K-T boundary (4)
-
-
upper Paleocene (1)
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-
-
Shahejie Formation (1)
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upper Tertiary (6)
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upper Cenozoic
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Newer Volcanics (1)
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-
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Lake Bonneville (1)
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Laurentide ice sheet (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Bagh Beds (1)
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K-T boundary (4)
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Lameta Formation (1)
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Maestrichtian (1)
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-
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Great Valley Sequence (1)
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Jurassic
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Aztec Sandstone (1)
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Lower Jurassic
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Middle Jurassic
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Upper Jurassic
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Bowser Lake Group (1)
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lower Mesozoic (1)
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Serra Geral Formation (4)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
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Middle Triassic (1)
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Upper Triassic
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Karmutsen Group (1)
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MIS 2 (1)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian (1)
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Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Asbian (1)
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Dinantian (3)
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Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
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Tournaisian (1)
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean
-
upper Visean (1)
-
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (3)
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
middle Paleozoic (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Darriwilian (1)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Caradocian (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian (1)
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
-
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian (1)
-
-
upper Paleozoic (1)
-
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Amisk Group (2)
-
Bulawayan Group (1)
-
Mesoarchean (1)
-
Neoarchean
-
Dharwar Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
Bijawar System (1)
-
Catoctin Formation (1)
-
Cuddapah System (2)
-
Hadean (1)
-
Missi Group (2)
-
North Shore Volcanics (3)
-
Osler Series (1)
-
Pongola Supergroup (1)
-
Unkar Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Keweenawan
-
Copper Harbor Conglomerate (2)
-
Portage Lake Lava Series (1)
-
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Apache Group (1)
-
Helikian
-
Neohelikian (1)
-
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Hadrynian (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Aphebian
-
Hurwitz Group (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Ventersdorp Supergroup (3)
-
-
Rhenohercynian (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
agglutinates (1)
-
extrusive rocks (2)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (4)
-
granophyre (1)
-
hypabyssal rocks (3)
-
peperite (6)
-
picrite (7)
-
plutonic rocks
-
alnoite (1)
-
anorthosite (1)
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites (2)
-
gabbros
-
troctolite (1)
-
-
granites
-
alkali granites (1)
-
felsite (1)
-
monzogranite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (2)
-
lamprophyres
-
minette (1)
-
-
monzonites (2)
-
pegmatite (1)
-
syenites
-
