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Format
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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Congo Basin (1)
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East Africa
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Kenya (1)
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Tanzania (1)
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East African Rift (1)
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Kalahari Desert (2)
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North Africa
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Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (4)
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High Atlas (1)
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Morocco
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (4)
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Rif (1)
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Nubian Shield (1)
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Southern Africa
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Kalahari Craton (4)
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Namaqualand (1)
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South Africa
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Zimbabwe (1)
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West Africa
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Guinea (1)
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Mauritanides (2)
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Alexander Terrane (6)
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Antarctica
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Amundsen Sea (1)
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Victoria Land (3)
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Arctic Ocean
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Arctic region
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Russian Arctic
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Asia
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Central Asia
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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West Siberia
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Yakutia Russian Federation
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Atlantic Ocean
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Unst (2)
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Atlantic region (13)
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Australasia
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Australia
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Broken Hill Block (2)
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South Australia
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Tasmania Australia (5)
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Western Australia
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Canning Basin (1)
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Avalon Zone (14)
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Caledonides (83)
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Canada
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Arctic Archipelago (20)
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Maritime Provinces
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Ontario
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Keewatin Ontario (1)
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Manitoulin District Ontario
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Timiskaming District Ontario
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Ottawa Valley (1)
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Quebec
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Anticosti Island (8)
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Gaspe Peninsula (7)
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Kamouraska County Quebec (1)
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Lac-Saint-Jean-Ouest County Quebec (1)
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Levis County Quebec (1)
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Manicouagan Crater (1)
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Manicouagan Lake (2)
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Manicouagan River (1)
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Monteregian Hills (1)
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Montreal and Jesus Islands County Quebec
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Montreal Quebec (1)
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Saguenay County Quebec (1)
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Thetford Mines (1)
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Elzevir Terrane (5)
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Hudson Bay (1)
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Mackenzie Mountains (12)
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Nunavut
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Baffin Island (6)
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Ellesmere Island (11)
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Sverdrup Basin (4)
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Sverdrup Islands
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Axel Heiberg Island (1)
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Ellef Ringnes Island (1)
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-
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Queen Elizabeth Islands
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Ellesmere Island (11)
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Parry Islands (4)
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Sverdrup Basin (4)
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Sverdrup Islands
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Axel Heiberg Island (1)
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Ellef Ringnes Island (1)
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Ungava (1)
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Western Canada
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Alberta
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Alberta Basin (1)
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Athabasca Basin (2)
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British Columbia
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Cariboo Mountains (1)
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Kimberley British Columbia (1)
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Canadian Cordillera (18)
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Crowsnest Pass (2)
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Manitoba
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Flin Flon Manitoba (1)
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Northwest Territories
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Reindeer Zone (1)
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Saskatchewan (4)
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Yukon Territory
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Cascade Range (1)
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Coast Ranges (1)
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Colorado River (1)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Kazakhstan (2)
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Russian Federation
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Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
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Novaya Zemlya (1)
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Chukotka Russian Federation
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Chukchi Peninsula (1)
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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Northern Urals (1)
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Okhotsk-Chukchi (1)
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Russian Arctic
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Franz Josef Land (1)
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New Siberian Islands (2)
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Novaya Zemlya (1)
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Severnaya Zemlya (1)
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Wrangel Island (1)
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Siberian Platform
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Anabar Shield (2)
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Yenisei Ridge (2)
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Western Transbaikalia (1)
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Yakutia Russian Federation
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Anabar Shield (2)
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New Siberian Islands (2)
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Turanian Platform (1)
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Turkmenia
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Karakum (1)
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Ukraine (1)
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Urals
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Northern Urals (1)
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Novaya Zemlya (1)
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Southern Urals (1)
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West Siberia
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Severnaya Zemlya (1)
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Cornwallis Island (4)
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Cortez Mountains (1)
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Dunnage Melange (1)
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Dunnage Zone (8)
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El Paso Mountains (1)
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Eurasia (2)
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Europe
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Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
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Novaya Zemlya (1)
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Baltic region
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Estonia
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Carpathians (1)
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Central Europe
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Czech Republic
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Bohemian Basin (1)
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Poland
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Swiety Krzyz Mountains (1)
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Sudetic Basin (1)
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Fennoscandia (2)
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Fennoscandian Shield (4)
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Lublin Basin (1)
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Portugal (1)
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Spain
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Aragon Spain
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Ukraine (1)
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Variscides (6)
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Western Europe
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France
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Armorican Massif (5)
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Scandinavia
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Lofoten Islands (3)
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Sweden
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United Kingdom
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Outer Hebrides (1)
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Highland region Scotland
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Moine thrust zone (12)
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Wales
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Northern Ireland (7)
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Fairview Peak (1)
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Appalachians
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Piedmont
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Southern Appalachians (34)
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Basin and Range Province
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Great Basin (14)
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Belt Basin (5)
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Canadian Shield
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Rae Province (5)
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Central Metasedimentary Belt (8)
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Slave Province (5)
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Taltson magmatic zone (2)
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Denali Fault (1)
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Great Lakes
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Great Lakes region (2)
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Humber Zone (13)
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Keweenawan Rift (6)
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Lake Superior region (5)
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Michigan Basin (4)
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North American Cordillera
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Canadian Cordillera (18)
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North American Craton (4)
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Ogilvie Mountains (2)
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Pedregosa Basin (1)
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Rocky Mountains
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Canadian Rocky Mountains (3)
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Bighorn Mountains (1)
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Bridger Range (2)
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Laramie Mountains (1)
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Saint Lawrence Lowlands (3)
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Transcontinental Arch (2)
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North Australian Craton (3)
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Arkansas
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California
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Connecticut
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Eastern U.S.
