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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Limpopo Belt (2)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (3)
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
-
Rif (2)
-
Tangier Morocco (1)
-
-
Tindouf Basin (1)
-
Western Sahara (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Gariep Belt (1)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
Kalahari Craton (1)
-
South Africa
-
Mpumalanga South Africa (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe (1)
-
-
West Africa
-
Liberia (1)
-
-
West African Shield (1)
-
Zimbabwe Craton (1)
-
-
Antarctica
-
East Antarctica (1)
-
Queen Maud Land
-
Schirmacher Hills (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region (1)
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Oman
-
Oman Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Gansu China (1)
-
Sichuan Basin (1)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar Basin (1)
-
Tarim Basin (1)
-
-
-
-
Himalayas
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
High Himalayan Crystallines (1)
-
Kumaun Himalayas (4)
-
Lesser Himalayas (5)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Bhutan (2)
-
India
-
Himachal Pradesh India
-
Simla India (1)
-
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Ladakh (2)
-
-
Nepal
-
Kathmandu Nepal (1)
-
-
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (1)
-
Main Central Thrust (4)
-
Middle East
-
Iran (1)
-
Turkey
-
Menderes Massif (1)
-
-
Zagros (1)
-
-
Tibetan Plateau (1)
-
-
Atlantic region (1)
-
Border Ranges Fault (1)
-
Canada
-
Cassiar Mountains (2)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland (2)
-
-
Ontario
-
Nipissing District Ontario
-
North Bay Ontario (1)
-
-
-
Quebec (1)
-
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia
-
Bowser Basin (1)
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
-
Saskatchewan (1)
-
Yukon Territory (3)
-
-
-
Cascade Range (1)
-
Chugach Terrane (2)
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Ukraine (1)
-
-
Copper River basin (1)
-
Death Valley (1)
-
Diablo Range (1)
-
Dunnage Melange (1)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Central Alps
-
Pennine Alps (2)
-
-
Eastern Alps (1)
-
French Alps (1)
-
Prealps (1)
-
Western Alps
-
Provence Alps (1)
-
-
-
Carpathian Foreland (1)
-
Carpathians
-
Slovakian Carpathians (2)
-
Western Carpathians (5)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Czech Republic (2)
-
Magura Nappe (1)
-
Poland (1)
-
Slovakia
-
Slovakian Carpathians (2)
-
-
Switzerland
-
Graubunden Switzerland (1)
-
-
-
Jutland (1)
-
Pannonian Basin (1)
-
Pieniny Klippen Belt (4)
-
Pyrenees (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Greek Macedonia (1)
-
Hellenides (1)
-
Thessaly Greece (1)
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Iberian Massif (1)
-
Spain (1)
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines
-
Southern Apennines (1)
-
-
Lombardy Italy
-
Como (1)
-
-
Lucania (1)
-
-
Macedonia
-
Greek Macedonia (1)
-
-
-
Ukraine (1)
-
Variscides (2)
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Armorican Massif (1)
-
Cher France
-
Sancerre-Couy Borehole (1)
-
-
Corsica (1)
-
French Alps (1)
-
Hautes-Alpes France (1)
-
Hautes-Pyrenees France
-
Gavarnie France (1)
-
-
Provence (1)
-
Provence Alps (1)
-
Var France (2)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
Scotland (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Green Mountains (1)
-
Green River basin (1)
-
Mediterranean region (1)
-
Mediterranean Sea
-
West Mediterranean
-
Ligurian Sea (1)
-
-
-
Mexico
-
Sierra Madre Oriental (1)
-
-
Mohawk Valley (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Central Appalachians (1)
-
Piedmont (1)
-
Southern Appalachians (1)
-
Valley and Ridge Province (1)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Churchill Province
-
Hearne Province (1)
-
-
Grenville Province (2)
-
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
-
Rocky Mountains (1)
-
Saint Elias Mountains (1)
-
Slide Mountain Terrane (2)
-
Yukon-Tanana Terrane (2)
-
-
Northern Highlands (1)
-
Oceania
-
Melanesia
-
New Caledonia (1)
-
-
-
Olympus (1)
-
Pacific Coast (1)
-
Pacific Ocean (1)
-
Rattlesnake Mountain (1)
-
United States
-
Alabama
-
Talladega County Alabama (1)
-
-
Alaska
-
Aleutian Islands (1)
-
Brooks Range (1)
-
Chugach Mountains (1)
-
Kenai Peninsula (2)
-
Kodiak Island (1)
-
Talkeetna Mountains (1)
-
-
California
-
Alameda County California (1)
-
Central California (1)
-
Inyo County California
-
Funeral Mountains (1)
-
-
San Joaquin County California (1)
-
Santa Clara County California (1)
-
-
Crawford Thrust (1)
-
Idaho
-
Bonneville County Idaho (1)
-
Franklin County Idaho (1)
-
-
Kings Mountain Belt (1)
-
Klamath Mountains (2)
-
Nevada
-
Clark County Nevada (1)
-
Lincoln County Nevada (1)