albitite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
harzburgite (1)
-
lherzolite (3)
-
spinel peridotite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry
-
vitrophyre (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites
-
boninite (1)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
alkali olivine basalt (7)
-
hawaiite (6)
-
mugearite (2)
-
spilite (3)
-
trachybasalts (5)
-
-
columnar basalt (4)
-
flood basalts (55)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (17)
-
ocean-island basalts (8)
-
olivine basalt (1)
-
olivine tholeiite (1)
-
shoshonite (7)
-
tholeiite (12)
-
tholeiitic basalt (11)
-
trap rocks (7)
-
-
basanite
-
ankaramite (2)
-
-
benmoreite (1)
-
dacites (26)
-
glasses
-
obsidian (7)
-
palagonite (2)
-
perlite (1)
-
pitchstone (1)
-
volcanic glass (8)
-
-
keratophyre
-
quartz keratophyre (1)
-
-
komatiite (20)
-
latite (2)
-
leucitite (1)
-
limburgite (1)
-
nephelinite (3)
-
phonolites (9)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (10)
-
hyaloclastite (9)
-
ignimbrite (17)
-
pumice (14)
-
rhyolite tuff (1)
-
scoria (19)
-
tuff (41)
-
tuffite (1)
-
welded tuff (2)
-
-
rhyodacites (7)
-
rhyolites
-
pantellerite (1)
-
-
trachyandesites
-
absarokite (1)
-
-
trachytes (10)
-
vitrophyre (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (2)
-
volcanic ash (15)
-
wehrlite (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
eclogite (1)
-
granulites (1)
-
hornfels (1)
-
marbles
-
ophicalcite (1)
-
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (5)
-
metadacite (1)
-
metagabbro (1)
-
metakomatiite (4)
-
metatuff (1)
-
serpentinite (2)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metapelite (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (2)
-
skarn (1)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (16)
-
migmatites (1)
-
schists (1)
-
-
ophiolite (2)
-
turbidite (3)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
stony meteorites
-
achondrites
-
Martian meteorites
-
SNC Meteorites
-
nakhlite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys (1)
-
carbonates
-
aragonite (1)
-
Iceland spar (1)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides (1)
-
-
minerals (9)
-
native elements (1)
-
oxides
-
aluminum oxides (1)
-
chromite (1)
-
gibbsite (1)
-
goethite (1)
-
hematite (3)
-
ilmenite (1)
-
iron oxides (3)
-
magnetite (9)
-
perovskite (1)
-
pseudobrookite (1)
-
spinel (2)
-
titanomagnetite (3)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (6)
-
monazite (1)
-
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
aenigmatite group
-
sapphirine (1)
-
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
hornblende (1)
-
kaersutite (2)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
augite (3)
-
diopside (1)
-
pigeonite (3)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (1)
-
hypersthene (1)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (1)
-
anorthoclase (2)
-
cryptoperthite (1)
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
sanidine (4)
-
-
plagioclase
-
anorthite (1)
-
-
-
silica minerals
-
amethyst (2)
-
chalcedony (1)
-
quartz (4)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (1)
-
clinoptilolite (2)
-
heulandite (1)
-
laumontite (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
olivine group
-
fayalite (1)
-
forsterite (4)
-
laihunite (1)
-
olivine (18)
-
peridot (1)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (18)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
epidote (2)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
cordierite (1)
-
milarite group
-
osumilite (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
clay minerals
-
allophane (1)
-
halloysite (1)
-
nontronite (2)
-
saponite (1)
-
smectite (4)
-
vermiculite (1)
-
-
mica group
-
biotite (2)
-
celadonite (2)
-
glauconite (1)
-
muscovite (1)
-
phlogopite (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (2)
-
anhydrite (1)
-
barite (1)
-
gypsum (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
chalcopyrite (2)
-
galena (1)
-
molybdenite (1)
-
nickel sulfides (2)
-
sphalerite (2)
-
-
wehrlite (2)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (155)
-
Africa
-
Afar (1)
-
Central Africa
-
Congo Democratic Republic
-