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Southeastern U.S. (4)
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Florida
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Georgia
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Cherokee County Georgia (1)
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Idaho
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-
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Kansas
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Massachusetts
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Suffolk County Massachusetts
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-
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Merrimack Synclinorium (1)
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Michigan
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Missouri
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Mojave Desert (8)
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Montana
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Tennessee
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Texas
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Utah
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Vermont
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Virginia
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Washington
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Wyoming
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Wyoming Province (16)
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Victoria Island (4)
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commodities
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elements, isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (36)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
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stable isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (5)
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C-13/C-12 (36)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (16)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (38)
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O-18/O-16 (24)
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (9)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (7)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
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S-34/S-32 (2)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (12)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (25)
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-
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large-ion lithophile elements (1)
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Lu/Hf (20)
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metals
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actinides
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uranium
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U-238/Pb-204 (1)
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-
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alkali metals
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potassium (1)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
-
-
-
alkaline earth metals
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barium (2)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (25)
-
-
-
aluminum (1)
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hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (16)
-
-
iron (2)
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (9)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (7)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
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U-238/Pb-204 (1)
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mercury (1)
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niobium (3)
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platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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platinum ores (1)
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rare earths
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europium (1)
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lanthanum (4)
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lutetium (1)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (38)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (12)
-
-
samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (12)
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ytterbium (3)
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yttrium (1)
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tantalum (1)
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titanium (1)
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zirconium (2)
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (5)
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-
-
oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (24)
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phosphorus (1)
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silicon (1)
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sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (2)
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-
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fossils
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borings (1)
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burrows (1)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces (1)
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Cloudina (1)
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coprolites (1)
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eukaryotes (3)
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fungi (1)
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Graptolithina
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Graptoloidea (3)
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Hemichordata (2)
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ichnofossils
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Cruziana (1)
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Thalassinoides (2)
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Invertebrata
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Archaeocyatha (5)
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Merostomata
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Eurypterida (2)
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-
-
Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Branchiopoda (1)
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Ostracoda
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Paleocopida (1)
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-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Agnostida (3)
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Corynexochida (1)
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Lichida (1)
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Odontopleurida (1)
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Phacopida
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Phacopina (1)
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-
Ptychopariida (2)
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Redlichiida (2)
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-
-
-
Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Orthida (2)
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Pentamerida (5)
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Rhynchonellida
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Rhynchonellidae (1)
-
-
-
Inarticulata (4)
-
-
Bryozoa (5)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Octocorallia (1)
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Zoantharia
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Rugosa (1)
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Tabulata (2)
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-
-
-
Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (2)
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Eocrinoidea (2)
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-
Echinozoa
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Cyclocystoidea (1)
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Ophiocistioidea (1)
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-
Homalozoa
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Stylophora (1)
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-
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Cyrtodontida (1)
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-
Cephalopoda
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Ammonoidea
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Goniatitida
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Goniatitidae
