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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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East Africa
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Kenya (1)
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Mozambique (2)
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Somali Republic (2)
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Tanzania (4)
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Madagascar
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North Africa
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Egypt
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Southern Africa
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Lesotho (7)
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South Africa
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Bushveld Complex (4)
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Cape Province region (41)
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Eastern Cape Province South Africa (24)
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Free State South Africa (5)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (6)
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Mpumalanga South Africa (1)
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Sutherland South Africa (3)
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Vaal River (1)
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Western Cape Province South Africa (2)
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Swaziland (1)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (6)
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Vertebrata
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Mammalia
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Insectivora (1)
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Reptilia
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Synapsida
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ichnofossils (9)
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Invertebrata
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Insecta (3)
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Mollusca
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Plantae
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Pteridophyta
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Spermatophyta
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Coniferales (1)
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Glossopteridales
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Glossopteris
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Glossopteris flora (1)
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tracks (4)
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geochronology methods
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Ar/Ar (6)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Tertiary
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lower Tertiary (1)
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middle Tertiary (2)
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Paleogene
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous (3)
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Middle Cretaceous (1)
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Upper Cretaceous (3)
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Jurassic
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Clarens Formation (11)
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Ferrar Group (6)
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Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (3)
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lower Liassic (2)
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middle Liassic (2)
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Pliensbachian (5)
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lower Toarcian (1)
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upper Liassic (4)
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Middle Jurassic (5)
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Upper Jurassic
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Volgian (1)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Olenekian (2)
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Middle Triassic
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Anisian (1)
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Narrabeen Group (1)
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Upper Triassic
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Molteno Formation (8)
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Norian (1)
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Stormberg Series (7)
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upper Mesozoic (1)
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Paleozoic
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Carboniferous
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Albert Formation (1)
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Lower Carboniferous
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Pennsylvanian (1)
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Devonian
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lower Paleozoic (1)
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Ordovician (2)
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Permian
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Ecca Group (40)
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Lower Permian
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Cisuralian
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Artinskian (1)
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Kungurian (1)
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Wolfcampian
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Hueco Limestone (1)
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Middle Permian (4)
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Upper Permian
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Lopingian
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Changhsingian (1)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (21)
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Vryheid Formation (5)
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Whitehill Formation (12)
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Silurian (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Dwyka Formation (20)
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Phanerozoic (3)
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Precambrian
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Prince Albert Group (2)
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upper Precambrian
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Mesoproterozoic (1)
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Paleoproterozoic
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Ventersdorp Supergroup (3)
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orthosilicates
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olivine group
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zircon group
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zircon (16)
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sheet silicates
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mica group
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sulfates
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anhydrite (1)
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sulfides (2)
-
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Primary terms
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absolute age (27)
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Afar Depression (1)
-
Kenya (1)
-
Mozambique (2)
-
Somali Republic (2)
-
Tanzania (4)
-
Zambia (3)
-
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Kariba (1)
-
-
East African Rift (4)
-
Kalahari Desert (3)
-
Lebombo Mountains (2)
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Limpopo Basin (1)
-
Limpopo Belt (3)
-
Madagascar
-
Mahajanga Basin (1)
-
-
North Africa
-
Egypt
-
Nile Delta (1)
-
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Botswana (8)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (10)
-
Kalahari Craton (1)
-
Karoo Basin (261)
-
Lesotho (7)
-
Namaqualand (1)
-
Namibia (7)
-
Orange River (2)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (4)
-
Cape fold belt (18)
-
Cape Province region (41)
-
Eastern Cape Province South Africa (24)
-
Free State South Africa (5)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (6)
-
Mpumalanga South Africa (1)
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa
-
Kimberley South Africa (2)
-
Postmasburg South Africa (1)
-
-
Sutherland South Africa (3)
-
Vaal River (1)
-
Western Cape Province South Africa (2)
-
-
Swaziland (1)
-
Zimbabwe
-
Great Dyke (1)
-
Kariba Zimbabwe (1)
-
-
-
Zambezi Valley (2)
-
Zimbabwe Craton (2)
-
-
Antarctica
-
Queen Maud Land (2)
-
Transantarctic Mountains
-
Pensacola Mountains
-
Dufek Intrusion (1)
-
-
-
Victoria Land (3)