Kivu Congo Democratic Republic
-
Nyiragongo (1)
-
-
-
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (1)
-
Ethiopia
-
Awash Valley (1)
-
Fantale (1)
-
-
Kenya (4)
-
Tanzania
-
Kilimanjaro (1)
-
Oldoinyo Lengai (1)
-
-
-
East African Rift (3)
-
Gregory Rift (1)
-
Madagascar (2)
-
Namib Desert (1)
-
North Africa
-
Egypt (2)
-
Libya
-
Garian Libya (1)
-
-
Morocco
-
Rif (2)
-
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Botswana (1)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (2)
-
Karoo Basin (2)
-
Lesotho (2)
-
Namibia (5)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (2)
-
Cape Province region (1)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (1)
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa (1)
-
North-West Province South Africa
-
Ventersdorp South Africa (1)
-
-
Witwatersrand (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe
-
Belingwe greenstone belt (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Cameroon
-
Lake Nyos (1)
-
Mount Cameroon (2)
-
-
Nigeria
-
Niger Delta (1)
-
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
Amundsen Sea (1)
-
Antarctic Peninsula
-
Graham Land (1)
-
Larsen Ice Shelf (1)
-
-
East Antarctica (2)
-
James Ross Island (2)
-
Queen Maud Land (1)
-
Ross Island (1)
-
South Shetland Islands
-
Deception Island (2)
-
-
Transantarctic Mountains
-
Queen Maud Range (1)
-
-
West Antarctica (1)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Alpha Cordillera (1)
-
Amerasia Basin (1)
-
Barents Sea (1)
-
Lomonosov Ridge (1)
-
Norwegian Sea
-
More Basin (1)
-
Voring Basin (2)
-
Voring Plateau (3)
-
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
East Greenland (2)
-
-
Russian Arctic
-
Franz Josef Land (2)
-
-
Svalbard (2)
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Saudi Arabia (3)
-
-
Buryat Russian Federation (1)
-
Central Asia (1)
-
Far East
-
China
-
Bohaiwan Basin (1)
-
Datong China (1)
-
Heilongjiang China (1)
-
Inner Mongolia China (1)
-
Jilin China (2)
-
Kunlun Mountains (1)
-
Shanxi China (1)
-
Sichuan China (2)
-
Songliao Basin (3)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Tarim Basin (1)
-
-
Xizang China (1)
-
Yangtze Platform (1)
-
Yunnan China
-
Tengchong (1)
-
-
-
Indonesia
-
Java
-
Merapi (1)
-
-
-
Japan
-
Hokkaido
-
Usu (1)
-
-
Honshu
-
Izu-shichito
-
Izu-Oshima
-
Mount Mihara (1)
-
-
-
Shimane Japan
-
Oki Islands (1)
-
-
-
Kyushu
-
Kagoshima Japan
-
Sakura-jima (1)
-
-
Kirishima (1)
-
Nagasaki Japan
-
Unzen (2)
-
-
-
-
Mongolia
-
Hangay Mountains (1)
-
-
Philippine Islands
-
Luzon (1)
-
-
Taiwan
-
Taipei Taiwan (1)
-
Tatun Shan (1)
-
-
Vietnam (1)
-
-
Himalayas
-
Lesser Himalayas (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Godavari River (1)
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India
-
Cuddapah Basin (3)
-
Rajahmundry India (3)
-
-
Bastar Craton (1)
-
Bihar India (1)
-
Deccan Plateau (11)
-
Dharwar Craton (1)
-
Ghats
-
Western Ghats (5)
-
-
Gujarat India
-
Kutch India (1)
-
Saurashtra (4)
-
-
Karnataka India
-
Chitradurga schist belt (2)
-
-
Madhya Pradesh India
-
Chhindwara India (1)
-
-
Maharashtra India
-
Koyna River (2)
-
Lonar Crater (1)
-
Mumbai India (4)
-
Poona India (2)
-
-
Narmada River (1)
-
Narmada Valley (2)
-
Narmada-Son Lineament (1)
-
Northeastern India
-
Meghalaya India (2)
-
-
Orissa India (1)
-
Rajasthan India
-
Barmer India (1)
-
-
Sagar India (1)
-
Satpura Range (1)
-
Uttar Pradesh India
-
Mirzapur India (1)
-
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Kashmir (1)
-
-
Nepal (1)
-
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula
-
Sheveluch (1)
-
Tolbachik (2)
-
-
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Middle East
-
Iran
-
Elburz (1)
-
-
Turkey
-
Anatolia (6)
-
North Anatolian Fault (2)
-
-
-
Qiangtang Terrane (1)
-
Russian Pacific region (2)
-
Sakhalin Russian Federation
-
Kuril Islands
-
Etorofu Island (1)
-
-
-
Sayan
-
Eastern Sayan (1)
-
-
Siberia (2)
-
Siberian Platform (4)
-
Tibetan Plateau (1)
-
Tien Shan (1)
-
Transbaikalia (1)
-
Tunguska Syneclise (1)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
East Atlantic (1)
-
Equatorial Atlantic (1)
-
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
-
Atlantis Massif
-
