- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Limpopo Belt (2)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (3)
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
-
Rif (2)
-
Tangier Morocco (1)
-
-
Tindouf Basin (1)
-
Western Sahara (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
South Africa
-
Mpumalanga South Africa (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe (1)
-
-
West Africa
-
Liberia (1)
-
-
West African Shield (1)
-
Zimbabwe Craton (1)
-
-
Arctic region (1)
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Oman
-
Oman Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Sichuan Basin (1)
-
-
-
Himalayas
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
High Himalayan Crystallines (1)
-
Kumaun Himalayas (3)
-
Lesser Himalayas (3)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Bhutan (2)
-
India
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Ladakh (1)
-
-
Nepal
-
Kathmandu Nepal (1)
-
-
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (1)
-
Main Central Thrust (4)
-
Middle East
-
Iran (1)
-
Turkey
-
Menderes Massif (1)
-
-
Zagros (1)
-
-
Tibetan Plateau (1)
-
-
Atlantic region (1)
-
Border Ranges Fault (1)
-
Canada
-
Cassiar Mountains (2)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland (2)
-
-
Ontario
-
Nipissing District Ontario
-
North Bay Ontario (1)
-
-
-
Quebec (1)
-
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia
-
Bowser Basin (1)
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
Saskatchewan (1)
-
Yukon Territory (3)
-
-
-
Cascade Range (1)
-
Chugach Terrane (2)
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Ukraine (1)
-
-
Copper River basin (1)
-
Diablo Range (1)
-
Dunnage Melange (1)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Central Alps
-
Pennine Alps (2)
-
-
Eastern Alps (1)
-
French Alps (1)
-
Prealps (1)
-
Western Alps
-
Provence Alps (1)
-
-
-
Carpathian Foreland (1)
-
Carpathians
-
Slovakian Carpathians (2)
-
Western Carpathians (5)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Czech Republic (2)
-
Magura Nappe (1)
-
Poland (1)
-
Slovakia
-
Slovakian Carpathians (2)
-
-
Switzerland
-
Graubunden Switzerland (1)
-
-
-
Jutland (1)
-
Pannonian Basin (1)
-
Pieniny Klippen Belt (4)
-
Pyrenees (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Greek Macedonia (1)
-
Hellenides (1)
-
Thessaly Greece (1)
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Iberian Massif (1)
-
Spain (1)
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines
-
Southern Apennines (1)
-
-
Lombardy Italy
-
Como (1)
-
-
Lucania (1)
-
-
Macedonia
-
Greek Macedonia (1)
-
-
-
Ukraine (1)
-
Variscides (2)
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Armorican Massif (1)
-
Cher France
-
Sancerre-Couy Borehole (1)
-
-
Corsica (1)
-
French Alps (1)
-
Hautes-Alpes France (1)
-
Hautes-Pyrenees France
-
Gavarnie France (1)
-
-
Provence (1)
-
Provence Alps (1)
-
Var France (2)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
Scotland (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Green Mountains (1)
-
Green River basin (1)
-
Mediterranean region (1)
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
West Mediterranean
-
Ligurian Sea (1)
-
-
-
Mexico
-
Sierra Madre Oriental (1)
-
-
Mohawk Valley (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Central Appalachians (1)
-
Piedmont (1)
-
Southern Appalachians (1)
-
Valley and Ridge Province (1)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Churchill Province
-
Hearne Province (1)
-
-
Grenville Province (2)
-
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
-
Rocky Mountains (1)
-
Saint Elias Mountains (1)
-
Slide Mountain Terrane (2)
-
Yukon-Tanana Terrane (2)
-
-
Northern Highlands (1)
-
Oceania
-
Melanesia
-
New Caledonia (1)
-
-
-
Olympus (1)
-
Pacific Coast (1)
-
Pacific Ocean (1)
-
United States
-
Alabama
-
Talladega County Alabama (1)
-
-
Alaska
-
Aleutian Islands (1)
-
Brooks Range (1)
-
Chugach Mountains (1)
-
Kenai Peninsula (2)
-
Kodiak Island (1)
-
Talkeetna Mountains (1)
-
-
California
-
Alameda County California (1)
-
Central California (1)
-
San Joaquin County California (1)
-
Santa Clara County California (1)
-
-
Kings Mountain Belt (1)
-
Klamath Mountains (2)
-
Nevada
-
Clark County Nevada (1)
-
Lincoln County Nevada (1)
-
Mormon Mountains (1)
-
-
New England (1)
-
New Jersey
-
Hunterdon County New Jersey (1)
-
-
New York
-
Herkimer County New York (1)
-
-
Oregon (1)
-
Pennsylvania
-
Berks County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Dauphin County Pennsylvania (1)
-
-
Sevier orogenic belt (1)
-
South Carolina (1)
-
Utah
-