-
Mormon Mountains (1)
-
-
New England (1)
-
New Jersey
-
Hunterdon County New Jersey (1)
-
-
New York
-
Herkimer County New York (1)
-
-
Oregon (1)
-
Pennsylvania
-
Berks County Pennsylvania (1)
-
Dauphin County Pennsylvania (1)
-
-
Sevier orogenic belt (2)
-
South Carolina (1)
-
Utah
-
Millard County Utah
-
House Range (1)
-
-
-
Washington (1)
-
Western U.S. (1)
-
Wyoming
-
Hanna Basin (1)
-
Heart Mountain Fault (1)
-
Laramie Basin (1)
-
Lincoln County Wyoming (1)
-
Park County Wyoming (1)
-
Sublette County Wyoming (1)
-
Teton County Wyoming (1)
-
-
-
-
commodities
-
metal ores
-
chromite ores (1)
-
cobalt ores (1)
-
nickel ores (1)
-
platinum ores (1)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (1)
-
mineral resources (1)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas (1)
-
-
soapstone (1)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (1)
-
-
chemical ratios (1)
-
isotope ratios (3)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
-
metals
-
platinum group
-
platinum ores (1)
-
-
rare earths
-
neodymium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
-
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (1)
-
-
-
fossils
-
Graptolithina (2)
-
Invertebrata
-
Archaeocyatha (1)
-
Arthropoda
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita (1)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (1)
-
Bryozoa (1)
-
Mollusca
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea (1)
-
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera (2)
-
Radiolaria (3)
-
-
-
microfossils
-
Conodonta (2)
-
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (4)
-
fission-track dating (1)
-
Nd/Nd (1)
-
paleomagnetism (2)
-
Sm/Nd (3)
-
thermochronology (6)
-
U/Pb (12)
-
U/Th/Pb (1)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary (3)
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
middle Miocene (1)
-
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian (1)
-
-
-
Hanna Formation (1)
-
Oligocene (2)
-
Paleocene (2)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Villafranchian (1)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous (2)
-
Middle Cretaceous (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous (5)
-
-
Franciscan Complex (2)
-
Great Valley Sequence (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Lower Jurassic (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Bowser Lake Group (1)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (1)
-
McHugh Complex (1)
-
Navajo Sandstone (1)
-
Triassic
-
Upper Triassic (2)
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian (1)
-
Tintic Quartzite (1)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian (1)
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Stephanian (1)
-
-
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian (1)
-
Old Red Sandstone (1)
-
Upper Devonian (2)
-
-
lower Paleozoic (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Gander Lake Group (1)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (1)
-
-
Martinsburg Formation (2)
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Dolgeville Formation (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian (1)
-
Vryheid Formation (1)
-
-
upper Paleozoic (2)
-
-
Precambrian
-
Archean (2)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Neoproterozoic (4)
-
Paleoproterozoic (3)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
gabbros (3)
-
granites
-
leucogranite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (1)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
harzburgite (1)
-
lherzolite (2)
-
-
pyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts (2)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (1)
-
-
-
-
ophiolite (12)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (2)
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cataclasites (3)
-
eclogite (2)
-
gneisses
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augen gneiss (1)
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paragneiss (1)
-
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granulites (2)
-
marbles
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ophicalcite (1)
-
-
metaigneous rocks
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metabasite (1)
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metagabbro (1)
-
serpentinite (2)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
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metapelite (1)
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paragneiss (1)
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metasomatic rocks
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serpentinite (2)
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metavolcanic rocks (2)
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migmatites (1)
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mylonites
