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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Nubian Shield (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Arabian Shield (1)
-
-
Central Asia
-
Pamirs (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Tarim Platform (1)
-
Xizang China
-
Lhasa Block (3)
-
-
-
-
Ganges River (1)
-
Himalayas
-
Garhwal Himalayas (3)
-
High Himalayan Crystallines (3)
-
Kumaun Himalayas (3)
-
Lesser Himalayas (4)
-
Nanga Parbat (29)
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Zanskar Range (9)
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Indian Peninsula
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Afghanistan (1)
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Bhutan (2)
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Ganga Basin (1)
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India
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Doda India
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Kishtwar India (1)
-
-
Himachal Pradesh India (2)
-
Northeastern India
-
Assam India (1)
-
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Rajasthan India
-
Aravalli Range (1)
-
-
Ramnagar India (1)
-
Sikkim India (3)
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Srinagar India (3)
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Garhwal Himalayas (3)
-
Garhwal India (1)
-
-
-
Indus Basin (2)
-
Indus Valley (4)
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Azad Kashmir Pakistan (8)
-
Jammu (7)
-
Kashmir (50)
-
Kashmir Valley (3)
-
Kishtwar India (1)
-
Ladakh (83)
-
Nanga Parbat (29)
-
Srinagar India (3)
-
-
Kohistan (14)
-
Nepal (4)
-
Pakistan
-
Azad Kashmir Pakistan (8)
-
North-West Frontier Pakistan
-
Hazara Pakistan (1)
-
Swat Pakistan (1)
-
-
Punjab Pakistan
-
Salt Range (1)
-
-
-
Potwar Plateau (1)
-
-
Indus River (11)
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (18)
-
Karakoram (24)
-
Main Boundary Fault (2)
-
Main Central Thrust (7)
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Qiangtang Terrane (2)
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Tibetan Plateau (5)
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Australasia
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New Zealand (1)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Armenia (1)
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Eurasia (1)
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Europe
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Armenia (1)
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Southern Europe
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Greece
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Greek Aegean Islands
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Cyclades
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Naxos (1)
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-
-
-
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Western Europe
-
Scandinavia
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Norway
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Tunsbergdalsbreen (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Indian Ocean
-
Arabian Sea
-
Indus Fan (2)
-
-
-
International Ocean Discovery Program
-
Expedition 355
-
IODP Site U1456 (1)
-
IODP Site U1457 (1)
-
-
-
Mediterranean region
-
Aegean Islands
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Greek Aegean Islands
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Cyclades
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Naxos (1)
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-
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South Island (1)
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Southern Alps (1)
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United States
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Sevier orogenic belt (1)
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USSR (1)
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commodities
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construction materials
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building stone (2)
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gems (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (2)
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petroleum
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natural gas (1)
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water resources (1)
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elements, isotopes
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boron (1)
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (2)
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C-14 (2)
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organic carbon (1)
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chemical ratios (2)
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halogens
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bromine (1)
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chlorine (1)
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fluorine (1)
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iodine (1)
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hydrogen (1)
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isotope ratios (14)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Al-26 (1)
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Be-10 (7)
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C-14 (2)
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K-40 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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Pb-210 (1)
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Ra-226 (1)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (2)
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Th-232 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (2)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (8)
-
O-18/O-16 (1)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (2)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (10)
-
-
-
Lu/Hf (1)
-
metals
-
actinides
-
thorium
-
Th-232 (1)
-
-
-
alkali metals
-
potassium
-
K-40 (1)
-
-
rubidium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
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alkaline earth metals
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (7)
-
-
calcium (2)
-
magnesium (1)
-
radium
-
Ra-226 (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (10)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (1)
-
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (3)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (3)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (2)
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Pb-210 (1)
-
-
platinum group (1)
-
rare earths
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (8)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (2)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (2)
-
-
-
-
nitrogen
-
N-15/N-14 (1)
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noble gases
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radon (2)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (1)