Lost City hydrothermal field (1)
-
-
TAG hydrothermal field (1)
-
-
North Atlantic
-
Atlantis fracture zone (1)
-
Atlantis Massif
-
Lost City hydrothermal field (1)
-
-
Bay of Fundy (1)
-
Caribbean Sea (1)
-
Faeroe-Shetland Basin (3)
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
Kane fracture zone (1)
-
Labrador Sea (2)
-
Northeast Atlantic (3)
-
Northwest Atlantic (1)
-
Rockall Plateau (1)
-
Rockall Trough (1)
-
TAG hydrothermal field (1)
-
-
South Atlantic
-
Santos Basin (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Ascension Island (1)
-
Azores
-
Faial Island (1)
-
Sao Miguel Island (3)
-
Terceira Island (1)
-
-
Bermuda (1)
-
Canary Islands
-
Gomera (1)
-
Grand Canary (2)
-
Tenerife
-
Teide (2)
-
-
-
Faeroe Islands (9)
-
Tristan da Cunha (1)
-
-
Atlantic region (2)
-
atmosphere (5)
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
New South Wales Australia
-
Hill End Trough (1)
-
-
Northern Territory Australia (1)
-
Tasmania Australia (1)
-
Western Australia
-
Kambalda Australia (5)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Ruapehu (2)
-
Taranaki New Zealand
-
Mount Egmont (1)
-
-
Taupo (1)
-
Taupo volcanic zone (1)
-
Waihi New Zealand (1)
-
-
-
barite deposits (1)
-
bauxite deposits (1)
-
biogeography (2)
-
Canada
-
Arctic Archipelago (3)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Baffin Island (2)
-
Belcher Islands (1)
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick (4)
-
Nova Scotia
-
Annapolis County Nova Scotia (1)
-
Cobequid Highlands (1)
-
-
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland (2)
-
-
Ontario
-
Algoma District Ontario
-
Mamainse Point (1)
-
-
Cochrane District Ontario
-
Kidd Creek Mine (1)
-
Timmins Ontario (1)
-
-
Sudbury Structure (1)
-
Timiskaming District Ontario
-
Kirkland Lake Ontario (1)
-
-
-
Quebec
-
Abitibi County Quebec
-
Chibougamau Quebec (1)
-
-
Gaspe Peninsula (1)
-
Magdalen Islands (1)
-
Noranda Quebec (1)
-
Temiscamingue County Quebec
-
Rouyn Quebec (1)
-
-
Thetford Mines (1)
-
-
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
Hudson Bay Lowlands (1)
-
Nunavut
-
Baffin Island (2)
-
Belcher Islands (1)
-
Ellesmere Island (1)
-
Kaminak Lake (2)
-
Sverdrup Islands
-
Axel Heiberg Island (1)
-
-
-
Queen Elizabeth Islands
-
Ellesmere Island (1)
-
Sverdrup Islands
-
Axel Heiberg Island (1)
-
-
-
Stikinia Terrane (1)
-
Ungava (4)
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia
-
Bowser Basin (1)
-
Prince Rupert British Columbia (1)
-
Vancouver British Columbia (1)
-
Vancouver Island (1)
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
Coppermine River (1)
-
Manitoba
-
Flin Flon Manitoba (2)
-
Snow Lake Manitoba (2)
-
-
Northwest Territories
-
Great Slave Lake (1)
-
-
Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (4)
-
C-14 (16)
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Guadeloupe (1)
-
Martinique
-
Mount Pelee (3)
-
-
Saint Vincent (3)
-
Soufriere (3)
-
-
-
-
-
Cenozoic
-
lower Cenozoic (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (3)
-
upper Holocene (15)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Bandelier Tuff (1)
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
-
Lake Missoula (1)
-
lower Pleistocene (3)
-
Matuyama Chron (1)
-
middle Pleistocene (4)
-
upper Pleistocene (13)
-
-
upper Quaternary
-
Brunhes Chron (2)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
John Day Formation (1)
-
lower Tertiary (1)
-
middle Tertiary (2)
-
Muddy Creek Formation (1)
-
Neogene
-
Deschutes Formation (1)
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (51)
-
Ellensburg Formation (1)
-
Frenchman Springs Member (5)
-
Grande Ronde Basalt (17)
-
lower Miocene (4)
-
middle Miocene (4)
-
Ngorora Formation (1)
-
Picture Gorge Basalt (4)
-
Saddle Mountains Basalt (10)
-
upper Miocene (11)
-
Wanapum Basalt (10)
-
Yakima Basalt (4)
-
-
Pliocene
-
lower Pliocene (2)
-
upper Pliocene (2)
-
-
Tesuque Formation (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Clarno Formation (2)
-
lower Eocene
-
Thebes Formation (1)
-
-
middle Eocene (1)
-
upper Eocene
-
Cowlitz Formation (1)
-
-
-
lower Paleogene (1)
-
Oligocene
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (2)
-
K-T boundary (4)
-
-
upper Paleocene (1)