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Yemen (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Henan China (1)
-
Shanxi China (1)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar Basin (1)
-
Turpan Basin (1)
-
-
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Damodar Valley (1)
-
Rajasthan India (1)
-
-
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
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Norilsk Russian Federation (1)
-
-
-
Middle East (1)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
-
Gulf of Mexico (1)
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North Sea
-
Viking Graben (1)
-
-
-
South Atlantic
-
Cape Basin (4)
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Falkland Plateau (1)
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Santos Basin (1)
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Walvis Ridge (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Falkland Islands (2)
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atmosphere (2)
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Australasia
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Australia
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New South Wales Australia (1)
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Queensland Australia (1)
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Tasmania Australia
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Tasmania Basin (1)
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Western Australia
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Collie Basin (2)
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New Zealand (1)
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biogeography (6)
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biography (1)
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (10)
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Tertiary
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lower Tertiary (1)
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middle Tertiary (2)
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Paleogene
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Paleocene
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lower Paleocene (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces (2)
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amphibia
-
Labyrinthodontia
-
Temnospondyli (3)
-
-
-
Mammalia
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Insectivora (1)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
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Testudines
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Chelonia (1)
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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Crocodilia (3)
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dinosaurs
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Ornithischia (3)
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Saurischia
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Sauropodomorpha
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Sauropoda (1)
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Theropoda (2)
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Pterosauria (1)
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Thecodontia
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Aetosauria (1)
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Lepidosauria (1)
-
-
Synapsida
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Therapsida
-
Cynodontia (5)
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Dicynodontia
-
Lystrosaurus (13)
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-
-
-
-
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clay mineralogy (2)
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climate change (7)
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coal deposits (5)
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continental drift (3)
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crust (20)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Karoo Basin
Mercury efficiently volatilized but not completely removed from sediments around igneous intrusions Available to Purchase
Mesozoic rifting in SW Gondwana and break-up of the Southern South Atlantic Ocean Available to Purchase
Abstract The opening of the South Atlantic Ocean in the Early Cretaceous was only the final stage of the complex rifting process of SW Gondwana. In this contribution, we reassess the chronology of Mesozoic basin formation in southern South America and Africa and integrate it in the long-term rifting and break-up history of SW Gondwana. During the Triassic, after the Gondwanides orogeny, plate-scale instabilities produced intracontinental rifting in Africa, and retro-arc extension on the SW-margin of Gondwana. This process was followed and accentuated by the impingement of the Karoo plume in the Early Jurassic, which triggered rifting in East Africa and ultimately produced the break-up of Eastern from Western Gondwana in the Middle Jurassic. Retro-arc extension continued to affect the palaeo-Pacific margin, with emplacement of the Chon Aike magmatic province in the Patagonian retro-arc during the Early–Middle Jurassic. By the Late Jurassic, retro-arc rifting reached a point of oceanic crust accretion, with the establishment of the Rocas Verdes back-arc basin in southern Patagonia, together with the formation of the Weddell Sea further south, between the South American plate and Antarctica. The core of the Late Paleozoic Gondwanides orogen, between southern South America and Africa, was subjected to oblique rifting at this time and produced the Outeniqua and Rawson/Valdés basins. This area was the locus of extension and oceanization in the Early Cretaceous associated with a rotation of the stress field from NE–SW to east–west extension. The formation of the South Atlantic Ocean resulted from lithospheric extension and was accompanied by extensive intrusive magmatism and extrusive flood basalts identified as seaward dipping reflectors, which were emplaced diachronically from south to north, along different segments along both conjugate margins. These volcanic rocks form the South Atlantic Large Igneous Province. The chronology of the South Atlantic opening and the magmatic sources and processes associated with the formation of seaward dipping reflectors remain interpretative as they have only been studied on seismic data but are still undrilled; hence, scientific drilling will be key to unravel many of these unknowns.
Charles Darwin's discovery of Devonian fossils in the Falkland Islands, 1833, and its controversial consequences Open Access
Abstract In March 1833 Charles Darwin discovered Devonian fossils in the Falkland Islands. He was excited by his find but could have had little premonition of the long-running geological controversy that he was initiating. Darwin's fossils matched a coeval South African fauna and, as further collections were made, the association was apparently strengthened. A particularly important contribution arose around 1910 through collaborations between a local collector, Constance Allardyce, and professional palaeontologists: Ernest Schwarz in South Africa and John Clarke in the USA. The accumulating evidence was seized upon by the early proponents of ‘displacement theory’ – continental drift – notably Alexander Du Toit, who relocated the Falkland Islands northward for his 1927 South Atlantic reconstruction. A more radical, but geologically sounder proposal arose in 1952 when Ray Adie suggested that the Falkland Islands, rotated through 180°, had originated as the eastward culmination of the Cape Fold Belt and Karoo Basin. In effect, Adie had presciently described a rotated microplate, perhaps the first on record. An opposing view saw the Falkland Islands as part of a fixed, South American promontory, and argument around these two contrasting interpretations of South Atlantic geology continues to the present day.
Selected Karoo geoheritage sites of palaeontological significance in South Africa and Lesotho Open Access
Abstract The main Karoo Basin of South Africa and Lesotho preserves c. 120 myr of Earth's history. The sedimentary rocks of its Karoo Supergroup record massive environmental changes from the glacial Carboniferous to desert dunes and fiery flood basalts in the Early Jurassic. From the early Permian, the Karoo Basin was gradually filled with fluvial and lacustrine deposits, and the alluvial plains were successively colonized by a diverse suite of plants and animals. The fossils of these ancient inhabitants and their behavioural traces form an astounding Gondwanan geoheritage legacy in southern Africa, providing fossil evidence for the moving lithospheric plates and the effects of four mass extinctions and their subsequent biotic recovery. Here, we present six Karoo sites of global geoscientific importance that best display that heritage, with the caveat that these sites only touch upon the Karoo riches that are available for academic research and the emerging palaeotourism industry. It is our hope that these sites will become anchor points for a sustainable geoheritage future in southern Africa.