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-
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fossils
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces (1)
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Tetrapoda
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Mammalia
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Theria
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Eutheria
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Insectivora
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Proteutheria
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Scandentia (1)
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Perissodactyla
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Ceratomorpha (1)
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Rodentia (1)
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Graptolithina
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Graptoloidea
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Monograptina
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Monograptus (1)
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ichnofossils (1)
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Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida
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Cypridocopina
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Cyprididae
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Candona (1)
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Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita (2)
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Brachiopoda (2)
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia (1)
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Gastropoda (1)
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Porifera
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Demospongea (1)
-
-
Protista
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Foraminifera
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Rotaliina
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Globigerinacea
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Globotruncanidae
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Globotruncana (1)
-
-
-
Rotaliacea
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Nummulitidae (1)
-
-
-
-
Radiolaria (1)
-
-
-
microfossils
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Conodonta (1)
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palynomorphs
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miospores
-
pollen (3)
-
-
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Plantae
-
algae (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Lycopsida (1)
-
-
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thallophytes (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (5)
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Ar/Ar (12)
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exposure age (5)
-
fission-track dating (5)
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He/He (1)
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K/Ar (2)
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Lu/Hf (1)
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Nd/Nd (1)
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optical mineralogy (1)
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optically stimulated luminescence (4)
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paleomagnetism (3)
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Pb/Th (1)
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Rb/Sr (3)
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Sm/Nd (4)
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Sr/Sr (1)
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thermochronology (8)
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thermoluminescence (1)
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U/Pb (21)
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U/Th/Pb (3)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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upper Holocene (1)
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Pleistocene
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Matuyama Chron (1)
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upper Pleistocene (1)
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upper Quaternary (3)
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Siwalik System (6)
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Tertiary
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lower Tertiary (1)
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middle Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
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Miocene
-
lower Miocene (2)
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middle Miocene (3)
-
upper Miocene
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Chinji Formation (1)
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-
-
Pliocene
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Gauss Chron (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene
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Ypresian (1)
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-
-
Oligocene
-
upper Oligocene (3)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
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Danian (1)
-
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upper Paleocene (1)
-
-
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-
upper Cenozoic
-
Karewa Group (1)
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Mesozoic
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Bela Ophiolites (1)
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Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (1)
-
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Upper Cretaceous
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Campanian (1)
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Maestrichtian
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upper Maestrichtian (1)
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Senonian (2)
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Jurassic
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Middle Jurassic (1)
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Upper Jurassic (1)
-
-
Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
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MIS 5 (1)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian (1)
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Middle Cambrian (1)
-
Upper Cambrian (1)
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Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (1)
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Mississippian
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean (1)
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Upper Carboniferous (1)
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Devonian (1)
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Ordovician (4)
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Permian
-