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pseudotachylite (1)
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quartzites (3)
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schists
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greenstone (1)
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slates (1)
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ophiolite (12)
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turbidite (1)
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minerals
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carbonates
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calcite (3)
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phosphates
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apatite (2)
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monazite (1)
-
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
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pyroxene group (1)
-
-
framework silicates
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feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
-
-
silica minerals
-
quartz (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group (3)
-
sillimanite (1)
-
zircon group
-
zircon (11)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
piemontite (1)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
mica group
-
muscovite (3)
-
-
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (16)
-
Africa
-
Limpopo Belt (2)
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (3)
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
-
Rif (2)
-
Tangier Morocco (1)
-
-
Tindouf Basin (1)
-
Western Sahara (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Gariep Belt (1)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
Kalahari Craton (1)
-
South Africa
-
Mpumalanga South Africa (1)
-
-
Zimbabwe (1)
-
-
West Africa
-
Liberia (1)
-
-
West African Shield (1)
-
Zimbabwe Craton (1)
-
-
Antarctica
-
East Antarctica (1)
-
Queen Maud Land
-
Schirmacher Hills (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region (1)
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Oman
-
Oman Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Gansu China (1)
-
Sichuan Basin (1)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar Basin (1)
-
Tarim Basin (1)
-
-
-
-
Himalayas
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
High Himalayan Crystallines (1)
-
Kumaun Himalayas (4)
-
Lesser Himalayas (5)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Bhutan (2)
-
India
-
Himachal Pradesh India
-
Simla India (1)
-
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Garhwal Himalayas (1)
-
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Ladakh (2)
-
-
Nepal
-
Kathmandu Nepal (1)
-
-
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (1)
-
Main Central Thrust (4)
-
Middle East
-
Iran (1)
-
Turkey
-
Menderes Massif (1)
-
-
Zagros (1)
-
-
Tibetan Plateau (1)
-
-
Atlantic region (1)
-
biogeography (1)
-
Canada
-
Cassiar Mountains (2)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland (2)
-
-
Ontario
-
Nipissing District Ontario
-
North Bay Ontario (1)
-
-
-
Quebec (1)
-
-
Western Canada
-
British Columbia
-
Bowser Basin (1)
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (2)
-
Northwest Territories (1)
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Saskatchewan (1)
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Yukon Territory (3)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (1)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary (3)
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
middle Miocene (1)
-
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian (1)
-
-
-
Hanna Formation (1)
-
Oligocene (2)
-
Paleocene (2)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Villafranchian (1)
-
-
-
climate change (1)
-
continental drift (2)
-
crust (10)
-
crystal chemistry (1)
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crystal growth (2)
-
data processing (1)
-
deformation (22)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Central Alps
-
Pennine Alps (2)
-
-
Eastern Alps (1)
-
French Alps (1)
-
Prealps (1)
-
Western Alps
-
Provence Alps (1)
-
-
-
Carpathian Foreland (1)
-
Carpathians
-
Slovakian Carpathians (2)
-
Western Carpathians (5)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Czech Republic (2)
-
Magura Nappe (1)
-
Poland (1)
-
Slovakia
-
Slovakian Carpathians (2)
-
-
Switzerland
-
Graubunden Switzerland (1)
-
-
-
Jutland (1)
-
Pannonian Basin (1)
-
Pieniny Klippen Belt (4)
-
Pyrenees (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Greek Macedonia (1)
-
Hellenides (1)
-
Thessaly Greece (1)
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Iberian Massif (1)
-
Spain (1)
-
-
Italy
-
Apennines
-
Southern Apennines (1)
-
-