Millard County Utah
-
House Range (1)
-
-
-
Washington (1)
-
Western U.S. (1)
-
Wyoming
-
Hanna Basin (1)
-
Laramie Basin (1)
-
-
-
-
commodities
-
metal ores
-
chromite ores (1)
-
cobalt ores (1)
-
nickel ores (1)
-
platinum ores (1)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (1)
-
mineral resources (1)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas (1)
-
-
soapstone (1)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
chemical ratios (1)
-
isotope ratios (2)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
-
metals
-
platinum group
-
platinum ores (1)
-
-
rare earths
-
neodymium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
-
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
-
-
-
fossils
-
Graptolithina (2)
-
Invertebrata
-
Archaeocyatha (1)
-
Arthropoda
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita (1)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (1)
-
Bryozoa (1)
-
Mollusca
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea (1)
-
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera (2)
-
Radiolaria (3)
-
-
-
microfossils
-
Conodonta (2)
-
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (4)
-
Nd/Nd (1)
-
paleomagnetism (1)
-
Sm/Nd (2)
-
thermochronology (4)
-
U/Pb (10)
-
U/Th/Pb (1)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary (3)
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (8)
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene (3)
-
Hanna Formation (1)
-
Oligocene (1)
-
Paleocene (2)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Villafranchian (1)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous (5)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (2)
-
Great Valley Sequence (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Bowser Lake Group (1)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (1)
-
McHugh Complex (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (1)
-
Triassic
-
Upper Triassic (2)
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian (1)
-
Tintic Quartzite (1)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Stephanian (1)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Devonian (2)
-
-
lower Paleozoic (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Gander Lake Group (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (1)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (2)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Dolgeville Formation (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian (1)
-
Vryheid Formation (1)
-
-
upper Paleozoic (2)
-
-
Precambrian
-
Archean (2)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Neoproterozoic (1)
-
Paleoproterozoic (2)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
gabbros (3)
-
granites
-
leucogranite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (1)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
harzburgite (1)
-
lherzolite (2)
-
-
pyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts (2)
-
-
-
ophiolite (11)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (2)
-
cataclasites (3)
-
eclogite (2)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (1)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (1)
-
marbles
-
ophicalcite (1)
-
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasite (1)
-
metagabbro (1)
-
serpentinite (2)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metapelite (1)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (2)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (2)
-
migmatites (1)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (1)
-
-
quartzites (2)
-
schists
-
greenstone (1)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
ophiolite (11)
-
turbidite (1)
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
-
calcite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
monazite (1)
-
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
pyroxene group (1)
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
-
-
silica minerals
-
quartz (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group (2)
-
sillimanite (1)
-
zircon group
-
zircon (9)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
piemontite (1)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
mica group
-
muscovite (3)
-
-
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (12)
-
Africa
-
Limpopo Belt (2)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (3)
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
-
Rif (2)
-
Tangier Morocco (1)
-
-
Tindouf Basin (1)
-
Western Sahara (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
South Africa
-