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Goniatites (1)
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-
-
-
Nautiloidea (3)
-
-
Gastropoda (6)
-
Hyolithes (3)
-
-
Porifera
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Calcarea
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Sphinctozoa (2)
-
-
Demospongea (2)
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Stromatoporoidea (2)
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-
Protista
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Foraminifera (1)
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Radiolaria (2)
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-
Vermes
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Annelida (2)
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Polychaeta (2)
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scolecodonts (3)
-
-
-
Metazoa (2)
-
microfossils
-
Chitinozoa (3)
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Conodonta (42)
-
problematic microfossils (5)
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scolecodonts (3)
-
-
palynomorphs
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acritarchs (4)
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Chitinozoa (3)
-
-
Plantae
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algae
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Chlorophyta (2)
-
-
Pteridophyta
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Sphenopsida
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Sphenophyllum (1)
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-
-
-
problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (5)
-
-
Pterobranchia (2)
-
-
geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (3)
-
Ar/Ar (57)
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fission-track dating (2)
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K/Ar (3)
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Lu/Hf (20)
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Nd/Nd (1)
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paleomagnetism (87)
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Pb/Pb (9)
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Rb/Sr (9)
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Re/Os (4)
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Sm/Nd (33)
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Th/U (3)
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thermochronology (12)
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U/Pb (300)
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U/Th/Pb (9)
-
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary (2)
-
Tertiary
-
Challis Volcanics (1)
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middle Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
-
-
Pliocene
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Cimmerian (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
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Eocene (2)
-
Oligocene (1)
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Paleocene (3)
-
-
-
-
Dalradian (27)
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Mesozoic
-
Bisbee Group (1)
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Cretaceous
-
Alisitos Formation (1)
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Comanchean
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Rodessa Formation (1)
-
-
Dakota Formation (1)
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Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (1)
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Aptian (1)
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Rodessa Formation (1)
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-
Middle Cretaceous (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Codell Sandstone Member (1)
-
-
-
Glen Canyon Group (2)
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Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (1)
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Sinemurian (1)
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Toarcian (2)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bajocian (1)
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Summerville Formation (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (4)
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San Rafael Group (2)
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Upper Jurassic
-
Buckner Formation (1)
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Entrada Sandstone (2)
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Haynesville Formation (3)
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Kimmeridgian (1)
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Morrison Formation (3)
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Salt Wash Sandstone Member (1)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (2)
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Triassic
-
Lower Triassic (1)
-
Moenkopi Formation (2)
-
Shublik Formation (1)
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Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (2)
-
Chinle Formation (5)
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Dockum Group (1)
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Norian (2)
-
Sag River Sandstone (1)
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Shinarump Member (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (2)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Acatlan Complex (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Acadian (7)
-
Bonanza King Formation (1)
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Brigham Group (1)
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Carrara Formation (1)
-
Conasauga Group (1)
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Lower Cambrian
-
Antietam Formation (1)
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Chilhowee Group (3)
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Gog Group (1)
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Kinzers Formation (4)
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Pinney Hollow Formation (1)
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Rome Formation (1)
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Shady Dolomite (1)
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Terreneuvian (1)
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Tommotian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (3)
-
Marjum Formation (2)
-
Wheeler Formation (3)
-
-
Pioche Shale (1)
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Upper Cambrian
-
Bonneterre Formation (1)
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Copper Ridge Dolomite (1)
-
Dresbachian (1)
-
Eau Claire Formation (1)
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Furongian
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Jiangshanian (2)
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Paibian (1)
-
-
Lamotte Sandstone (1)
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (3)
-
Orr Formation (3)
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Potsdam Sandstone (4)
-
Steptoean (16)
-
Wilberns Formation (2)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Big Snowy Group (1)
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Chilliwack Group (1)
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Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (4)
-
-
Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
-
Kinderhookian
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Banff Formation (1)
-
-
Pocono Formation (1)
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Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Macumber Formation (1)
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean (3)
-
-
Stanley Group (1)
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Upper Mississippian
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Chesterian
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Golconda Formation (1)
-
-
Heath Formation (1)
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Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
Windsor Group (2)
-
-
Namurian (1)
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Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
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Bashkirian (1)
-
Caseyville Formation (1)
-
Haymond Formation (1)
-
Morrowan
-
Bloyd Formation (1)
-
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian (2)
-
Pottsville Group (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Gzhelian (1)
-
-
-
Tesnus Formation (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Uralian (1)
-
Westphalian (1)
-
-
-
Catskill Formation (1)
-
Cow Head Group (6)
-
Deadwood Formation (1)
-
Devonian
-
Fisset Brook Formation (1)