Lombardy Italy
-
Como (1)
-
-
Lucania (1)
-
-
Macedonia
-
Greek Macedonia (1)
-
-
-
Ukraine (1)
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Variscides (2)
-
Western Europe
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France
-
Armorican Massif (1)
-
Cher France
-
Sancerre-Couy Borehole (1)
-
-
Corsica (1)
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French Alps (1)
-
Hautes-Alpes France (1)
-
Hautes-Pyrenees France
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Gavarnie France (1)
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Provence (1)
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Provence Alps (1)
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Var France (2)
-
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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Scotland (1)
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-
-
-
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faults (52)
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folds (25)
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foliation (6)
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fractures (1)
-
geochemistry (5)
-
geochronology (3)
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geophysical methods (3)
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Graptolithina (2)
-
heat flow (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
kimberlite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
gabbros (3)
-
granites
-
leucogranite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (1)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
harzburgite (1)
-
lherzolite (2)
-
-
pyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
basalts (2)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (1)
-
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (1)
-
-
intrusions (5)
-
Invertebrata
-
Archaeocyatha (1)
-
Arthropoda
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita (1)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (1)
-
Bryozoa (1)
-
Mollusca
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea (1)
-
-
-
Protista
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
klippen
Tectonic setting and Pan-African structural evolution of the western Saldania Belt, South Africa Available to Purchase
Pre-Himalayan tectono-metamorphic impresses in the Baijnath klippe, Kumaun Himalaya, NW India: Implications on a veiled saga of Paleoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic crustal evolution and thermal history of the northern Indian cratonic margin Available to Purchase
Mid-Cretaceous Accelerated Cooling of the Beishan Orogen, NW China: Evidence from Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology Open Access
Bhumichula plateau: A remnant high-elevation low-relief surface in the Himalayan thrust belt of western Nepal Available to Purchase
An overview of strains in the Sevier thin-skinned thrust belt, Idaho and Wyoming, USA (latitude 42° N) Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT Calcite twinning analysis across the central, unbuttressed portion of the Sevier thin-skin thrust belt, using Cambrian–Cretaceous limestones ( n = 121) and synorogenic calcite veins ( n = 31), records a complex strain history for the Sevier belt, Idaho and Wyoming, USA. Plots of fabric types (layer-parallel shortening, layer-normal shortening, etc.), shortening and extension axes for the Paris thrust (west, oldest, n = 11), Meade thrust ( n = 46), Crawford thrust ( n = 15), Absaroka thrust ( n = 55), Darby thrust ( n = 13), Lander Peak klippe ( n = 5), eastern Prospect thrust ( n = 6), and distal Cretaceous foreland ( n = 3) reveal a W-E layer-parallel shortening strain only in the Prospect thrust and distal foreland. Calcite twinning strains in all western, internal thrust sheets are complex mixes of layer-parallel (LPS), layer-normal (LNS), and non-plane strains in limestones and synorogenic calcite veins. This complex strain fabric is best interpreted as the result of oblique convergence to the west and repeated eastward overthrusting by the Paris thrust.
Downhill from Austin and Ely to Las Vegas: U-Pb detrital zircon suites from the Eocene–Oligocene Titus Canyon Formation and associated strata, Death Valley, California Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT In a reconnaissance investigation aimed at interrogating the changing topography and paleogeography of the western United States prior to Basin and Range faulting, a preliminary study made use of U-Pb ages of detrital zircon suites from 16 samples from the Eocene–Oligocene Titus Canyon Formation, its overlying units, and correlatives near Death Valley. The Titus Canyon Formation unconformably overlies Neoproterozoic to Devonian strata in the Funeral and Grapevine Mountains of California and Nevada. Samples were