Mpumalanga South Africa (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe (1)
-
-
West Africa
-
Liberia (1)
-
-
West African Shield (1)
-
Zimbabwe Craton (1)
-
-
Arctic region (1)
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Oman
-
Oman Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Sichuan Basin (1)
-
-
-
Himalayas
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
High Himalayan Crystallines (1)
-
Kumaun Himalayas (3)
-
Lesser Himalayas (3)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Bhutan (2)
-
India
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Ladakh (1)
-
-
Nepal
-
Kathmandu Nepal (1)
-
-
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (1)
-
Main Central Thrust (4)
-
Middle East
-
Iran (1)
-
Turkey
-
Menderes Massif (1)
-
-
Zagros (1)
-
-
Tibetan Plateau (1)
-
-
Atlantic region (1)
-
biogeography (1)
-
Canada
-
Cassiar Mountains (2)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland (2)
-
-
Ontario
-
Nipissing District Ontario
-
North Bay Ontario (1)
-
-
-
Quebec (1)
-
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia
-
Bowser Basin (1)
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
Saskatchewan (1)
-
Yukon Territory (3)
-
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary (3)
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (8)
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene (3)
-
Hanna Formation (1)
-
Oligocene (1)
-
Paleocene (2)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Villafranchian (1)
-
-
-
continental drift (1)
-
crust (9)
-
crystal chemistry (1)
-
data processing (1)
-
deformation (20)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Central Alps
-
Pennine Alps (2)
-
-
Eastern Alps (1)
-
French Alps (1)
-
Prealps (1)
-
Western Alps
-
Provence Alps (1)
-
-
-
Carpathian Foreland (1)
-
Carpathians
-
Slovakian Carpathians (2)
-
Western Carpathians (5)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Czech Republic (2)
-
Magura Nappe (1)
-
Poland (1)
-
Slovakia
-
Slovakian Carpathians (2)
-
-
Switzerland
-
Graubunden Switzerland (1)
-
-
-
Jutland (1)
-
Pannonian Basin (1)
-
Pieniny Klippen Belt (4)
-
Pyrenees (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Greek Macedonia (1)
-
Hellenides (1)
-
Thessaly Greece (1)
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Iberian Massif (1)
-
Spain (1)
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines
-
Southern Apennines (1)
-
-
Lombardy Italy
-
Como (1)
-
-
Lucania (1)
-
-
Macedonia
-
Greek Macedonia (1)
-
-
-
Ukraine (1)
-
Variscides (2)
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Armorican Massif (1)
-
Cher France
-
Sancerre-Couy Borehole (1)
-
-
Corsica (1)
-
French Alps (1)
-
Hautes-Alpes France (1)
-
Hautes-Pyrenees France
-
Gavarnie France (1)
-
-
Provence (1)
-
Provence Alps (1)
-
Var France (2)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
Scotland (1)
-
-
-
-
-
faults (46)
-
folds (23)
-
foliation (6)
-
fractures (1)
-
geochemistry (5)
-
geochronology (2)
-
geophysical methods (3)
-
Graptolithina (2)
-
heat flow (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
gabbros (3)
-
granites
-
leucogranite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (1)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
harzburgite (1)
-
lherzolite (2)
-
-
pyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts (2)
-
-
-
intrusions (5)
-
Invertebrata
-
Archaeocyatha (1)
-
Arthropoda
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita (1)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (1)
-
Bryozoa (1)
-
Mollusca
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea (1)
-
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera (2)
-
Radiolaria (3)
-
-
-
isostasy (1)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
-
lineation (2)
-
maps (2)
-
Mediterranean region (1)
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
West Mediterranean
-
Ligurian Sea (1)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous (5)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (2)
-
Great Valley Sequence (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Bowser Lake Group (1)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (1)
-
McHugh Complex (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (1)
-
Triassic
-
Upper Triassic (2)
-
-
-
metal ores
-
chromite ores (1)
-
cobalt ores (1)
-
nickel ores (1)
-
platinum ores (1)
-
-
metals
-
platinum group
-
platinum ores (1)
-
-
rare earths
-
neodymium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (2)
-
cataclasites (3)
-
eclogite (2)
-
gneisses
-
augen gneiss (1)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (1)