Upper Permian
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Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
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Silurian
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Upper Silurian (1)
-
-
-
Precambrian
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic (1)
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Neoproterozoic (1)
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Paleoproterozoic (2)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
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plutonic rocks
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diabase
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tholeiitic dolerite (1)
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diorites
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tonalite (1)
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-
gabbros (3)
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granites
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A-type granites (1)
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I-type granites (1)
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leucogranite (7)
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S-type granites (1)
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granodiorites (2)
-
pegmatite (5)
-
ultramafics
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peridotites
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harzburgite (1)
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spinel peridotite (1)
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pyroxenite (1)
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-
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volcanic rocks
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andesites (3)
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basalts
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mid-ocean ridge basalts (2)
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ocean-island basalts (1)
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trap rocks (1)
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pyroclastics
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tuff (1)
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rhyolites (1)
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ophiolite (12)
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metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (3)
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eclogite (12)
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gneisses
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augen gneiss (1)
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granite gneiss (1)
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orthogneiss (2)
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granulites (2)
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marbles (2)
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metaigneous rocks
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metabasite (2)
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metagranite (2)
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serpentinite (2)
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metasedimentary rocks
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metapelite (1)
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metasomatic rocks
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serpentinite (2)
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migmatites (7)
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mylonites (5)
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quartzites (1)
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schists
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blueschist (1)
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ophiolite (12)
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minerals
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carbonates
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calcite (1)
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dolomite (1)
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halides
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fluorides
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topaz (1)
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native elements
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diamond (1)
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oxides
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phosphates
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apatite (7)
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eosphorite (1)
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monazite (4)
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silicates
-
chain silicates
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amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
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glaucophane (1)
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hornblende (1)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
omphacite (1)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (2)
-
-
-
myrmekite (1)
-
silica minerals
-
coesite (2)
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quartz (2)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
-
garnet group
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majorite (1)
-
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olivine group
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olivine (1)
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sillimanite (1)
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staurolite (1)
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titanite group
-
titanite (1)
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topaz (1)
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zircon group
-
zircon (21)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
emerald (1)
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tourmaline group
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dravite (1)
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elbaite (1)
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schorl (2)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
mica group
-
biotite (3)
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lepidolite (1)
-
muscovite (2)
-
-
-
-
tungstates (1)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (39)
-
Africa
-
Nubian Shield (1)
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Arabian Shield (1)
-
-
Central Asia
-
Pamirs (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Tarim Platform (1)
-
Xizang China
-
Lhasa Block (3)
-
-
-
-
Ganges River (1)
-
Himalayas
-
Garhwal Himalayas (3)
-
High Himalayan Crystallines (3)
-
Kumaun Himalayas (3)
-
Lesser Himalayas (4)
-
Nanga Parbat (29)
-
Zanskar Range (9)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Afghanistan (1)
-
Bhutan (2)
-
Ganga Basin (1)
-
India
-
Doda India
-
Kishtwar India (1)
-
-
Himachal Pradesh India (2)
-
Northeastern India
-
Assam India (1)
-
-
Rajasthan India