-
Genesee Group (1)
-
Levis Shale (1)
-
Lower Devonian
-
Emsian (3)
-
Lochkovian (2)
-
Pragian (1)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Eifelian (1)
-
Givetian (2)
-
Hamilton Group (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (2)
-
Onondaga Limestone (2)
-
Tully Limestone (2)
-
-
Millboro Shale (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (7)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (5)
-
Frasnian (2)
-
Jefferson Group (1)
-
-
-
Earn Group (1)
-
Ellis Bay Formation (3)
-
Endicott Group (1)
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Hanson Creek Formation (1)
-
Hartland Formation (2)
-
Hunton Group (1)
-
Knox Group (2)
-
Lisburne Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Cape Phillips Formation (6)
-
Chopawamsic Formation (1)
-
Conococheague Formation (1)
-
Rose Run Sandstone (1)
-
-
Matapedia Group (1)
-
middle Paleozoic
-
Hillabee Chlorite Schist (3)
-
-
Ordovician
-
Antelope Valley Limestone (2)
-
Buchans Group (2)
-
Eureka Quartzite (1)
-
Lexington Limestone (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian
-
Ballantrae Complex (2)
-
-
Beekmantown Group (6)
-
El Paso Group (2)
-
Fillmore Formation (2)
-
Floian (2)
-
Ibexian (4)
-
Saint George Group (2)
-
Tremadocian (8)
-
-
Lushs Bight Group (1)
-
Martinsburg Formation (1)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Ammonoosuc Volcanics (1)
-
Blackriverian (1)
-
Bromide Formation (2)
-
Chazy Group (1)
-
Dapingian (2)
-
Darriwilian (6)
-
Lenoir Limestone (1)
-
Llanvirnian (1)
-
Platteville Formation (2)
-
Simpson Group (1)
-
Table Head Group (1)
-
Whiterockian (3)
-
-
Pogonip Group (1)
-
Tetagouche Group (2)
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (7)
-
Bighorn Dolomite (2)
-
Caradocian (8)
-
Cincinnatian
-
Richmondian (1)
-
-
Fairview Formation (2)
-
Hirnantian (8)
-
Katian (12)
-
Kope Formation (2)
-
Lorraine Group (1)
-
Maquoketa Formation (1)
-
Mohawkian (4)
-
Red River Formation (1)
-
Sandbian (5)
-
Wufeng Formation (1)
-
Yeoman Formation (1)
-
-
Utica Shale (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Echooka Formation (1)
-
Guadalupian
-
Delaware Mountain Group (1)
-
-
Lower Permian
-
Abo Formation (1)
-
Cisuralian
-
Asselian (1)
-
-
Leonardian (1)
-
Wolfcampian
-
Hueco Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Lyons Sandstone (1)
-
McCloud Limestone (1)
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Upper Permian (1)
-
-
Pilot Shale (2)
-
Sauk Sequence (8)
-
Shoo Fly Complex (1)
-
Silurian
-
Henryhouse Formation (1)
-
Lower Silurian
-
Brassfield Formation (1)
-
Llandovery
-
Rhuddanian (3)
-
-
Wenlock
-
Sheinwoodian (1)
-
-
-
Middle Silurian
-
Racine Dolomite (2)
-
Waldron Shale (1)
-
-
Niagaran (2)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (8)
-
Pridoli (2)
-
-
-
Talladega Group (3)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Pictou Group (1)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (10)
-
Precambrian
-
Adirondack Anorthosite (1)
-
Archean
-
Eoarchean (1)
-
Neoarchean (10)
-
-
Baltimore Gneiss (1)
-
Carrizo Mountain Formation (1)
-
Chuar Group (3)
-
Eocambrian (1)
-
Hazel Formation (2)
-
Hecla Hoek Formation (1)
-
Johnnie Formation (2)
-
Kingston Peak Formation (2)
-
Kisseynew Complex (1)
-
Lewisian Complex (4)
-
Nipissing Diabase (1)
-
Nonesuch Shale (2)
-
North Shore Volcanics (2)
-
Osler Series (1)
-
Pahrump Series (2)
-
Purcell System (2)
-
Stirling Quartzite (3)
-
Uinta Mountain Group (3)
-
Unkar Group (2)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Algonkian
-
Baraboo Quartzite (1)
-
-
Coldbrook Group (1)
-
Huronian
-
Gowganda Formation (1)
-
-
Keweenawan
-
Portage Lake Lava Series (1)
-
-
Lewisian (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Apache Group (1)
-
Belt Supergroup (8)
-
Calymmian (1)
-
Fordham Gneiss (1)
-
Freda Sandstone (1)
-
Laxfordian (2)
-
Missoula Group (2)
-
Ravalli Group (1)
-
Roper Group (1)
-
-
Miette Group (2)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (9)
-
Ediacaran
-
Wonoka Formation (1)
-
-
Horsethief Creek Group (1)
-
Marinoan (3)
-
Moine Supergroup (8)
-
Moinian (3)
-
Riphean (4)
-
Sturtian (7)
-
Tonian (12)
-
Torridonian (3)
-
Vendian (19)
-
Walden Creek Group (1)
-
-
Oronto Group (2)
-
Ortega Group (1)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Cobalt Group (1)
-
Statherian (1)
-
-
Windermere System (8)
-
-
-
Vadito Group (2)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (1)
-
kimberlite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (9)
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites
-
microdiorite (1)
-
plagiogranite (1)
-
quartz diorites (1)
-
tonalite (11)
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
gabbros
-
microgabbro (1)
-
troctolite (1)
-
-
granites
-
alkali granites (1)
-
aplite (2)
-
A-type granites (3)
-
biotite granite (1)
-
charnockite (3)
-
I-type granites (3)
-
leucogranite (2)
-
monzogranite (2)
-
rapakivi (3)
-
S-type granites (2)
-
two-mica granite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (6)
-
lamproite (2)
-
lamprophyres
-
minette (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (1)
-
monzonites
-
mangerite (2)
-
-
pegmatite (7)
-
quartz monzonite (2)
-
syenites
-
nepheline syenite (1)
-
quartz syenite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
chromitite (1)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (2)
-
garnet peridotite (1)
-
harzburgite (3)
-
lherzolite (1)
-
spinel lherzolite (1)
-
spinel peridotite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
garnet pyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (3)
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites
-
boninite (1)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (1)
-
flood basalts (3)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (6)
-
ocean-island basalts (1)
-
olivine tholeiite (1)
-
tholeiite (5)
-
-
basanite (1)
-
dacites (1)
-
komatiite (1)
-
nephelinite
-
olivine nephelinite (1)
-
-
pyroclastics
-
ignimbrite (2)
-
tuff (8)
-
-
rhyodacites (2)
-
rhyolites (12)
-
-
-
ophiolite (29)
-
volcanic ash (3)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metabentonite (1)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (17)
-
cataclasites (1)
-
eclogite (12)
-
garnetite (1)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (2)
-
granite gneiss (2)
-
orthogneiss (15)
-
paragneiss (8)
-
tonalite gneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (7)
-
marbles
-
ophicalcite (1)
-
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasite (3)
-
metadacite (1)
-
metadiabase (1)
-
metagabbro (7)
-
metagranite (2)
-
metaperidotite (1)
-
metarhyolite (1)
-
metatuff (1)
-
serpentinite (3)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metaconglomerate (1)
-
metagraywacke (1)
-
metapelite (4)
-
metasandstone (1)
-
paragneiss (8)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (3)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (14)
-
migmatites (9)
-
mylonites
-
blastomylonite (1)
-
-
phyllites (3)
-
phyllonites (1)
-
quartzites (19)
-
schists
-
greenstone (6)
-
-
-
ophiolite (29)
-
turbidite (17)
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
-
calcite (1)
-
dolomite (3)
-
-
halides
-
fluorides
-
topaz (1)
-
-
-
metabentonite (1)
-
minerals (1)
-
oxides
-
baddeleyite (2)
-
hematite (2)
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ilmenite (1)
-
iron oxides (1)
-
magnetite (2)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (12)
-
monazite (30)
-
-
platinum minerals (1)
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
hornblende (9)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
omphacite (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene (2)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (3)
-
microcline (1)
-
-
plagioclase (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
coesite (1)
-
quartz (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group
-
majorite (1)
-
-
sillimanite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (8)
-
-
topaz (1)
-
zircon group
-
zircon (282)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
allanite (1)
-
-
pumpellyite group
-
pumpellyite (1)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (1)
-
-
illite (1)
-
mica group
-
biotite (7)
-
glauconite (2)
-
muscovite (19)
-
phengite (3)
-
-
serpentine group
-
serpentine (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
anhydrite (1)
-
barite (1)
-
gypsum (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
bornite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (1)
-
marcasite (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (363)
-
Africa
-
Congo Basin (1)
-
East Africa
-
Kenya (1)
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Tanzania (1)
-
-
East African Rift (1)
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Kalahari Desert (2)
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Mozambique Belt (1)