-
marbles
-
ophicalcite (1)
-
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasite (1)
-
metagabbro (1)
-
serpentinite (2)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metapelite (1)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (2)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (2)
-
migmatites (1)
-
mylonites
-
pseudotachylite (1)
-
-
quartzites (2)
-
schists
-
greenstone (1)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
metamorphism (14)
-
metasomatism (1)
-
Mexico
-
Sierra Madre Oriental (1)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (1)
-
mineral resources (1)
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
-
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Central Appalachians (1)
-
Piedmont (1)
-
Southern Appalachians (1)
-
Valley and Ridge Province (1)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Churchill Province
-
Hearne Province (1)
-
-
Grenville Province (2)
-
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
-
Rocky Mountains (1)
-
Saint Elias Mountains (1)
-
Slide Mountain Terrane (2)
-
Yukon-Tanana Terrane (2)
-
-
ocean floors (1)
-
Oceania
-
Melanesia
-
New Caledonia (1)
-
-
-
oceanography (1)
-
orogeny (16)
-
Pacific Coast (1)
-
Pacific Ocean (1)
-
paleogeography (14)
-
paleomagnetism (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian (1)
-
Tintic Quartzite (1)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Stephanian (1)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Devonian (2)
-
-
lower Paleozoic (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Gander Lake Group (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (1)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (2)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Dolgeville Formation (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian (1)
-
Vryheid Formation (1)
-
-
upper Paleozoic (2)
-
-
petroleum
-
natural gas (1)
-
-
petrology (3)
-
phase equilibria (3)
-
plate tectonics (17)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean (2)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Neoproterozoic (1)
-
Paleoproterozoic (2)
-
-
-
-
reefs (1)
-
remote sensing (1)
-
sea-level changes (2)
-
sedimentary petrology (1)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
limestone (2)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
chert (4)
-
evaporites (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
conglomerate (2)
-
mudstone (1)
-
red beds (1)
-
sandstone (2)
-
shale (1)
-
siltstone (3)
-
-
coal (1)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
soft sediment deformation
-
olistoliths (2)
-
olistostromes (7)
-
-
turbidity current structures (1)
-
-
sedimentation (5)
-
stratigraphy (17)
-
structural analysis (8)
-
structural geology (26)
-
tectonics
-
neotectonics (1)
-
-
tectonophysics (6)
-
United States
-
Alabama
-
Talladega County Alabama (1)
-
-
Alaska
-
Aleutian Islands (1)
-
Brooks Range (1)
-
Chugach Mountains (1)
-
Kenai Peninsula (2)
-
Kodiak Island (1)
-
Talkeetna Mountains (1)
-
-
California
-
Alameda County California (1)
-
Central California (1)
-
San Joaquin County California (1)
-
Santa Clara County California (1)
-
-
Kings Mountain Belt (1)
-
Klamath Mountains (2)
-
Nevada
-
Clark County Nevada (1)
-
Lincoln County Nevada (1)
-
Mormon Mountains (1)
-
-
New England (1)
-
New Jersey
-
Hunterdon County New Jersey (1)
-
-
New York
-
Herkimer County New York (1)
-
-
Oregon (1)
-
Pennsylvania
-
Berks County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Dauphin County Pennsylvania (1)
-
-
Sevier orogenic belt (1)
-
South Carolina (1)
-
Utah
-
Millard County Utah
-
House Range (1)
-
-
-
Washington (1)
-
Western U.S. (1)
-
Wyoming
-
Hanna Basin (1)
-
Laramie Basin (1)
-
-
-
-
rock formations
-
Karoo Supergroup (1)
-
-
sedimentary rocks
-
flysch (8)
-
molasse (1)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
limestone (2)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
-
chert (4)
-
evaporites (1)
-
-
clastic rocks
-
conglomerate (2)
-
mudstone (1)
-
red beds (1)
-
sandstone (2)
-
shale (1)
-
siltstone (3)
-
-
coal (1)
-
-
siliciclastics (1)
-
turbidite (1)
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
sedimentary structures
-
soft sediment deformation
-
olistoliths (2)
-
olistostromes (7)
-
-
turbidity current structures (1)
-
-
striations (1)
-
-
sediments
-
siliciclastics (1)
-
turbidite (1)
-
klippen
Discussion of ‘Seismic imaging of mélanges; Pieniny Klippen Belt case study’, Journal of the Geological Society , London , https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-220