-
Aravalli Range (1)
-
-
Ramnagar India (1)
-
Sikkim India (3)
-
Srinagar India (3)
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Garhwal Himalayas (3)
-
Garhwal India (1)
-
-
-
Indus Basin (2)
-
Indus Valley (4)
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Azad Kashmir Pakistan (8)
-
Jammu (7)
-
Kashmir (50)
-
Kashmir Valley (3)
-
Kishtwar India (1)
-
Ladakh (83)
-
Nanga Parbat (29)
-
Srinagar India (3)
-
-
Kohistan (14)
-
Nepal (4)
-
Pakistan
-
Azad Kashmir Pakistan (8)
-
North-West Frontier Pakistan
-
Hazara Pakistan (1)
-
Swat Pakistan (1)
-
-
Punjab Pakistan
-
Salt Range (1)
-
-
-
Potwar Plateau (1)
-
-
Indus River (11)
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (18)
-
Karakoram (24)
-
Main Boundary Fault (2)
-
Main Central Thrust (7)
-
Qiangtang Terrane (2)
-
Tibetan Plateau (5)
-
-
Australasia
-
New Zealand (1)
-
-
biogeography (2)
-
boron (1)
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (2)
-
C-14 (2)
-
organic carbon (1)
-
-
catalogs (1)
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
upper Holocene (1)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Matuyama Chron (1)
-
upper Pleistocene (1)
-
-
upper Quaternary (3)
-
-
Siwalik System (6)
-
Tertiary
-
lower Tertiary (1)
-
middle Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
lower Miocene (2)
-
middle Miocene (3)
-
upper Miocene
-
Chinji Formation (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
Gauss Chron (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene
-
Ypresian (1)
-
-
-
Oligocene
-
upper Oligocene (3)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (1)
-
-
upper Paleocene (1)
-
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Karewa Group (1)
-
-
-
chemical analysis (1)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces (1)
-
Tetrapoda
-
Mammalia
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Insectivora
-
Proteutheria
-
Scandentia (1)
-
-
-
Perissodactyla
-
Ceratomorpha (1)
-
-
Rodentia (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
climate change (1)
-
construction materials
-
building stone (2)
-
-
continental drift (3)
-
crust (28)
-
crystal chemistry (3)
-
crystal structure (2)
-
dams (2)
-
data processing (3)
-
Deep Sea Drilling Project
-
Leg 23
-
DSDP Site 224 (1)
-
-
-
deformation (16)
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earthquakes (18)
-
ecology (1)
-
economic geology (2)
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Eurasia (1)
-
Europe
-
Armenia (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Greece
-
Greek Aegean Islands
-
Cyclades
-
Naxos (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Western Europe
-
Scandinavia
-
Norway
-
Tunsbergdalsbreen (1)
-
-
-
-
-
faults (45)
-
folds (12)
-
foliation (5)
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foundations (1)
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fractures (1)
-
gems (1)
-
geochemistry (11)
-
geochronology (5)
-
geodesy (3)
-
geomorphology (13)
-
geophysical methods (5)
-
glacial geology (7)
-
Graptolithina
-
Graptoloidea
-
Monograptina
-
Monograptus (1)
-
-
-
-
ground water (2)
-
heat flow (4)
-
hydrogen (1)
-
hydrology (5)
-
ichnofossils (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites
-
tonalite (1)
-
-
gabbros (3)
-
granites
-
A-type granites (1)
-
I-type granites (1)
-
leucogranite (7)
-
S-type granites (1)
-
-
granodiorites (2)
-
pegmatite (5)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
harzburgite (1)
-
spinel peridotite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites (3)
-
basalts
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (2)
-
ocean-island basalts (1)
-
trap rocks (1)
-
-
pyroclastics
-
tuff (1)
-
-
rhyolites (1)
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (4)
-
-
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Jammu and Kashmir
Nature of the Shyok (Northern) Suture Zone between India and Asia: petrology, geochemistry and origin of the Tirit granitoids and associated dykes (Nubra Valley Ladakh Himalaya, NW India)
The emplacement, alteration, subduction and metamorphism of metagranites from the Tso Morari Complex, Ladakh Himalaya
A new genus of treeshrew and other micromammals from the middle Miocene hominoid locality of Ramnagar, Udhampur District, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Tso Morari Eclogites, Eastern Ladakh: Isotopic and Elemental Constraints on Their Protolith, Genesis, and Tectonic Setting
Electron Backscatter Diffraction Study of Ultrahigh-Pressure Tso Morari Eclogites (Trans-Himalayan Collisional Zone): Implications for Strain Regime Transition from Constrictional to Plane Strain during Exhumation
First report of Acanthochaetetes (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Cretaceous Khalsi Formation, Ladakh Himalaya, India
Tracing Late-Stage Fluid Sources and Vein Formation within Ophiolitic Mélanges from the Indus Suture Zone, Ladakh Himalaya
Jurassic–Cretaceous arc magmatism along the Shyok–Bangong Suture of NW Himalaya: formation of the peri-Gondwana basement to the Ladakh Arc
Modern pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs along an altitudinal transect in Jammu and Kashmir (Western Himalaya), India
ABSTRACT The southeast Ladakh (India) area displays one of the best-preserved ophiolite sections in this planet, in places up to 10 km thick, along the southern bank of the Indus River. Recently, in situ, ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) mineralogical evidence from the mantle transition zone (MTZ; ~410–660 km) with diamond and reduced fluids were discovered from two peridotite bodies in the basal mantle part of this Indus ophiolite. Ultrahigh-pressure phases were also found by early workers from podiform chromitites of another coeval Neo-Tethyan ophiolite in southern Tibet. However, the MTZ phases in the Indus ophiolite are found in silicate peridotites, but not in metallic chromitites, and the peridotitic UHP phases show systematic and contiguous phase transitions from the MTZ to shallower depth, unlike the discrete UHP inclusions, all in Tibetan chromitites. We observe consistent change in oxygen fugacity ( f O 2 ) and fluid composition from (C-H + H 2 ) to (CO 2 + H 2 O) in the upwelling peridotitic mantle, causing melting to produce mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB). At shallow depths (<100 km) the free water stabilizes into hydrous phases, such as pargasitic amphibole, capable of storing water and preventing melting. Our discoveries provide unique insights into deep sub-oceanic-mantle processes, and link deep-mantle upwelling and MORB genesis. Moreover, the tectonic setting of Neo-Tethyan ophiolites has been a difficult problem since the birth of the plate-tectonics concept. This problem for the origin of ophiolites in mid-ocean-ridge versus supra-subduction zone settings clearly confused the findings from Indus ophiolites. However, in this contribution, we provide arguments in favor of mid-ocean-ridge origin for Indus ophiolite. In addition, we venture to revisit the “historical contingency” model of E.M. Moores and others for Neo-Tethyan ophiolite genesis based on the available evidence and have found that our new results strongly support the “historical contingency” model.