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North Africa
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Atlas Mountains
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Moroccan Atlas Mountains
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Anti-Atlas (4)
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High Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (4)
-
High Atlas (1)
-
-
Rif (1)
-
-
-
Nubian Shield (1)
-
Sahara (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
Kalahari Craton (4)
-
Namaqualand (1)
-
South Africa
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe (1)
-
-
West Africa
-
Guinea (1)
-
Mauritanides (2)
-
Taoudenni Basin (2)
-
-
West African Craton (1)
-
West African Shield (2)
-
-
Antarctica
-
Amundsen Sea (1)
-
Coats Land (2)
-
East Antarctica (13)
-
Queen Maud Land (2)
-
Transantarctic Mountains
-
Beardmore Glacier (1)
-
Pensacola Mountains (1)
-
-
Victoria Land (3)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Alpha Cordillera (1)
-
Amerasia Basin (2)
-
Barents Sea (2)
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Beaufort Sea (1)
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Canada Basin (2)
-
Chukchi Sea (3)
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Laptev Sea (1)
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Lomonosov Ridge (1)
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Makarov Basin (1)
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Nares Strait (1)
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Norwegian Sea (2)
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Arctic region
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Greenland
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East Greenland (23)
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Peary Land (10)
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Russian Arctic
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Novaya Zemlya (1)
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-
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Svalbard
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Nordaustlandet (1)
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Ny Friesland (2)
-
-
-
-
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Asia
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Arabian Peninsula
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Central Asia
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Kazakhstan (2)
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Chukotka Russian Federation
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Far East
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China
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Altun Mountains (1)
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Kunlun Mountains (1)
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Indochina (1)
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Himalayas (2)
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Ghats
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Eastern Ghats (1)
-
-
-
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Kopet-Dag Range (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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-
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Middle East
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Iran (1)
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-
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Okhotsk-Chukchi (1)
-
Sayan
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-
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Siberia (26)
-
Siberian Platform
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Yenisei Ridge (2)
-
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Tien Shan (1)
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Turanian Platform (1)
-
Turkmenia
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-
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West Siberia
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Severnaya Zemlya (1)
-
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Western Transbaikalia (1)
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Wrangel Island (1)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
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New Siberian Islands (2)
-
-
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Celtic Sea (1)
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Faeroe-Shetland Basin (1)
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De Soto Canyon (1)
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North Sea
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East Shetland Basin (1)
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Northwest Atlantic (1)
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Rockall Bank (1)
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Rockall Plateau (1)
-
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Shetland Islands
-
Unst (2)
-
-
-
Atlantic region (13)
-
Australasia
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Australia
-
Adelaide Geosyncline (1)
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Arunta Inlier (1)
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Curnamona Province (1)
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Queensland Australia
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-
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South Australia
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Gawler Craton (3)
-
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Tasmania Australia (5)
-
Western Australia
-
Canning Basin (1)
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Halls Creek Orogen (1)
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Yilgarn Craton (1)
-
-
-
-
barite deposits (2)
-
bibliography (3)
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biogeography (69)
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biography (2)
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brines (3)
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Canada
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Arctic Archipelago (20)
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Maritime Provinces
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Restigouche County New Brunswick (1)
-
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Nova Scotia
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Meguma Terrane (9)
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Newfoundland and Labrador
-
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Ontario
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Ottawa Valley (1)
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Quebec
-
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Nunavut
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-
-
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Queen Elizabeth Islands
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Ungava (1)
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Western Canada
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Reindeer Zone (1)
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Yukon Territory
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Wernecke Mountains (2)
-
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (36)
-
organic carbon (2)
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Cenozoic
-
Quaternary (2)
-
Tertiary
-
Challis Volcanics (1)
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middle Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
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Miocene
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Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
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Pliocene
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Paleogene
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Eocene (2)
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-
-
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Central America (1)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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clay mineralogy (2)
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climate change (4)
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continental drift (114)
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continental shelf (5)
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Invertebrata
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Inarticulata (4)
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Echinodermata
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Cephalopoda
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Porifera
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Calcarea