collected from (1) the type area in Titus Canyon, (2) the headwaters of Monarch Canyon, and (3) unnamed Cenozoic strata exposed in a klippe of the Boundary Canyon fault in the central Funeral Mountains. Red beds and conglomerates at the base of the Titus Canyon Formation at locations 1 and 2, which contain previously reported 38–37 Ma fossils, yielded mostly Sierran batholith–age detrital zircons (defined by Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous peaks). Overlying channelized fluvial sandstones, conglomerates, and minor lacustrine shale, marl, and limestone record an abrupt change in source region around 38–36 Ma or slightly later, from more local, Sierran arc–derived sediment to extraregional sources to the north. Clasts of red radiolarian-bearing chert, dark radiolarian chert, and quartzite indicate sources in the region of the Golconda and Roberts Mountains allochthons of northern Nevada. Sandstones intercalated with conglomerate contain increasing proportions of Cenozoic zircon sourced from south-migrating, caldera-forming eruptions at the latitude of Austin and Ely in Nevada with maximum depositional ages (MDAs) ranging from 36 to 24 Ma at the top of the Titus Canyon Formation. Carbonate clasts and ash-rich horizons become more prevalent in the overlying conglomeratic Panuga Formation (which contains a previously dated 15.7 Ma ash-flow tuff). The base of the higher, ash-dominated Wahguyhe Formation yielded a MDA of 14.4 Ma. The central Funeral Mountains section exposes a different sequence of units that, based on new data, are correlative to the Titus Canyon, Panuga, and Wahguyhe Formations at locations 1 and 2. An ash-flow tuff above its (unexposed) base provided a MDA of 34 Ma, and the youngest sample yielded a MDA of 12.7 Ma. The striking differences between age-correlative sections, together with map-based evidence for channelization, indicate that the Titus Canyon Formation and overlying units likely represent fluvial channel, floodplain, and lacustrine deposits as sediments mostly bypassed the region, moving south toward the Paleogene shoreline in the Mojave Desert. The profound changes in source regions and sedimentary facies documented in the Titus Canyon Formation took place during ignimbrite flareup magmatism and a proposed eastward shift of the continental divide from the axis of the Cretaceous arc to a new divide in central Nevada in response to thermal uplift and addition of magma to the crust. This uplift initiated south-flowing fluvial systems that supplied sediments to the Titus Canyon Formation and higher units.
Geology of Chief Joseph Pass, Wyoming: Crest of Rattlesnake Mountain anticline and escape path of the Eocene Heart Mountain slide Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT Rattlesnake Mountain is a Laramide uplift cored by Archean gneiss that formed by offset along two reverse faults with opposing dips, the result being an asymmetric anticline with a drape fold of Cambrian–Cretaceous sediments. Rattlesnake Mountain was uplifted ca. 57 Ma and was a structural buttress that impeded motion of upper-plate blocks of the catastrophic Heart Mountain slide (49.19 Ma). North of Pat O’Hara Mountain anticline, Rattlesnake Mountain anticline has a central graben that formed ca. 52 Ma (U-Pb age on vein calcite in normal faults) into which O- and C-depleted fluids propagated upward with hydrocarbons. The graben is defined by down-dropped Triassic Chugwater shales atop the anticline that facilitated motion of Heart Mountain slide blocks of Paleozoic limestones dolomite (i.e., the Ordovician Bighorn Dolomite and Mississippian Madison Limestone) onto, and over, Rattlesnake Mountain into the Bighorn Basin. Heart Mountain fault gouge was also injected downward into the bounding Rattlesnake Mountain graben normal faults (U-Pb age ca. 48.8 ± 5 Ma), based on O and C isotopes; there is no anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility fabric present. Calcite veins parallel to graben normal faults precipitated from meteoric waters (recorded by O and C isotopes) heated by the uplifting Rattlesnake Mountain anticline and crystallized at 57 °C (fluid inclusions) in the presence of oil. Calcite twinning strain results from graben injectites and calcite veins are different; we also documented a random layer-parallel shortening strain pattern for the Heart Mountain slide blocks in the ramp region ( n = 4; west) and on the land surface ( n = 5; atop Rattlesnake Mountain). We observed an absence of any twinning strain overprint (low negative expected values) in the allochthonous upper-plate blocks and in autochthonous carbonates directly below the Heart Mountain slide surface, again indicating rapid motion including horizontal rotation about vertical axes of the upper-plate Heart Mountain slide blocks during the Eocene.