Construction of the Lesser Himalayan–Subhimalayan thrust belt: The primary driver of thickening, exhumation, and high elevations in the Himalayan orogen since the middle Miocene
(U-Th)/He Thermochronology of the Indus Group, Ladakh, Northwest India: Is Neogene Cooling a Continental-Scale Thermal Event in the India-Asia Collision Zone?
Late Pleistocene–Holocene flood history, flood-sediment provenance and human imprints from the upper Indus River catchment, Ladakh Himalaya
How Himalayan collision stems from subduction
Petrological and geochemical characterization of the arc-related Suru–Thasgam ophiolitic slice along the Indus Suture Zone, Ladakh Himalaya
Detrital zircon provenance of the Indus Group, Ladakh, NW India: Implications for the timing of the India-Asia collision and other syn-orogenic processes
Surface pollen distribution from Akhnoor of Jammu District (Jammu and Kashmir), India: implications for the interpretation of fossil pollen records
Closure of India–Asia collision margin along the Shyok Suture Zone in the eastern Karakoram: new geochemical and zircon U–Pb geochronological observations
Timing of subduction initiation, arc formation, ophiolite obduction and India–Asia collision in the Himalaya
Abstract Reconstruction of the Western Himalaya requires three subduction systems operating beneath the Spong arc, Dras–Kohistan arc and the Asian continent during the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene. The timing of the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean along the Indus Suture Zone (ISZ) in Ladakh and south Tibet has been proposed to be as old as c. 65 Ma and as young as c. 37 Ma. The definition of the India–Asia collision can span >15 myr from the first touching of Indian continental crust with Asian crust to the final marine sedimentation between the two plates. There is good geological evidence for a Late Cretaceous–Early Paleocene phase of folding, thrusting and crustal thickening of Indian Plate shelf carbonates associated with obduction of ophiolites. There is no geological evidence of any oceanic ‘Greater Indian Basin’ separating the northern Tethyan and Greater Himalaya from India. There is clear evidence to support final ending of marine sedimentation along the ISZ at 50 Ma (planktonic foraminifera zone P7–P8). There is no evidence for diachroneity of collision along the Pakistan–Ladakh–South Tibet Himalaya. The timing of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism cannot be used to constrain India–Asia collision, and the timing of high-grade kyanite- and sillimanite-grade metamorphism along the Greater Himalaya can only give a minimum age of collision.
The plutonic crust of Kohistan and volcanic crust of Kohistan–Ladakh, north Pakistan/India: lessons learned for deep and shallow arc processes
Abstract The Kohistan–Ladakh terrane, northern Pakistan/India, offers a unique insight into whole-arc processes. This research review presents summaries of fundamental crustal genesis and evolution models. Earlier work focused on arc sequence definition. Later work focused on holistic petrogenesis. A new model emerges of an unusually thick ( c. 55 km) arc with a c. 30 km-thick batholith. Volatile-rich, hornblende ± garnet ± sediment assimilation-controlled magmatism is predominant. The thick batholith has a complementary mafic–ultramafic residue. Kohistan crustal SiO 2 contents are estimated at >56%. The new-Kohistan, silicic-crust model contrasts with previous lower SiO 2 estimates ( c. 51% SiO 2 crust) and modern arcs that imply <35 km crustal thicknesses and arc batholith thicknesses of c. 7 km. A synthetic overview of Kohistan–Ladakh volcanic rocks presents a model of an older, cleaved/deformed Cretaceous volcanic system at least 800 km across strike. The Jaglot–Chalt–Dras–Shyok volcanics exhibit predominant tholeiitic-calc-alkaline signatures, with a range of arc-related facies/tectonic settings. A younger, post-collisional, Tertiary silicic volcanic system (the Shamran–Dir–Dras-2–Khardung volcanics) lie unconformably upon Cretaceous basement, and erupted within an intra-continental tectonic setting. Kohistan–Ladakh tectonic model controversies remain. In essence, isotope-focused researchers prefer later (Tertiary) collisions, whilst structural field-geology-orientated researchers prefer an older (Cretaceous) age for the Northern/Shyok Suture.