-
-
-
Shahejie Formation (1)
-
upper Tertiary (6)
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Newer Volcanics (1)
-
-
-
Central America
-
Costa Rica
-
Irazu (1)
-
-
El Salvador (1)
-
Guatemala
-
Pacaya (1)
-
Santiaguito (4)
-
-
Nicaragua (3)
-
Panama (2)
-
-
chemical analysis (3)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Tetrapoda
-
Reptilia
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
dinosaurs (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (1)
-
climate change (6)
-
construction materials
-
building stone (1)
-
-
continental drift (1)
-
continental shelf (2)
-
core (1)
-
crust (60)
-
crystal chemistry (3)
-
crystal growth (11)
-
crystal structure (5)
-
dams (7)
-
data processing (31)
-
Deep Sea Drilling Project
-
IPOD
-
Leg 81 (1)
-
-
Leg 28 (1)
-
-
deformation (31)
-
diagenesis (6)
-
diamond deposits (1)
-
Earth (2)
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Ocean Drilling Program
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Leg 104 (3)
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ocean floors (26)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
lava flows
The tectonostratigraphic evolution of a Miocene half-graben, Kerio Valley Basin, East African Rift of Kenya: analysis of a 3 km thick volcano-sedimentary succession Open Access
Late-stage microstructures in Chang’E-5 basalt and implications for the evolution of lunar ferrobasalt Available to Purchase
Emplacement and landscape controls on ancient submarine volcanism: 3D seismic geomorphological analysis of Cretaceous volcanic activity in the Browse Basin, Australian North West Shelf Available to Purchase
Effusive volcanic microcosm of a regional ignimbrite flare-up: Prolonged life cycle of the Chaxas Complex, northern Chile, and its influence on modern volcanic arc character Available to Purchase
The transition of the magma plumbing system of Tianchi shield-forming basalts, Changbaishan Volcanic Field, NE China: Constraints from dynamic Fe-Mg diffusion modeling in olivine Available to Purchase
Cenozoic Intracontinental Reactivation of the Central Indian Tectonic Zone Available to Purchase
Real-time, in situ viscosity mapping of active lava Available to Purchase
From flow to furnace: Low viscosity of three-phase lavas measured at Kīlauea 2018 eruption conditions Open Access
Mega-boulders and ignimbrite remnants on the Late Eocene Erosion Surface, southern Front Range, Colorado: Implications for the emergence of the Puma Hills Available to Purchase
Mantle melting in regions of thick continental lithosphere: Examples from Late Cretaceous and younger volcanic rocks, Southern Rocky Mountains, Colorado (USA) Open Access
Lava flow-hosted reservoirs: a review Open Access
Abstract Lava flows form important fluid reservoirs and have been extensively exploited for water aquifers, geothermal energy, hydrocarbon production and, more recently, for carbon storage. Effusive subaerial mafic to intermediate lava flows account for vast rock volumes globally, and form reservoirs with properties dictated by well-known lava flow facies ranging from pāhoehoe through several transitional forms to ‘a’ā lava. These variations in flow type lead to critical differences in the pore structure, distribution, connectivity, strength and fracturing of individual lava flows, which, alongside lava flow package architectures, determine primary reservoir potential. Lava flow margins with vesicular, fracture and often autobreccia-hosted pore structures can have porosities commonly exceeding 40% and matrix permeabilities over 10 −11 m 2 (>10 D) separated by much lower porosity and permeability flow interiors. Secondary post-emplacement physicochemical changes related to fracturing, meteoric, diagenetic and hydrothermal alteration can significantly modify reservoir potential through a complex interplay of mineral transformation, pore-clogging secondary minerals and dissolution, which must be carefully characterized and assessed during exploration and appraisal. Within this contribution, a review of selected global lava flow-hosted reservoir occurrences is presented, followed by a discussion of the factors that influence lava flow reservoir potential.