Chapter 10: Mineral resources and prospectivity of the ultramafic rocks of New Caledonia
Abstract The main metallic mineral resources of New Caledonia are hosted by the obducted Peridotite Nappe. Ni, Co, Cr and the Pt group elements (PGEs) are specific to this ultramafic terrane. Cr, as podiform chromitite in the uppermost mantle, is the only hypogene metal mined economically in the past. The largest chromitite deposits are located in the lherzolitic Tiébaghi Massif. Supergene Ni and Co deposits are concentrated by the tropical climate that has prevailed since the Miocene. New Caledonian lateritic Ni deposits account for 10% of the global Ni resources. Hydrous Mg silicate and oxide types coexist in a single deposit. A local genetic model based on geomorphological evolution is proposed. Sc is a prospective resource associated with these supergene deposits. The PGEs are a prospective resource associated with chromite, with potential in the hypogene, supergene and fluvio-littoral domains. Pt and Pd are the most significant elements. The transition zone between the upper mantle and crustal cumulates constitutes a regional Pt–Pd-enriched horizon. The concentrations are related to small disseminated chromite lenses in a pyroxene-rich lithology. The PGEs are concentrated in weathering profiles. The value of chromite-rich sands as placers or sand beach deposits might be enhanced by the occurrences of PGEs.
Metamorphic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the High Himalaya in Nepal: the art of the possible
Abstract This review presents an objective account of metamorphic, microstructural and geochronological studies in the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS) and adjacent units in Nepal in the light of recent research. The importance of integrated, multidisciplinary studies is highlighted. A personal view is presented of strategies for determining pressure–temperature evolution, and of petrological processes at the micro scale, particularly in relation to departures from equilibrium and the behaviour of partially-melted rock systems. Evidence has accumulated for the existence within the GHS of a High Himalayan Discontinuity, marked by differences in timing of peak metamorphism in the hanging wall and footwall, and changes in P–T gradients and paths. Whether or not this is a single continuous horizon, it forms at each location the lower boundary to a migmatitic zone capable of ductile flow, and separates the GHS into an upper division in which channel flow may have operated in the interval 25–18 Ma, and a lower division characterized by an inverted metamorphic gradient, and by metamorphic ages that decrease downsection and are best explained by sequential accretion of footwall slices between 20 and 6 Ma. An overall model for extrusion of the GHS is still not resolved.
Abstract Crystalline klippen over the Lesser Himalayan Metasedimentary Sequence (LHMS) zone in the NW Himalaya have specific syn- and post-emplacement histories. These tectonics also provide a means to understand the driving factors responsible for the exhumation of the rocks of crystalline klippen during the Himalayan Orogeny. New meso- and microscale structural analyses, and thermochronological studies across the LHMS zone, Ramgarh Thrust (RT) sheet and Almora klippe in the eastern Kumaun region, NW Himalaya, indicate that the RT sheet and Almora klippe were a part of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) of the Indian Plate which underwent at least one episode of pre-Himalayan deformation and polyepisodic Himalayan deformation in ductile and brittle–ductile regimes. The deformation temperature pattern within the Almora klippe records a normal thermal profile from its base to top but an inverted thermal profile from the base of Almora klippe down towards the LHMS zone. New fission-track data collected across the RT sheet and Almora klippe along Chalthi–Champawat–Pithoragarh traverse in the east Kumaun region document the exhumation of both units since Eocene times. Zircon fission-track (ZFT) ages from the Almora klippe range between 28.7 ± 2.4 and 17.6 ± 1.1 Ma, and from the RT sheet between 29.8 ± 1.6 and 22.6 ± 1.9 Ma; and the apatite fission-track (AFT) ages from the Almora klippe range between 15.1 ± 1.7 and 3.4 ± 0.5 Ma, and from the RT sheet between 8.7 ± 1.2 and 4.6 ± 0.6 Ma. The age pattern and diverse patterns of the exhumation rates reflect a clear tectonic signal in the RT sheet and the Almora klippe which acknowledge that the Cenozoic tectonics influenced the exhumation pattern in the Himalaya.