Discussion of ‘Seismic imaging of mélanges; Pieniny Klippen Belt case study’, Journal of the Geological Society , London , https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-220 Available to Purchase
Chapter 10: Mineral resources and prospectivity of the ultramafic rocks of New Caledonia Open Access
Abstract The main metallic mineral resources of New Caledonia are hosted by the obducted Peridotite Nappe. Ni, Co, Cr and the Pt group elements (PGEs) are specific to this ultramafic terrane. Cr, as podiform chromitite in the uppermost mantle, is the only hypogene metal mined economically in the past. The largest chromitite deposits are located in the lherzolitic Tiébaghi Massif. Supergene Ni and Co deposits are concentrated by the tropical climate that has prevailed since the Miocene. New Caledonian lateritic Ni deposits account for 10% of the global Ni resources. Hydrous Mg silicate and oxide types coexist in a single deposit. A local genetic model based on geomorphological evolution is proposed. Sc is a prospective resource associated with these supergene deposits. The PGEs are a prospective resource associated with chromite, with potential in the hypogene, supergene and fluvio-littoral domains. Pt and Pd are the most significant elements. The transition zone between the upper mantle and crustal cumulates constitutes a regional Pt–Pd-enriched horizon. The concentrations are related to small disseminated chromite lenses in a pyroxene-rich lithology. The PGEs are concentrated in weathering profiles. The value of chromite-rich sands as placers or sand beach deposits might be enhanced by the occurrences of PGEs.
Metamorphic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the High Himalaya in Nepal: the art of the possible Available to Purchase
Abstract This review presents an objective account of metamorphic, microstructural and geochronological studies in the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS) and adjacent units in Nepal in the light of recent research. The importance of integrated, multidisciplinary studies is highlighted. A personal view is presented of strategies for determining pressure–temperature evolution, and of petrological processes at the micro scale, particularly in relation to departures from equilibrium and the behaviour of partially-melted rock systems. Evidence has accumulated for the existence within the GHS of a High Himalayan Discontinuity, marked by differences in timing of peak metamorphism in the hanging wall and footwall, and changes in P–T gradients and paths. Whether or not this is a single continuous horizon, it forms at each location the lower boundary to a migmatitic zone capable of ductile flow, and separates the GHS into an upper division in which channel flow may have operated in the interval 25–18 Ma, and a lower division characterized by an inverted metamorphic gradient, and by metamorphic ages that decrease downsection and are best explained by sequential accretion of footwall slices between 20 and 6 Ma. An overall model for extrusion of the GHS is still not resolved.
Structural and thermochronological studies of the Almora klippe, Kumaun, NW India: implications for crustal thickening and exhumation of the NW Himalaya Available to Purchase
Abstract Crystalline klippen over the Lesser Himalayan Metasedimentary Sequence (LHMS) zone in the NW Himalaya have specific syn- and post-emplacement histories. These tectonics also provide a means to understand the driving factors responsible for the exhumation of the rocks of crystalline klippen during the Himalayan Orogeny. New meso- and microscale structural analyses, and thermochronological studies across the LHMS zone, Ramgarh Thrust (RT) sheet and Almora klippe in the eastern Kumaun region, NW Himalaya, indicate that the RT sheet and Almora klippe were a part of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) of the Indian Plate which underwent at least one episode of pre-Himalayan deformation and polyepisodic Himalayan deformation in ductile and brittle–ductile regimes. The deformation temperature pattern within the Almora klippe records a normal thermal profile from its base to top but an inverted thermal profile from the base of Almora klippe down towards the LHMS zone. New fission-track data collected across the RT sheet and Almora klippe along Chalthi–Champawat–Pithoragarh traverse in the east Kumaun region document the exhumation of both units since Eocene times. Zircon fission-track (ZFT) ages from the Almora klippe range between 28.7 ± 2.4 and 17.6 ± 1.1 Ma, and from the RT sheet between 29.8 ± 1.6 and 22.6 ± 1.9 Ma; and the apatite fission-track (AFT) ages from the Almora klippe range between 15.1 ± 1.7 and 3.4 ± 0.5 Ma, and from the RT sheet between 8.7 ± 1.2 and 4.6 ± 0.6 Ma. The age pattern and diverse patterns of the exhumation rates reflect a clear tectonic signal in the RT sheet and the Almora klippe which acknowledge that the Cenozoic tectonics influenced the exhumation pattern in the Himalaya.