The architecture of basalt reservoirs in the North Atlantic Igneous Province with implications for basalt carbon sequestration Open Access
Abstract Offshore CO 2 sequestration in basaltic formations of the North Atlantic Igneous Province may allow permanent storage of large volumes of CO 2 through rapid carbonate mineralization. Characterizing the internal architecture of such reservoirs is key to assessing the storage potential. In this study, six photogrammetry models and three boreholes on the Faroe Islands have been used to characterize the internal lava sequence architectures as a direct analogue to potential offshore North Atlantic Igneous Province storage sites. The studied formations are dominated by c. 5 to 50 m thick simple and compound lava flows, with drill core observations documenting a transition from pāhoehoe moving towards ‘a’ā lava flow types interbedded with thin (<5 m thick) volcaniclastic rock units. The identification of flow margin breccias is potentially important as these units form excellent reservoirs in several other localities globally. Stacked, thick simple flows may present sealing units associated with dense flow interiors. Connected porous and permeable lava flow crusts present potential reservoirs; however, the degree of secondary mineralization and alteration can alter initially good reservoir units to impermeable barriers for fluid flow. Large-scale reservoir volumes may be present mainly within both vesicular, fractured pāhoehoe and brecciated flow margins of transitional simple lava flows.
Evaluating reservoir properties and seal capacities of volcaniclastic rocks for hydrocarbon containment and their application to CO 2 storage Available to Purchase
Abstract Volcaniclastic rocks are commonly overlooked as reservoirs or seals in hydrocarbon plays because their compositions are variably unstable and reactive during burial diagenesis. This study investigated the petrography and petrophysical characteristics of 60 volcaniclastic and four siliciclastic samples from three Paleogene volcanic provinces – East Greenland, Faroe Islands and Ethiopia. The volcaniclastic samples have highly variable helium porosities (average 25.2%), but negligible total optical porosities (average 1.9%), implying reduced reservoir potential. The samples have, however, highly variable air permeabilities (average 11 mD), suggesting that they could make tight reservoirs. The permeabilities are related to either early calcite cements or the devitrification of volcanic glass. Mercury injection capillary pressure data were collected for a subset of 33 samples that at leakage/breakthrough saturations could, under near-surface conditions, hold oil column heights of between 4 and 1181 m (average 240 m). The best seals consistently have zeolite contents of >20 vol% owing to their small pore throat radii. Conversely, the worst seals are dominated by smectite and a conspicuous absence of zeolite minerals. The zeolite-rich volcaniclastic rocks could, therefore, make good shallow seals. These features also apply to CO 2 storage, but questions remain about the reactivity of the volcanic material and secondary minerals with injected CO 2 , but also the adsorbent properties of zeolites, particularly clinoptilolite, in the presence of CO 2 .
Rapid loading and deformation of soft sediments during emplacement of a lava delta in the Vøring Basin, Mid-Norwegian Margin Available to Purchase
Abstract Soft sediment deformation structures may form when denser sediments or fluids are deposited on or flow over unlithified and less dense sediments. This study presents a seismic geomorphological study of the basal contact between an extrusive volcanic sequence and underlying sediments, defining the ‘Base Basalt’ surface, on the Mid-Norwegian Margin. This contribution focuses in particular on the development of geomorphological features related to the rapid loading of a several 100 m-thick lava delta package of hyaloclastite onto poorly consolidated sediments of the pre-volcanic sedimentary basin fill. Seismic horizons, sequence boundaries, volcanic facies units and attribute maps are used to characterize the seismic geomorphological features imaged within a high-quality 3D seismic cube. The ‘Base Basalt’ horizon and attribute maps reveal incised channels and a network of polygonal to irregular depressions and ridges described here as an ‘egg-box network’. More than 150 depressions, with a typical diameter of 1 km and a depth of 100 m, have been mapped. The deformation features, which are restricted to the base of the Lava Delta seismic facies unit, are interpreted to be the result of rapid loading of the Lava Delta onto poorly consolidated unlithified pre-volcanic sediments. This study presents new evidence for the dynamic nature of the transition between sedimentary basins and large-scale volcanism found along volcanic margins and basins associated with rapid volcanic deposition.