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stable isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (5)
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C-13/C-12 (36)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (38)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (9)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
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S-34/S-32 (2)
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lava (7)
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maps (4)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Comanchean
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Dakota Formation (1)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (1)
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Middle Cretaceous (2)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Codell Sandstone Member (1)
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Glen Canyon Group (2)
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Jurassic
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Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (1)
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Middle Jurassic
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Summerville Formation (1)
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Norphlet Formation (4)
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Upper Jurassic
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Buckner Formation (1)
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Kimmeridgian (1)
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Salt Wash Sandstone Member (1)
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lower Mesozoic (2)
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Triassic
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Moenkopi Formation (2)
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Upper Triassic
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Carnian (2)
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Norian (2)
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Shinarump Member (1)
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upper Mesozoic (2)
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metal ores
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U-238/Pb-204 (1)
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alkali metals
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potassium (1)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
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-
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (2)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (5)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (25)
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-
-
aluminum (1)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (16)
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iron (2)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (9)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (7)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
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U-238/Pb-204 (1)
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mercury (1)
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niobium (3)
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rare earths
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (38)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (12)
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (12)
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metamorphic rocks
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metamorphism (130)
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Mexico
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Mohorovicic discontinuity (8)
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (5)
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North America
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Appalachian Basin (9)
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Appalachians
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Piedmont
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Inner Piedmont (3)
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Southern Appalachians (34)
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Valley and Ridge Province (2)
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Basin and Range Province
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Great Basin (14)
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Belt Basin (5)
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Canadian Shield
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Churchill Province
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Snowbird tectonic zone (3)
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Flin Flon Belt (1)
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Slave Province (5)
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Superior Province
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Abitibi Belt (1)
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Taltson magmatic zone (2)
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Denali Fault (1)
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Disturbed Belt (1)
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Great Lakes
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Great Lakes region (2)
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North American Cordillera
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Canadian Cordillera (18)
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North American Craton (4)
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Purcell Mountains (3)
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Wet Mountains (2)
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Saint Lawrence Lowlands (3)
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Sonoran Desert (1)
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ocean floors (3)
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orogeny (188)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (24)
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Pacific Coast (3)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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North Pacific
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Bering Sea
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Northwest Pacific
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South Pacific
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West Pacific
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Indonesian Seas
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Northwest Pacific
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Pacific region
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paleoclimatology (36)
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paleoecology (52)
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paleogeography (352)
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paleomagnetism (87)
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paleontology (1)
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Paleozoic
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Acatlan Complex (1)
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Cambrian
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Acadian (7)
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Bonanza King Formation (1)
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Brigham Group (1)
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Carrara Formation (1)
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Conasauga Group (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Antietam Formation (1)
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Chilhowee Group (3)
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Gog Group (1)
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Kinzers Formation (4)
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Pinney Hollow Formation (1)
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Rome Formation (1)
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Shady Dolomite (1)
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Terreneuvian (1)
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Tommotian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Burgess Shale (3)
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Marjum Formation (2)
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Wheeler Formation (3)
-
-
Pioche Shale (1)
-
Upper Cambrian
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Bonneterre Formation (1)
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Copper Ridge Dolomite (1)
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Dresbachian (1)
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Eau Claire Formation (1)
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Furongian
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Jiangshanian (2)
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Paibian (1)
-
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Lamotte Sandstone (1)
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Mount Simon Sandstone (3)
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Orr Formation (3)
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Potsdam Sandstone (4)
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Steptoean (16)
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Wilberns Formation (2)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
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Big Snowy Group (1)
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Chilliwack Group (1)
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (4)
-
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
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Kinderhookian
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Banff Formation (1)
-
-
Pocono Formation (1)
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Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Macumber Formation (1)
-
Middle Mississippian
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Visean (3)
-
-
Stanley Group (1)
-
Upper Mississippian
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Chesterian
-
Golconda Formation (1)
-
-
Heath Formation (1)
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
Windsor Group (2)
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
Caseyville Formation (1)
-
Haymond Formation (1)
-
Morrowan
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Bloyd Formation (1)
-
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian (2)
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Pottsville Group (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Gzhelian (1)
-
-
-
Tesnus Formation (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
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Uralian (1)
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Westphalian (1)
-
-
-
Catskill Formation (1)
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Cow Head Group (6)
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Deadwood Formation (1)
-
Devonian
-
Fisset Brook Formation (1)
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Genesee Group (1)
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Levis Shale (1)
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Lower Devonian
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Emsian (3)
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Lochkovian (2)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Laurentia
Unusually fracture-free seafloor in the southern North Atlantic between Newfoundland and Iberia explained through compounding tectonic inheritance since the Paleoproterozoic Open Access
Revising the late Cambrian time scale and the duration of the SPICE event using a novel Bayesian age modeling approach Available to Purchase
Re-evaluating the tectonic affinity of Proterozoic crustal provinces in the Southwest USA: Detrital zircon evidence for a Laurentian source for the Yavapai and Mojave Provinces Available to Purchase
Evidence for transpression in the Picuris orogen: The deformation record of the Marqueñas Formation metaconglomerate, Picuris Mountains, New Mexico, USA Open Access
Early Neoproterozoic (Tonian) subduction-related magmatism and tectonothermal activity in Shetland and northern mainland Scotland: implications for the tectonic evolution of NE Laurentia and Rodinia reconstructions Open Access
Cryophilic polychaetes at the subtropical Laurentian margin of the Iapetus Ocean: Evidence for cold-water ocean circulation and upwelling Open Access
Metamorphic and chronological records of early Permian continental collision in Beni Bousera granulites (Internal Rif belt): implications for the tectonic evolution of northern Morocco during Pangea construction Available to Purchase
Middle Neoproterozoic–Early Ordovician: foreland basins, climatic extremes and rift-to-drift margins Available to Purchase
Middle Ordovician–Silurian: Midland Valley forearc basins and the Southern Uplands accretionary complex at the southern margin of Laurentia Available to Purchase
Peri-Gondwanan sediment in the Arkoma Basin derived from the north: The detrital zircon record of a uniquely concentrated non-Laurentian source signal in the late Paleozoic Open Access
Continental-scale drainage reorganization during Mesoproterozoic orogenesis: Evidence from the Belt Basin of western North America Open Access
DEAD CLADE WALKING: THE PERSISTENCE OF ARCHAEOCYATHUS IN THE AFTERMATH OF EARLY CAMBRIAN REEF EXTINCTION IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES Available to Purchase
The Cambrian (Paibian–Jiangshanian; Steptoean) dokimocephalid trilobite Deckera Frederickson, 1949 in Laurentian North America Open Access
Geometrical restoration of a late Neoproterozoic depositional framework and an intrabasinal unconformity in the Laurentian margin Dalradian Supergroup, Grampian Highlands, Scotland Open Access
Supercontinents, orogenesis and magmatism: a tribute to the career of J. Brendan Murphy Free
Abstract Special Publication 542 is a tribute to the remarkable career of J. Brendan Murphy and features 32 articles by 134 authors from 17 different countries; a testament to the high-profile and far-reaching influence of Brendan's work. The topics are wide-ranging in accord with Brendan's diverse research interests, but fall into three broad categories that encompass Brendan's main fields of influence: (i) supercontinents and the supercontinent cycle, including reconstructions and modelling, (ii) orogenesis and terranes, with a focus on the Appalachian–Variscan and Central Asian orogenic belts and the oceans with which they are associated and (iii) magmatism and magmatic processes, with an emphasis on the geochemistry and isotopic compositions of magmas in arc and rift settings. Like Brendan's own research, the scope of the papers spans the globe from Canada to China and ranges from regional field-based studies to conceptual global analyses. All of the articles, however, are focused on unravelling some critical aspect of geology or aimed at clarifying some crucial geologic process. Hence they also share a theme common to Brendan's many contributions in emphasizing the importance of process-oriented research.
Reconstructing the Paleoproterozoic Heart of Nuna, from Fennoscandia to Northeastern Laurentia Available to Purchase
Abstract Accurate palaeogeographical reconstructions of past supercontinents are necessary to test models of supercontinent cyclicity, secular variation in plate tectonics and mantle geodynamics. However, numerous factors limit our ability to reconstruct past supercontinents as is evident in the ongoing debates regarding the construction phase and geometry of Earth's most recent supercontinent, late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic Pangaea. An important factor in these debates, and a focus of our study is how best to palinspastically restore, in section and in plan-view, the orogenic belts along which supercontinents were stitched together. We utilize the orogenic belts spanning Baffin Island, Greenland and Fennoscandia that are inferred to record the assembly of the Paleoproterozoic supercontinent Columbia to test the accepted reconstruction of the Nuna core of Columbia. We show that as reconstructed in the Nuna model, each of Baffin Island, Greenland (with some complications) and Fennoscandia are characterized by an older cratonic backstop that gives way to younger accretionary complexes toward the inferred oceanic domain that lay to the south and which is inferred to have closed by subduction beneath northeastern Laurentia–Fennoscandia during Columbia assembly. This southward transition from cratonic backstop to accretionary orogen is a hallmark of upper plates in modern convergent plate margins and is consistent with the construction of the Columbia supercontinent, including its Nuna core, through plate tectonic processes, and provides a broad validation of the Nuna reconstruction and hence for Columbia as a whole. Map view curvature of the cratonic backstops is restricted to long wavelength, open bends consistent with the Archean crust having been characterized by significant lithospheric strength. The more accretionary southern portions of Nuna are, however, characterized by sinuous orogens that developed by oroclinal bending of formerly more linear belts, significantly complicating their palinspastic restoration and rendering detailed correlation of juvenile orogenic belts across Nuna problematic.
Rodinia palaeogeography: Laurentia as the geological ‘Key’ Available to Purchase
Abstract Laurentia, core of the North American continent, is surrounded by Neoproterozoic to Cambrian rifted margins. This led to early suggestions that it was located within a Neoproterozoic supercontinent, Rodinia. Recent models of Precambrian palaeogeographical development also point to a ‘Laurentia-centric’ Rodinian supercontinent. Before plate tectonics, the geometry of continental margins, comparison of cratonic interiors and sedimentary covers, and orogenic piercing points were employed to postulate the geography of Phanerozoic Pangaea. Marine studies have subsequently demonstrated that the results were remarkably accurate. Absent in situ Precambrian oceanic crust, the same lines of evidence are employed here to reconstruct Rodinia, together with others unavailable at that time. A strong case can be made for the former juxtaposition of the Pacific margins of Laurentia and East Antarctica–Australia approximately as proposed in the 1990s, even though the precise match remains elusive. The Atlantic margin is likely to have rifted from Baltica, Amazonia and other South American cratons along the Grenvillian orogenic suture in the early Paleozoic, although the suture itself makes accurate reconstruction difficult. A piercing point and ‘tectonic tracer’ can be used to position the Kalahari craton and Coats Land crustal block of Antarctica off the present southern margin of Laurentia and contemporaneous large igneous provinces point to Siberia being located off the Arctic margin. Hence Laurentia does appear to be the ‘Key’ to Rodinian palaeogeography even though the exact geometric fit to its surrounding cratons remains to be refined.
Rodinia without Baltica? Constraints from Sveconorwegian orogenic style and palaeomagnetic data Open Access
Abstract The core of the Rodinia supercontinent has long been considered to have consisted of three cratons – Baltica, Laurentia and Amazonia – amalgamated along the late Mesoproterozoic Sveconorwegian, Grenville and Sunsas orogens. In recent years, however, it has become increasingly clear that the metamorphic and magmatic evolution of the Sveconorwegian orogen is inconsistent with a collisional model. Although geological data alone do not rule out proximity to Rodinia, palaeomagnetic data indicate significant latitudinal separation of Baltica and Laurentia during supercontinent assembly. In this contribution, we briefly review two recently proposed and mutually exclusive tectonic models for the Sveconorwegian orogeny and present a compilation of previously published and new chemical and isotopic data. A lack of crustal thickening throughout much of the orogen and few if any changes in lower-crustal sources and melting conditions between 1.3 and 0.9 Ga suggest that the western part of the Sveconorwegian orogeny represents a change from a dominantly extensional to a compressional back-arc regime, but without a significant change in overall tectonic setting. This orogenic evolution is incompatible with amalgamation into Rodinia and suggests that Baltica may have been isolated until the Silurian Caledonian orogeny.
Terminal Ediacaran–Late Ordovician evolution of the NE Laurentia palaeocontinent: rift–drift–onset of Taconic Orogeny, sea-level change and ‘Hawke Bay’ onlap (not offlap) Available to Purchase
Abstract Rodinia break-up with late Ediacaran rifting defined a NE Laurentia triple junction (New York Promontory–Ottawa–Bonnechere aulacogen (OBA)–Quebec Reentrant). Rifting persisted to c. 510 Ma. The oldest passive-margin shelf units (Forestdale Marble and Moosalamoo Phyllite) underlie a sandstone (Cheshire) commonly regarded as the oldest passive unit. Late Dyeran–Middle Cambrian rifting led to the oldest OBa sedimentation and formed the Franklin Basin (NW Vermont). Cambrian–Darriwillian shelf–slope facies are linked eustatically – not Taconic Orogeny onset. Onlap and shelf carbonates are coeval with black slope mud; and lowstand shelf unconformities with green, oxic slope mud. Early–middle Dyeran eustatic change defined slope units: (1) Browns Pond Formation dysoxic–anoxic (d–a) interval with debrite cap (Holcombville Member, new); (2) Middle Granville Formation Oxic Interval (new); and (3) lower Hatch Hill Formation d–a interval. Our analysis leads to two controversial conclusions: (i) the existence of the Dashwoods and other micro-continental blocks due to hyperextension is not supported by cover sequences linking Laurentia to proposed Dashwoods areas (i.e. Green Mountains) and an arc origin of the type Dashwoods; and (ii) ‘Hawke Bay Event(s)’, widely interpreted as Cambrian global regressive event(s), is a local highstand systems tract facies with shelf sand bypass onto the Hatch Hill Formation slope in its NE Laurentia type region.
The provenance and tectonic history of Dashwoods and the associated Baie Verte Margin during the Ordovician to Silurian Available to Purchase
Abstract Dashwoods is a composite peri-Laurentian terrane in Newfoundland and forms the basement to the Early Ordovician to Silurian Notre Dame arc. The southern part of Dashwoods is characterized by paragneiss that is intruded by Early Ordovician to Late Silurian plutons and affected by polyphase Taconic to Salinic deformation and high-grade metamorphism. The crystalline basement of Dashwoods is not exposed and pre-Middle Ordovician paragneiss is investigated herein to constrain the provenance of Dashwoods. SHRIMP U–Pb zircon analysis of the paragneiss yielded metamorphic rims ranging from c. 500 to 395 Ma and abundant detrital grain cores ranging from c. 1853 to 546 Ma. The presence of abundant Tonian dates differentiates Dashwoods from the adjacent Humber Margin in Newfoundland, and Hebridean and Grampian terranes in the British Isles. The detrital provenance of Dashwoods is most similar to the Baie Verte Margin in Newfoundland, and Tyrone Complex and Dalradian Supergroup in Ireland. These data suggest that Dashwoods and the Baie Verte Margin originated near the Rockall promontory and were subsequently emplaced outboard of the Humber Margin by Ordovician to Carboniferous motion along the Baie Verte–Brompton Line.